SHRIRAMDEOBABACOLLEGEOFENGI

NEERI
NGAND
MANAGEMENT,
NAGPUR440013

SEMI
NARREPORTON

I
NDUSTRI
ALAUTOMATI
ONUSI
NG
PLC&SCADA
SEMI
NARREPORTSUBMI
TTEDBY:

NAME:SURYAPRATAPSI
NGH

I
nst
agr
am Account
:-pl
cscada_
aut
omat
ion_
elect
ri
cal
/sur
ya_
raj
put
_._

What
app:
-7385566641

B.
E.(
ELECTRI
CAL)

ELECTRI
CALENGI
NEERI
NGDEPARTMENT

SESSI
ON:2019-
20

1
MAI
NAREAOFTHESEMI
NARTOPI
C:-

I
NDUSTRI
ALAUTOMATI
ONUSI
NGPLC&SCADA.

SUBAREAOFTHESEMI
NARTOPI
C:-

“
LADDERPROGRAMMI
NG”USEDI
N“PLC”FORAUTOMATI
ON.

2
AUTOMATI
ON

t
het
echni
que,met
hod,orsy
stem ofoper
ati
ngorcont
rol
l
ingapr
ocessbyhi
ghl
yaut
omat
ic
means,
asbyel
ect
roni
cdev
ices,
reduci
nghumani
nter
vent
iont
oami
nimum

I
tisdel
egat
ionofhumancont
rol
funct
iont
oat
echni
cal
equi
pmentf
or

I
. I
ncr
easi
ngpr
oduct
ivi
ty

I
I. i
mpr
ovi
ngqual
i
ty

I
II
. Reduci
ngcost

I
V. Saf
etyi
nwor
kingcondi
ti
on

TYPESOFAUTOMATI
ON

1.Homeaut
omat
ion

Homeaut
omat
ioni
sbui
l
dingaut
omat
ionf
orahome,
cal
l
edasmar
thomeorsmar
thouse.A
home aut
omat
ion sy
stem wi
l
lcont
roll
i
ght
ing,cl
i
mat
e,ent
ert
ainmentsy
stems,and
appl
i
ances.

2.Bui
ldi
ngaut
omat
ion

Bui
l
dingaut
omat
ioni
stheaut
omat
iccent
ral
i
zedcont
rolofabui
l
ding'
sheat
ing,v
ent
il
ati
on
andai
rcondi
ti
oni
ng,l
i
ght
ingandot
hersy
stemst
hroughabui
l
dingmanagementsy
stem or
bui
l
dingaut
omat
ionsy
stem (
BAS)
.Theobj
ect
ivesofbui
l
dingaut
omat
ionar
eimpr
oved
occupantcomf
ort
,ef
fi
cientoper
ati
onofbui
l
dingsy
stems,r
educt
ioni
nener
gyconsumpt
ion
andoper
ati
ngcost
s,andi
mpr
ovedl
i
fecy
cleofut
il
it
ies

3.I
rr
igat
ionaut
omat
ion

I
rr
igat
ionAut
omat
ionSy
stemspr
ovi
dest
echnol
ogyandser
vicet
ogr
ower
stohel
pthem
aut
omat
evar
iousaspectofgr
owi
ngsuchascr
opi
rr
igat
ion,soi
lmoni
tor
ing,pumpcont
rol
,
f
rostpr
otect
ionandmuchmor
e

4.I
ndust
ri
alaut
omat
ion

I
ndust
ri
alaut
omat
ioni
stheuseofcont
rolsy
stems,suchascomput
ersorr
obot
s,and
i
nfor
mat
iont
echnol
ogi
esf
orhandl
i
ngdi
ff
erentpr
ocessesandmachi
ner
iesi
nani
ndust
ryt
o
r
epl
acea human bei
ng.I
tist
hesecond st
ep bey
ond mechani
zat
ion i
nthescopeof

