ANATOMY (THEORY)

ASSIGNMENT
PHARMACY

Submitted to Group no. 5

Dr Kanwal Iftkhar

Doctor of pharmacy, Health Science

IQRA University, Karachi

GROUP MEMBERS ID
Group no 5
Hana Yousaf: 20995
Syed a Raina Zehra: 20792
Carrel: 21061
Hiba: 21064
Syed a Adeen Qazi: 21000
Shiza Shoaib: 21033
Alina noor: 20788
Amber saleem: 20561
Zoya Safdar: 21063
Aliza Farhan: 121157
Jawaria Asad: 21231
Tabinda: 20789
Zoha Aszhar: 20560

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONTENT
MUSCLES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF MUSCLES
STRUCTURE OF EACH MUSCLES
FUNCTION OF EACH MUSCLES
LOCATION OF EACH MUSCLES
JOINTS
DEFINITION
TYPES
STURCTURE
FUNCTION
 MUSCLES DEFINITION

TYPES

SMOOTH
SEKELTONn
CARDIAC

CLINDER LIKRE

STURCTURE RECTANGULAR
CIGER LIKE

PERFORM ACTION

FUNCTION PUMUING DIGESTION

BONE
LOCATION MIDDLE LAYER VISCERAL
ORGAN HEART
OF HEART

PUMUING
 MUSCLES
Definition: A muscle is a group of muscle tissues which contract together to produce a force. A muscle
consist fibers of muscle cells. Surrounded by protective tissue, bundle together many more fibers, all
surrounded in a thick protective tissue .A muscle uses ATP to contract and shorten producing a force on
the objects it is connected to. There are several types of muscle, which act on various parts of the body.

Muscles tissue: All muscle tissue is composed of muscle cells muscle fibers and exhibits
specific characteristics including the following.
Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

TYPES OF MUSCLES
There are three types of muscles.
1) Skeleton Muscles
2) Smooth Muscles
3) Cardiac Muscles

STURCTURE FUNCTION AND LOCATION OF MUSCLES

 CARDIAC MUSCLES
Cardiac muscle (or myocardium) makes up the thick middle layer of the heart. It is one of three
types of muscle in the body, along with skeletal and smooth muscle. The myocardium is
surrounded by a thin outer layer called the pericardium (AKA visceral pericardium) and an inner
endocardium. Coronary arteries supply to the cardiac muscle, and cardiac veins drain this
blood. Cardiomyocytes are the individual cells that make up the cardiac muscle. The primary
function of cardiomyocytes is to contract, which generates the pressure needed to pump
Cardiac muscle makes up the thick middle layer of the heart and is surrounded by a thin outer
layer called the epicedium or visceral pericardium and an inner endocardium.
STRUCTURE OF CARDIAC MUSCLES

Function: The cardiac muscle is responsible for the contractility of the heart and, therefore,
the pumping action. The cardiac muscle must contract with enough force and enough blood to
supply the metabolic demands of the entire body.

Location: The cardiac muscle makes up the walls of the heart. It is part of both the muscular
and circulatory system.

 The cardiac muscle is found only in myocardium (middle layer of heart wall), contracts in
response to signals from cardiac conduction system to make the heartbeat.
 These muscles pumps blood throughout the body which contains more mitochondria
than skeletal muscle cells.
 It is capable of rhythmic contractions that are automatically generated.
 Contractility can be altered by the autonomic nervous system and hormones. In
addition, this tissue type has high metabolic, energy and vascular demands.
  Intercalated discs are present which are responsible for connecting cardiac muscles and
are located at the longitudinal ends of each cardiac muscle.

SKELETAL MUSCLE
Skeletal muscle is one of the three types of muscles in the human body the others being visceral and
muscles. Skeletal muscle is a muscle tissue that is attached to the Bones and is involved in the
functioning of different parts of the body. These muscles are also called voluntary muscles as they come
under the control of the nervous system in the body.

STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

Function: The main functions of skeletal muscle are to contract to produce movement, sustain
body posture and position, maintain body temperature, store nutrients, and stabilize joints.

Location: Skeletal muscle are muscles that are connected to and facilitate the movement of
the skeleton. They are connected to the outer covering of bones, called the periosteal. This
connection to the bone is through a connective tissue known as tendons.

 These muscles are found in the tongue, diaphragm, eye socket, and upper esophagus.
The esophagus has partly skeletal and partly smooth muscles.
 The muscles of the head which include muscles of facial expression, muscles of
mastication, muscles of orbit, muscles of larynx and muscles of neck.
 The muscles of trunk which include the muscles of back, anterior and lateral abdominal
muscles, and muscles of pelvic floor.
  The muscles of upper limbs include the muscles of the shoulder, muscles of the arm,
muscles of forearm and muscles of the hand.
 The muscles of the lower limbs which include hip and thigh muscles, leg muscles and
foot muscles.

