WATER-RELATED DISEASES

• Water contaminated with human faeces for example from munlclpal

sewage, septic tanks and latrines is of special concern. Animal
faeces also contain microorganisms that can cause diarrhea.

• Diarrhea can also spread from person to person, aggravated by poor

personal hygiene. Food is another major cause of diarrhea when It is
prepared or stored In unhygienic conditions.

• Key measures to reduce the number of cases of diarrhea include:

• Access to safe drinking water.

• Improved sanitation.

• Good personal and food hygiene.

• Giving more fluids than usual, including salts solution, to prevent

dehydration.
 WATER-BASED DISEASES

• Diarrhea is most commonly caused by gastrointestinal

infections which kill around 2.2 million people globally
each year, mostly children in developing countries.
Contaminated water is an important cause of diarrhea.
Cholera and dysentery cause severe, sometimes life
threatening forms of diarrhea.

• Diarrhea is the passage of loose or liquid stools more

frequently than is normal for the individual. It is
primarily a symptom of gastrointestinal infection.

• Diarrhea is a symptom of infection caused by a host of

bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms most of which
can be spread by contaminated water.
 WATER-BORNE DISEASES

• Waterborne dlseasea-lncludlng cholera, typhoid, and dysentery, are

caused by drinking water containing Infectious bacteria, which often
come from human or anlmal waste.
• They are caused by pathogenic microorganisms found in
contaminated fresh water. Various forms of waterborne diarrheal
disease affect mainly children in developing countries.
• Transmission of malarla Is facllltated when large numbers of people
•1-p outside In hot weather, or sleep In homes that have no
protection against mosquitoes.
• PREVENTING WATER-BORNE DISEASES
• Clean water Is • prerequisite for reducing the spread of water-borne
di•-•-• It Is well recognized that the prevalence of water-borne
diseases may be greatly reduced by providing people with safe,
sanitary dlsposal of feces and provision of c1-n drinking water.
Water Is disinfected to klll any pathogens that might be present In
the water supply and to prevent them from growing again In
distribution systems.
 COPMPARISION :
CONSERVANCY SYSTEM
1. Used In rural areas • Design Is not compact, Laid above ground
level , non hygienic and More chances of outbreak of epidemic.
2. Less water - 30 to 40 L / capita / day
3. Although more unskilled labour is required initial cost Is cheap but
maintenance is expensive.
4. There are chances for the outbreak of epidec
5. Underground water may get polluted due to soaking of liquid
waste from latrines.
WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
1. Used in urban area, compact design, laid below ground level,
hygienic and less risk of outbreak of epidemic.
2. More water 100 to 120 L /capita / day.
3. Skilled labour and technical hands required for supervision, more
expensive In the inltlal stage but less maintenance cost.
4. Risk of outbreak of epidemic is greatly reduced
5. there is no risk of underground source getting polluted since
sewage is carried in closed sewers.
COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE: Two type..
s - - 1 . CONSERVANCY SYSTEM
2. WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

1. CONSERVANCY SYSTEM : The garbage Is collected from roads & streets In

pans or baskets - conveyed through tractors or trucks to suitable places-
flammable ones are burnt In an Incinerators and rest are burled Into low
lylng areas. Night soll Is collected In pan or basket from lavatories by
labour-then by tractors or by trucks - burled Into ground - which Is
converted Into manure. The storm water & sullage are conveyed by open or
closed channel - - to rivers or streams.

The conservancy system Is out of date at preaent In cltl-. It la however

adopted In vlllages, small towns & under developed areas In big cities where
there Is a scarcity of water.

2. WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM : Water as medium to convey the sewage. Water

and solid matters together almost act llke a liquid matter. The garbage Is
collected and conveyed same as In the conservancy system. Storm water
may be carried separately or along with sewage.
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India has the largest numbers of malnourished people in the world.

Studies show that malnourishment is not only the product of access to
food but also access to safe drinking water and sanitation. About one-
third population llved In urban areas and three-fourth lived In rural.

Rural and urban sanitation should be seen differently due to diverse

conditions prevailing in the rural and urban areas.