3
i
ndust
ri
ali
zat
ion

COMPONENTSOFI
NDUSTRI
ALAUTOMATI
ON

Cont
rolhar
dwar
e

Ahar
dwar
eist
hephy
sical
componentwhi
chi
suset
odosomemechani
cal
wor
k

PLC[
progr
amabl
elogi
ccont
rol
l
er]
,et
c

Fi
g1.
1

Cont
rolsof
twar
e

The Cont
rolSof
twar
e combi
nes cont
rol
l
erdesi
gn and i
mpl
ement
ati
on i
nto one
l
ogi
calpr
ocess.Thi
sreducesast
udent
’sl
ear
ningdi
ff
icul
ti
esandhel
pst
hem t
o
qui
ckl
yunder
standandcr
eat
eawor
kingcont
rolsy
stem.St
udent
suset
hesof
twar
e
i
consandwi
ret
hem t
oget
heronscr
een,
justast
heywoul
ddr
awacont
rolsy
stem on
api
eceofpaper

SCADA[
super
visor
ycont
rol
anddat
aacqui
sit
ion]

4
 Fi
g1.
2

Fi
eldi
nst
rument
s

Fi
eldi
nst
rument
scombi
nesensor
s,act
uat
ors,i
ntel
l
igentsi
gnalpr
ocessi
ng,and r
obust
communi
cat
ionswhi
l
eof
tenoper
ati
ngi
nthehar
shestofenv
ironment
s.Theyar
erequi
redt
o
capt
ureandi
nter
pretdat
athati
scommuni
cat
edt
othecl
oudatt
heent
erpr
isel
evel

Thesei
ncl
udeDi
git
alandAnal
ogi
nputandout
putel
ement
s

 Di
git
al

 Di
git
ali
nput

o Toggl
eswi
tch

o Pushbut
ton

o Sensor

o Li
mitswi
tch

 Di
git
alout
put

o Mot
or

o Pump

o Lamp

o Sol
enoi
dval
ve

o Rel
ay

o Cont
act
or

5
  Anal
og

 Anal
ogi
nput

o RTD

o Ther
mocoupl
e

o Lev
elt
ransmi
tt
er

 Anal
ogout
put

o Cont
rol
val
ve

GENERALPLC

I
tisapr
ogr
ammabl
elogi
ccont
rol
l
erwhi
chi
susedt
oint
erf
acei
nputel
ement
sli
kepush
but
tonsswi
tcheset
c,&f
inal
cont
rol
element[
fi
eldi
nst
rument
]li
kemot
oret
c.

PLCor
igi
nat
edi
nthel
ate1960si
ntheaut
omot
ivei
ndust
ryi
ntheUSAandwer
edesi
gnedt
o
r
epl
acer
elayl
ogi
csy
stems.Bef
ore,cont
roll
ogi
cformanuf
act
uri
ngwasmai
nlycomposed
ofr
elay
s,cam t
imer
s,dr
um sequencer
s,anddedi
cat
edcl
osed-
loopcont
rol
l
ers.

Thehar
d-wi
rednat
uremadei
tdi
ff
icul
tfordesi
gnengi
neer
stoal
tert
hepr
ocess.Ev
ensmal
l
changeswoul
drequi
rer
ewi
ri
ngandcar
efulupdat
ingoft
hedocument
ati
on.I
fev
enonewi
re
wer
eoutofpl
ace,oroner
elayf
ail
ed,t
hewhol
esy
stem woul
dbecomef
aul
ty.Of
tent
imes
t
echni
cians woul
d spend hour
str
oubl
eshoot
ing by exami
ning t
he schemat
ics and
compar
ingt
hem t
oexi
sti
ngwi
ri
ng.Whengener
al-
pur
posecomput
ersbecameav
ail
abl
e,t
hey
wer
esoonappl
i
edt
ocont
rol
sequent
ial
andcombi
nat
ori
all
ogi
cini
ndust
ri
alpr
ocesses.