SMOOTH MUSCLES
Smooth muscles are a type of muscle tissue that lacks striations and is typically found in the
walls of hollow organs such as intestines, blood vessels, bladder, and other structures within
the body. These muscles are involuntary, means they are not under conscious control, and they
function to facilitate various internal processes such as peristalsis in the digestive tract,
regulation of blood flow, and control of airway diameter.
Structure of smooth muscles

The smooth muscle cell is 3-10 µm thick and 20-200 µm long. The cytoplasm is homogeneously
eosinophilia and consists mainly of myofilaments. The nucleus is located in the center and takes
a cigar-like shape during contraction. The cell membrane forms small pouch-like invaginations
into the cytoplasm (caveolae) which are functionally equivalent to the T-tubules of the skeletal
musculature. The smooth muscle cells are anchored to the surrounding connective tissue by a
basal lamina. The smooth muscle fibers group in branching bundles. As opposed to skeletal
muscle fibers these bundles do not run strictly parallel and ordered but consist in a complex
system. Thus the cells can contract much stronger than striated musculature. The actin
filaments are stretched between dense bodies in the cytoplasm and attachment plaques at the
cell membrane. The myosin filaments lie between the actin filaments. Furthermore
intermediate filaments such as desmin and vimentin support the cell structure.

Function: In the cardiovascular system, smooth muscle is used in vessels to maintain blood
pressure and flow; in the lungs, it opens and closes airways; in the gastrointestinal system it
plays a role in motility and nutrition collection and yet it still serves a purpose in almost every
other organ system as well.

LOCATION: Smooth muscle fibers are found in walls of visceral organs such as liver, pancreas,
stomach, bladder, intestine, except heart.

 These muscles are also found in the walls of passageways, including arteries and veins of
the cardiovascular system, tracts of urinary, respiratory, and reproductive systems.
 In addition, they are found in eyes, where it acts to change the size of the pupil and the
shape of the lens.
 The skin also contains smooth muscles which allows hair to rise in response to cold
temperature or fear.
JOINTS FIBROUS CARTILIAGINOUS SYNOVIAL

SYNCHONDROSES SYMPHYSIS

GOMPHOSES SUTURES SYNDESMOSSES

PLANE BALL & SOCKET HINGE PIVOT SADDLE CONDYLOID

JOINTS
 Joints are complex structures that enable movement and provide support to the body.
 They are formed by the articulation of bones, surrounded by ligaments and cushioned by
cartilage.
 Understanding the intricacies of structure of joints is crucial for maintaining mobility and
preventing injuries.
 The human body has different types of joints. According to structure there are three
types.
Definition: Joints, also known as articulations, are the points where two or more bones
meet in the skeletal system. They allow for movement and flexibility in the body. Joints
can be classified into different types based on their structure and the degree of
movement they permit, including synarthrosis (immovable joints), amphiarthrosis
(slightly movable joints), and diarthrosis (freely movable joints). Examples of joints
include the knee, elbow, and shoulder joints.
  Joints are the connections between bones in the body.
 They consist of various components, including bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, &
synovial fluid.
 In all, a joint provide a framework that permit movement.
 Bones attached to one another by tissues called ligaments.
 Muscles are attached to bones called tendons

TYPES OF JOINTS
There are three main types of joints in the human body.
 1) Fibrous joints
2) Cartilaginous joints
3) Synovial joints

Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints

Fibrous Joints: These joints are connected by fibrous connective tissue and allow little to no
movement. Example: include sutures in the skull.

Cartilaginous Joints: These joints are connected by cartilage and allow limited movement.
Example: include the joints between vertebrae in the spine.

Synovial Joints: These joints are the most common and allow for a wide range of movement.
They are characterized by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid. Examples include the knee,
elbow, and shoulder joints.

STURCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

Fibrous joints
The fibrous joints are fixed or immovable joints.The function of fibrous joints is to provide
strength and support to the body or to protect the delicate organs which cannot with stand any
kind of deformation. Example: The skull bones,the root of tooth.
STURCTURE OF FIBROUS JOINTS

Syndesmoses Sutures Gomphosis

 FUNCTIONS
 Sutures: These narrow fibrous joints connect bones of the skull.
 Syndesmoses: This type of fibrous joint connects two bones that are relatively far
apart i.e. the bones of the forearm (ulna and radius).
 Gomphosis: This type of fibrous joint holds a tooth in place in its socket in the
upper and lower jaw.

Cartilaginous joints
Cartilage is a tough connective tissue to reduce friction.

 Hyaline Cartilage: is a flexible and elastic.

 Fibrocartilage: is a stronger and less flexible.