The situation in urban areas is better than rural areas, but still one-
third of the urban households have no access to piped drinking water.

Similarly one-fifth of urban households are not connected to any

drainage facilities.

Slums add an acute dimension to the sanitation and unhygienic

conditions In urban areas. It Is not possible to have toilet faclllty In
every slum household due to space crunch, therefore public toilets
were provided in some of big cities like Mumbai.
 URBAN SANITATION
Sanitation is aggravated by the lack of garbage collection
system in some parts of the urban areas and wastes are thrown
in the open spaces along the streets, Outside households2
schools, public places and railway stations is quite alarming.

Most of our railway stations are stinking places as human

waste is released on the tracks. We need to better design the
toilets in the railway coaches and see that human wastes are
not released in the open.

Therefore1 water supply Is critical for providing sanitation. On

the other nand, more use of water generates hlgher volumes of
wastewater which requires good drainage system for Its out
flow.

In many parts of urban areas even if the drainaqe system

exists, it gets choked as people throw garbage 1n the open
drainage. This leads to accumulation of wastewater leading to
water fogging in many cities and towns. Treatment and
recf cling of waste water should also be tried as a part of
sanitation strategy. Thus, sanitation is a larger issue in urban
areas and a holistic view will be helpful.
 URBAN SANITATION
• Lack of toilet facility affects children, elderly and women more. It is
torturous for women who cannot use open spaces as freely as men
in the day time and have to wait until the sunset.

• In 2013, the central government has banned the manual scavenging

and offenders will be punished with an imprisonment up to five
years.

• In many houses sanctum sanctorum ( Pu/a Gr/ha) Is treated the

purest and kept clean without fall followed by creanllness of the
kitchen and the rest of the house. However, no such sanctity Is
attached to the surroundings outside the house. The exterior space
lylng outside the household Is little cared rather used unhesitatingly
for throwing all sorts of household wastes turning them Into a
perpetual polluted space.

• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan initiated by the government on the birthday

of Mahatma Gandhi 1s a noble initiative.

• Also, there Is a need to have a plan to reuse the garbage and waste
materials. It wlll help In generating large number of = • and also
making our cltl- arid towns austalnable. Thus, sanl Ion la also an
Issue of waste management, keeping the sources of water clean by
sewage treatment and recycllng of waste water for Industrial and
agricultural use.
 RURAL SANITATION
1. Collectlon and dlspos■I of dry refuse :
It consists of sweeping, vegetable wastes, papers, etc. which Is
disposed off by suitable economical method. Animal dung may be
dumped along with other dry refuse and top covered with earth for a
month to get good manure which could be used for agricultural
fields.
2 . Collection and dlspoaal of sull■ge :
Waste water from bath, kitchen etc. may be collected in small pits
formed in front of house, or conveyed through gutters to trees, garden
etc. or left Into pit containing animal dung and dry refuse so as to
accelerate the decomposition process or may be conveyed to natural
streams.
3. Dlspos■I of night soll
Any type of privy or latrine which can dispose off the night soil (
human excreta ) without the water carriage system can be
constructed.
4. Supply of potable or wholesome water for domestic use.
Main source Is usually In the form of lake, streams, river, pond or well.
This water can be supplied very safely only after disinfecting the water
frequently with potassium permanganate (Kmn04).
 RURAL
--------- - - - SANITATION
-------------~

• Rural areas are more deprived of water supply and sanitation

compared to urban areas

• Sanitation Is not only an absence of garba11e and waste materials

but also access to toilet facility, safe drinking water and
connectivity to a drainage system.

• In rural lndla, this Is a huge problem. Thus, progress In the

a>rovlslon of tollet faclllty In rural areas Is very slow and OIJen
defecation is a serious problem. Similarly the proportion of
households with tap water and drainage facilities also remains at
the one-third level.

• It Is worthwhile to mention that due to lack of drainage faclllty the

low lying areas of many villages often get flooded during monsoon
season.

The rural satiation can be divided into four categories.

-
1. Collectlon and dlsposal of dry refuse :
2. Collectlon and dlsposal of sullage
3. Dlspoaal of night aoll
4. Supply of potable or wholesome water for domeatlc use.