Theseear
lycomput
ersr
equi
red speci
ali
stpr
ogr
ammer
sand st
ri
ctcont
rolofwor
king
.
condi
ti
ons,suchast
emper
atur
e,cl
eanl
i
ness,andpowerqual
i
ty Tomeett
hesechal
l
enges,
t
hePLCwasdev
elopedwi
thsev
eraladv
ant
agesov
erear
li
erdesi
gns.I
twoul
dtol
erat
ethe
i
ndust
ri
al env
ironment
,be easi
l
y ext
ensi
ble wi
th addi
ti
onal I
/O (
all
ow f
or easi
er
r
econf
igur
ati
onandi
ter
ati
onov
ermanuf
act
uri
ngpr
ocessdesi
gn)
,ber
elat
ivel
ysi
mpl
etouse,
andwoul
dper
miti
tsoper
ati
ont
obemoni
tor
ed.

Ear
lyPLCswer
epr
ogr
ammed i
n"l
adderl
ogi
c",whi
ch st
rongl
yresembl
esaschemat
ic

6
di
agr
am ofr
elayl
ogi
c.Thi
spr
ogr
am not
ati
onwaschosent
oreducet
rai
ningdemandsf
or
t
heexi
sti
ngt
echni
cians.Ot
herPLCsusedaf
orm ofi
nst
ruct
ionl
i
stpr
ogr
ammi
ng,
basedona
st
ack-
basedl
ogi
csol
ver
.

Manyear
lyPLCswer
enotcapabl
eofgr
aphi
calr
epr
esent
ati
onoft
hel
ogi
c,andsoi
twas
i
nst
eadr
epr
esent
edasaser
iesofl
ogi
cexpr
essi
onsi
nsomeki
ndofBool
eanf
ormat
,si
mil
ar
t
oBool
eanal
gebr
a.Aspr
ogr
ammi
ngt
ermi
nal
sev
olv
ed,
itbecamemor
ecommonf
orl
adder
l
ogi
ctobeused,
becausei
twasaf
ami
l
iarf
ormatusedf
orel
ect
ro-
mechani
cal
cont
rol
panel
s.

Newerf
ormat
s,suchasst
atel
ogi
candFunct
ionBl
ock(
whi
chi
ssi
mil
art
othewayl
ogi
cis
depi
ctedwhenusi
ngdi
git
ali
ntegr
atedl
ogi
cci
rcui
ts)exi
st,
butt
heyar
est
il
lnotaspopul
aras
l
adderl
ogi
c.A pr
imar
yreasonf
ort
hisi
sthatPLCssol
vet
hel
ogi
cinapr
edi
ctabl
eand
r
epeat
ingsequence,andl
adderl
ogi
cal
l
owst
heper
sonwr
it
ingt
hel
ogi
ctoseeanyi
ssues
wi
tht
het
imi
ngoft
hel
ogi
csequencemor
eeasi
l
ythanwoul
dbepossi
blei
not
herf
ormat
s

GENERALPLCMANUFACTURERS

 Al
l
en-
Bradl
ey

 Si
emens

 ABB

 Del
ta

 Gener
alEl
ect
ri
c

 Rockwel
lAut
omat
ion

 Schnei
derEl
ect
ri
c

 Mot
orol
a

GENERALPLCTYPES

PLC’
sar
eoft
wot
ypes

1.Uni
tar
yPLC’
s

Theuni
tar
yty
peofPLChasapowersuppl
y,aCPUandal
i
mit
ednumberofi
nput
s

7
 andout
put
s(20i
nput
s,12out
put
s,32I
/O)i
tissomet
imescal
l
ed“
shoeboxt
ype”and
i
smai
nlyusedf
ort
hecont
rol
ofasmal
lsy
stem.

2.Modul
arPLC’
s

Modul
arPLC’
sar
ecr
eat
edusi
ngsepar
atemodul
esf
ort
hepowersuppl
y,CPU,
input
s,
out
put
s,t
imer
s,count
ers,ADC,DAC,expansi
onmodul
es.Thesemodul
arPLC’
sar
e
somet
imescal
l
ed“
RackMount
edTy
pePLC’
s”.Modul
arPLC’
scanbesubdi
vi
ded
i
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ypes.