STRUCTURE OF CARILAGINOUS JOINTS

Superiour Lateral

FUNCTION
Synchondroses :
 Growth and development Synchondroses are primarily found in areas where bones are
still growing, such as the growth plates (epiphyseal plates) of long bones. They allow for
longitudinal bone growth by enabling the deposition of new cartilage cells and
subsequent ossification. This process contributes to overall bone lengthening during
growth.
  Skeletal stability: While synchondroses joints do not permit significant movement, they
provide stability and support to the skeleton, especially in areas prone to stress and
weight-bearing. They help maintain the structural integrity of the growing skeleton.

Bones united by hylaine cartillage

Symphyses:
 Shock absorption: Symphyses joints, which have fibrocartilage connecting the bones, act
as shock absorbers, cushioning the bones and reducing the impact of physical activity or
external forces. This helps protect the bones from damage and maintains joint health
over time.
 Flexibility and support: While symphyses joints allow for limited movement, they
provide structural support to the connected bones. They help maintain the shape and
integrity of the body, especially in areas where bones need to be firmly connected while
still allowing for some flexibility.
 In summary, synchondroses joints primarily facilitate growth and development while
providing skeletal stability, whereas symphyses joints absorb shock, provide flexibility,
and offer structural supports.

Bones united by fibrocartilage

Synovial joints
 Most numerous, versatile and freely moveable joint.
 Six types: Pivot, Gliding, Ball and, Sliding, Saddle, Hinge
 STUCTURE OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

 A joint cavity called synovial cavity is present.

 It is filled with synovial fluid.
 Two bones are attached by ligament.
 Ligament has a capsule inside called joint capsule. The capsule has synovial membrane.
 The membrane produces synovial fluid
 The bones are covered by articular cartilage
 The articular cartilage has hyaline cartilage which protects from jerks and shocks.

Synovial joints: The function of synovial joint first is to provide movement and then to
provide stability. Synovial joints are particularly important for movement as they are the type of
joint that allows for large movements to happen. Without them, we would have very stiff
movements. The structures within the synovial joint that allows them to serve this function are
the: synovial fluid, cartilage, and muscles/tendons.

E.g. Plane joints, ball and socket joints, Hinge joint, pivot joint, saddle joints and condyloid
joints and gliding joints.

FUNCTIONS
 Plane joints: are known as gliding joints, are a type of synovial joint. Their
function is to allow for smooth, sliding movements between the bones they
connect. These joints permit gliding or GOO sliding motions in multiple
directions, such as side-to-side or back-and-forth movements. They movement
while providing stability to the connected bones.
An example of a plane joint is the intercarpal joints of the wrist. These joints exist between the
small bones of the wrist called carpals. The gliding movements allowed by these joints enable
the intricate motions of the wrist, such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and
circumduction. The plane joints in the wrist contribute to the overall flexibility and functionality
of the hand and wrist complex.

 Ball and socket joints

 Ball and socket joints are found in the human body and allow for a wide range of motion
in multiple directions.
 These joints consist of a spherical head (ball) and a concave socket, which allows for
movement in all planes.
 Found in the hips and shoulders
 Allow for a wide range of motion in multiple directions
 Examples: hip joint, shoulder joint
  Hinge Joints: are type of synovial joint that allow for movement in one direction,
similar to a door hinge. These joints are found in the body where flexion and extension
movements are required, such as the elbow and knee joints.
 The structure of a hinge joint consists of two bones that articulate with each other, with
one bone having a convex surface and the other bone having a concave surface. The
ends of the bones are covered with smooth cartilage, which helps to reduce friction
during movement.
 When the muscles contract, they cause the bones to move towards each other, resulting
in flexion. When the muscles relax, the bones return to their original position, resulting
in extension.
 Hinge joints are essential for various activities, such as walking, running, and lifting
objects. It is important to keep these joints healthy and strong through regular exercise
and proper nutrition

 Pivot joints:
• Pivot joints allow for rotational movement.
• They are found in the neck, allowing for the rotation of the head.
• Found in the neck and the top two vertebrae of the spine.
• Allow for rotation and twisting movements.
Examples: neck joint, atlas-axis joint.
  Saddle Joints: Saddle joint is the joint that allows the movement on two planes–
flexion/extension and abduction/adduction.
Example: the thumb is the only bone in the human body having a saddle joint.
  Condyloid joints: are the joints with two axes which permit up-down and side-to-side
motions.
 The condyloid joints can be found at the base of the index finger, carpals of the wrist,
elbow and the wrist joints. This joint is also known as a condylar, or ellipsoid joint.

 Gliding Joints:
• Gliding joints allow for sliding or gliding movements between bones.
• These joints are found in the wrists, ankles, and between the vertebrae in the spine.
• Found in the wrists and ankles
• Allow for sliding and gliding movements
• Examples: wrist joint, ankle join