 Smal
lPLC’
s:-

Smal
lPLCi
sami
ni-
sizedPLCt
hati
sdesi
gnedascompactandr
obustuni
t
mount
edorpl
acedbesi
det
heequi
pmentt
obecont
rol
l
ed.Thi
sty
peofPLCi
s
usedf
orr
epl
aci
nghar
d-wi
redr
elayl
ogi
cs,count
ers,t
imer
s,et
c.Thi
sPLCI
/O
modul
eexpandabi
l
ityi
sli
mit
edf
oroneort
womodul
esandi
tusesl
ogi
c
i
nst
ruct
ionl
i
storr
elayl
adderl
anguageaspr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguage.Nor
mal
l
y
Canhav
e128i
nput
sandout
put
s2kbps.

 Medi
um PLC’
s:-

Medi
um-
sizedPLCi
smost
lyusedPLCi
nindust
ri
eswhi
chal
l
owsmanypl
ug-
i
nmodul
est
hatar
emount
edonbackpl
aneoft
hesy
stem.Somehundr
edsof
i
nput
/out
putpoi
ntsar
epr
ovi
dedbyaddi
ngaddi
ti
onalI
/O car
ds– and,i
n
addi
ti
ont
othese–communi
cat
ionmodul
efaci
l
iti
esar
epr
ovi
dedbyt
hisPLC.
I
tCanhav
e2048i
nput
sandout
put
s32kbps.

 Lar
gePLC’
s:-

Lar
gePLCsar
eusedwher
eincompl
expr
ocesscont
rol
funct
ionsar
erequi
red.
ThesePLCs’capaci
ti
esar
equi
tehi
ghert
hant
hemedi
um PLCsi
nter
msof
memor
y,pr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguages,I
/Opoi
nts,andcommuni
cat
ionmodul
es,
andsoon.Most
ly,t
hesePLCsar
eusedi
nsuper
visor
ycont
rolanddat
a
acqui
sit
ion(
SCADA)sy
stems,l
argerpl
ant
s,di
str
ibut
edcont
rolsy
stems,et
c.
I
tcanhav
e8192i
nput
sandout
put
s750kbps

8
 BLOCKDI
AGRAM OFPLC

Fi
g1.
3

Asi
mpl
i
fiedbl
ockdi
agr
am ofaPLCi
sshowni
ntheFi
g1.
3wher
eiti
sseent
hataPLChas
t
hreebasi
csect
ions,
namel
y

1)I
/Osect
ion:
-

Thei
nputout
putconv
ert
ersconv
ertt
hef
iel
dsi
gnalt
ologi
c-l
evelsi
gnal
sthatt
he
PLC’
spr
ocessorcanr
eaddi
rect
ly.

2)Pr
ocessersect
ion:
-

Thepr
ocessorsect
ion r
eadst
hesei
nput
s,pr
ocessest
hesi
gnal
sexecut
ing t
he
pr
ogr
am andpr
epar
est
heout
putsi
gnal
s.

9
 3)Pr
ogr
am l
oader
/moni
torsect
ion:
-

Theout
putsect
ionconv
ert
sthel
ogi
clev
elout
putsi
gnal
scomi
ngf
rom t
hepr
ocesser
sect
ioni
ntohi
ghl
evel
signal
sandr
eleasesi
gnal
sforv
ari
ousf
iel
ddev
ices.

SUPPLYFORPLC

Thebasi
cfunct
ionoft
hepowersuppl
yist
osuppl
ycont
inuouspowert
othecomponent
sof
aPLC.t
hepowersuppl
yisoneoft
hemostcr
it
ical
component
soft
hePLCf
ort
wor
easons:

1.I
tist
ypi
cal
l
ynon-
redundant
.Hencet
hef
ail
ureoft
hepowersuppl
ycancauset
he
ent
ir
econt
rol
syst
em t
ofai
l
,

2.I
tcont
ainshi
gh v
olt
age component
s.Hence an i
nsul
ati
on f
ail
ure can cr
eat
ea
pot
ent
ial
ser
iousf
ori
njur
yorf
ir
e.

Thef
oll
owi
nggui
del
i
nesar
etobeconsi
der
edi
nchoosi
ngt
hepowersuppl
yofaPLC:
-

1.Thepowersuppl
yshoul
dbepackedpr
oper
ly,
sot
hatt
heheatgener
atedbyi
tcanbe
r
emov
edf
rom i
ttopr
eventov
erheat
ing.Thi
sincr
easesr
eli
abi
l
ity
.

2.Thepowersuppl
yshoul
dbet
est
edf
ort
het
emper
atur
eandt
heel
ect
ri
cali
nsul
ati
on
byapr
opercer
ti
fi
cat
ionagency
.

3.Thepowersuppl
yshoul
dmeetatl
eastoner
eput
abl
est
andar
dfornoi
sei
mmuni
ty.
Thepowersuppl
yshoul
dal
sobecapabl
eofwi
thst
andi
ngl
i
nev
olt
agev
ari
ati
onsuch
aschopout
s,br
ownout
sandsur
geswhi
char
ecommoni
ndust
ri
alf
aul
ts.

4.Sui
tabl
eredundancywi
l
lincr
easer
eli
abi
l
ity
.

I
NPUT/
OUTPUTMODULE&TYPESANDSI
ZES

Everypr ogr
ammabl elogi
ccont r
oll
ermusthav esomemeansofr ecei
vi
ngandi nterpr
eting
si
gnalsf rom real
-worldsensorssuchasswi tches,andencoder s,andalsobeabl etoeffect
contr
ol overreal-
worldcontr
ol el
ementssuchassol enoids,v
alves,andmot ors.
Thisisgener all
yknownasi nput/
output,orI
/O,capabili
ty.Monol i
thi
c(“br
ick”)PLCshav ea
fi
xedamountofI /
Ocapabi l
itybuil
tint
ot heunit
,whilemodul ar(“r
ack”)PLCsusei ndiv
idual
ci
rcuitboard“ car
ds”toprovidecustomizedI/Ocapabili
ty

10
Fi
rst
,andmostobvious,i
sthefactt
hati
ndi
vidualI
/Ocar
dsmaybeeasi
l
yrepl
acedi
nthe
ev
entoffai
l
urewi
thouthavi
ngtorepl
acet
heenti
rePLC.

Specif
icI/
Ocardsmaybechosenforcust
om appli
cations,
biasingt
owarddi
scr
etecar
dsf
or
appl
icati
onsusingmanyon/offi
nputsandout puts,orbiasingtowar
dAnalogcardsf
or
appl
icati
onsusi
ngmany4-
20mAandsi mi
larsi
gnals.

Fi
g1.
4

SomePLCsevenoff
erthefeat
ureofhot-
swappablecar
ds,meani
ngeachcardmaybe
remov
edandanewonei
nser
tedwit
houtde-
ener
gizi
ngpowert
othePLCpr
ocessorandr
ack.

Pleasenotethatoneshoul
dnotassumeanysy st
em hashot -
swappablecar
ds,becauseif
youattempttochangeoutacard“l
i
ve”inasy stem wi
thoutthi
sfeatur
e,youruntheriskof
damagingthecardand/
orther
estoftheuni
titispl
uggedinto!

Fi
g1.
5

SomePLCshav
etheabi
l
ityt
oconnectt
opr
ocessor
-l
essr
emot
eracksf
il
ledwi
thaddi
ti
onal
I
/Ocar
dsormodul
es,t
huspr
ovi
dingawayt
oincr
easet
henumberofI
/Ochannel
sbey
ond
t
hecapaci
tyoft
hebaseuni
t.

11
TYPEOFMODULE

Si
nkt
ypeandsour
cet
ypemodul
e

Whenchoosi
ngt
het
ypeofi
nputorout
putmodul
efory
ourPLCsy
stem,i
tisv
eryi
mpor
tant
t
ohav
easol
i
dunder
standi
ngofsi
nki
ngandsour
cingconcept
s.Useoft
heset
ermsoccur
s
f
requent
lyi
ndi
scussi
onofi
nputorout
putci
rcui
ts.I
tist
hegoaloft
hispostt
omaket
hese
concept
seasyt
ounder
stand,
soy
oucanmaket
her
ightchoi
cet
hef
ir
stt
imewhensel
ect
ing
t
het
ypeofI
/Opoi
ntsf
ory
ourappl
i
cat
ion.Thi
spostpr
ovi
desshor
tdef
ini
ti
ons,f
oll
owedby
gener
alexampl
eci
rcui
ts.

Fi
rsty
ouwi
l
lnot
icet
hatt
hedi
agr
amsont
hispagear
eassoci
atedwi
thonl
yDCci
rcui
tsand
notAC,becauseoft
her
efer
encet
o(+)and(
-)pol
ari
ti
es.Ther
efor
e,si
nki
ngandsour
cing
t
ermi
nol
ogyappl
i
esonl
ytoDCi
nputandout
putci
rcui
ts.I
nputandout
putpoi
ntst
hatar
e
si
nki
ngorsour
cingcanconductcur
renti
nonedi
rect
iononl
y.Thi
smeansi
tispossi
ble
t
oconnectt
heext
ernalsuppl
yandf
iel
ddev
icet
otheI
/Opoi
nt,wi
thcur
rentt
ryi
ngt
ofl
owi
n
t
hewr
ongdi
rect
ion,
andt
heci
rcui
twi
l
lnotoper
ate.Howev
er,
thesuppl
yandf
iel
ddev
icecan
beconnect
edev
eryt
imebasedonanunder
standi
ngofsour
cingandsi
nki
ng.

Thef
igur
ebel
owdepi
ctsasi
nki
ngi
nput
.Topr
oper
lyconnectt
heext
ernalsuppl
y,i
tmustbe
connect
edsot
hei
nputpr
ovi
desapat
htosuppl
ycommon(
-)
.So,st
artatt
hePLC i
nput
t
ermi
nal
,fol
l
owt
hrought
hei
nputsensi
ngci
rcui
t,exi
tatt
hecommont
ermi
nal
,andconnect
t
hesuppl
y(-
)tot
hecommont
ermi
nal
.Byaddi
ngt
heswi
tchbet
weent
hesuppl
y(+)andt
he
i
nput
,theci
rcui
tiscompl
eted.Cur
rentf
lowsi
nthedi
rect
ionoft
hear
row whent
heswi
tch
i
scl
osed.

Fi
g1.
6

By appl
yi
ng t
he ci
rcui
t pr
inci
plest
o t
he f
ourpossi
ble combi
nat
ions of
i
nput
/out
putsi
nki
ng/
sour
cing t
ypes, t
her
e ar
e f
ourci
rcui
ts, as shown abov
e. The
commont
ermi
nali
sthet
ermi
nalt
hatser
vesast
hecommonr
etur
npat
hforal
lI/
Opoi
nts

12
i
nthebank.

Fi
g1.
7

TERMI
NOLOGYFORREPRESENTATI
ONTABLE

13
PUSHBUTTONSTYPES&REPRESENTATI
ON

Fi
g1.
8 Fi
g1.
9

Pushbut
tonsar
edi
ff
erentascompar
edf
rom t
hatofnor
mal
swi
tchesusedi
nhome.

Asnor
mal
swi
tchcont
inuousl
yst
aysi
ntheposi
ti
onwepr
ess,
butpushbut
tonst
ays

i
nrecommendedposi
ti
ononl
yfort
het
imewepr
essdependi
ngont
heconf
igur
ati
on.

NO{
Nor
mal
lyOpen}&NC{
Nor
mal
lyConnect
ed}

TheNOswi
tchbecomesNCt
il
lthet
imewepr
essi
t,t
heni
tbecomesNOwhenwer
eleasei
t.

TheNCswi
tchbecomesNOt
il
lthet
imewepr
essi
t,t
heni
tbecomesNOwhenwer
eleasei
t.

Fi
g1.
10

NOSWI
TCH

“
0”LOGI
CSTATUSi
nNor
mal
Condi
ti
on[
OPENCI
RCUI
T]

“
1”LOGI
CSTATUSwhenpr
essed[
SHORTCI
RCUI
T]

NCSWI
TCH

“
1”LOGI
CSTATUSi
nNor
mal
Condi
ti
on[
SHORTCI
RCUI
T]

“
0”LOGI
CSTATUSwhenpr
essed[
OPENCI
RCUI
T]

14
LOGI
CGATESUSI
NGLADDERPROGRAMMI
NG

l
ogi
cGat
eisbui
l
dingbl
ockf
orDi
git
alci
rcui
t.I
ttakesbi
nar
yinput(
0,1)andgi
vesbi
nar
y
out
putbasedont
hei
nputpr
ovi
ded.

Di
ff
erentty
pesofladderl
ogi
cdiagr
am thatper
for
m di
ff
erentl
ogi
cgat
efunct
ions.Basi
cal
l
y,
t
herearesevent
ypesoflogi
cgatesasbelow.

1.NOTGat
e

NOTGATEi sal
socall
edanI nvert
erorBuffer.
Worki
ng:NOTgat eworksasinversi
on.I
ttakesoneinputandgi
vesoneout
put
.When
t
heinputi
shighthentheoutputislowandv i
ce-v
ersa.

Logi
cGat
eTr
uthTabl
eforNOTGat
e:
I
nput(
I1) Out
put(
Q1)

0 1

1 0
Tabl
e1.
1

2.ANDGat
e

Working:
InANDGate,whenbot
hinputs(
I1andI
2)arehi
ght
hent
heout
put(
Q1)wi
l
l
behigh.Foral
lot
heri
nputs,
out
put(Q1)wil
lbet
helow.

Logi
cGat
eTr
uthTabl
eforANDGat
e:
I
nput(
I1) I
nput(
I2) Out
put(
Q1)

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Tabl
e1.
2

15
 3.ORGat
e

Worki
ng:Ifbothinput
sarelowi
ntheORgat
e,t
hent
heout
putwi
l
lbel
ow.Foral
l
ot
hercases,theoutputwi
ll
behi
gh.

Logi
cGat
eTr
uthTabl
eforORGat
e:
I
nput(
I1) I
nput(
I2) Out
put(
Q1)

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

Tabl
e1.
3

4.NANDGat
e

NANDgat
eisoper
atedasanANDgat
eandf
oll
owedbyt
hei
nver
ter
.

Working:I
nNANDGate,
theoutputwi
l
lbel
owwhenbot
hinput
sar
ehi
gh.Foral
lot
her
cases,t
heout
putwi
l
lbehigh.

Logi
cGat
eTr
uthTabl
eforNANDGat
e:
I
nput(
I1) I
nput(
I2) Out
put(
Q1)

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Tabl
e1.
4

16
 5.NORGat
e

NORGat
eisoper
atedORGat
efol
l
owedbyt
heNOTGat
e.

Whenbothinput
sarelowthent
heout
putwi
l
lbehi
gh.Ot
her
wise,
thel
owout
putwi
l
l
occuri
fbot
hinputsar
ehigh.

Logi
cGat
eTr
uthTabl
eforNORGat
e:
I
nput(
I1) I
nput(
I2) Out
put(
Q1)

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

Tabl
e1.
5
6.EX-
ORGat
e

Worki
ng:Ifbothinput
sarehi
ghorlow,t
heout
putwi
l
lbecomel
ow.Foranyot
her
i
nputcondit
ion,t
heoutputwi
llbehi
gh.

Logi
cGat
eTr
uthTabl
eforEX-
ORGat
e:
I
nput(
I1) I
nput(
I2) Out
put(
Q1)

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Tabl
e1.
6

17
 7.EX-
NORGat
e

Worki
ng:Whenbot
hinputs(
I1andI2)arehi
ghorl
owthentheout
put
wi
ll
high.I
fany
oneinputi
shi
ghorlowt hent
heout
putwil
lbecomelow.

Logi
cGat
eTr
uthTabl
eforEX-
NORGat
e:
I
nput(
I1) I
nput(
I2) Out
put(
Q1)

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1
Tabl
e1.
7

PROGRAMMI
NGFOR3LAMPS&3SWI
TCHES

18
HOLD-
ONPROCESS

Fi
g1.
11(
All
en-
Bradl
eyPLC)

19
 Fi
g1.
12(
SiemensPLC)

Thesear
etheexampl
esofHol
donpr
ocesst
hef
ir
stonei
sonAl
l
enBr
adl
eyPLCandt
he

Secondi
sonSi
emensPLC.

Asweusepushbut
tonsi
nPLC’
stheout
puti
sononl
yfort
het
imebei
ngwepush\
presst
he

pushbut
ton,
sot
oONt
heout
putcont
inuousl
yweuset
heHOLD-
ONpr
ocess.

CONCEPTOFI
NTERLOCKI
NG

Seei
ngt
hel
adderdi
agr
am wecani
nfert
hatassoonast
heper
sonent
ersi
ntor
oom 1and
swi
tchesONt
het
oggl
eswi
tch1(
I0.
0),t
hebul
boft
hatr
oom gl
owsi
.e,coi
lQ0.
0inr
ung1
get
sener
gized.

Now,t
heper
sonmov
esi
ntor
oom 2wi
thoutswi
tchi
ngOFFt
het
oggl
eswi
tchofr
oom 1.As
soonashe/
shepr
essest
het
oggl
eswi
tch2(
I0.
1),t
hebul
boft
hatr
oom (
Q0.
1)st
art
s
gl
owi
ngasi
tscoi
lget
sener
gized,whi
l
ethebul
bofr
oom 1i
tsel
fgoesOFFasi
tsci
rcui
tis
br
eakbyt
hei
nter
lockcont
actQ0.
1

i
nrung1whi chi
s( N-
C)type.Si
mil
arl
y,whent hegoesintoroom 3andpressesswit
ch3
(
I0.
2),
thebul
bofroom 3star
tsgl
owingandthatofroom 2swi
tchesOFFkeepi
ngthebulbof
r
oom 1alr
eadyOFF.Thi
siswhatwecoverthegoingdownfrom room 1t
oroom 2tor
oom 3.

Nowassoonast hepersonwantstocome-backhe/sheagai
npr essest
hetoggl
eswitch3
(I
0.2)whichi
nt ur
nbreaksthecir
cuiti
nrung3andthebulb(Q0.2)goesOFF.Assoonasthe
bulbofroom 3goesOFFt hebulbofroom 2st
art
sglowingagai
nbecauseherenolongert
he
i
nterl
ockcontactQ0.0remainsopen.

20
 Fi
g1.
14

Simi
larl
y, pr
essingthet oggl
eswit
chofroom 2(I
0.1)switchesOFFt
hebulbQ0.1andi
ntur
n
makesi nterl
ockcont actQ0.l(
N-C)from (
N-O)andbul bofroom 1against
artgl
owi
ngby
makingt herung1l ogicTRUE.Afterpr
essi
ngthet oggl
eswi t
ch1(I0.
0)agai
nthebul
bof
room 1i.e,Q0.0goesOFF.

SI
MPLEPROGRAMI
NG[
DIRECTI
ONCONTROLOFMOTOR]

Di
rect
ionalCont
rolofMot
or:
-

WhenUserpr
essFor
war
dPBConv
eyormov
esi
nfor
war
ddi
rect
ion(
i.
e:-mot
orget
sondue
t
ofor
war
dcoi
l
)

WhenUserpr
essRev
ersePBConv
eyormov
esi
nrev
ersedi
rect
ion(
i.
e:-mot
orget
sondue
t
orev
ersecoi
l
)

I
nter
locki
ngshoul
dbesucht
hat
,IfRev
erseCoi
li
s"ON"For
war
dCoi
lwi
l
lnot“
ON”

andsi
mil
arl
ywhent
heFor
war
dcoi
li
s“ON”Rev
ersecoi
lwi
l
lnot“
ON”
.

21
 Fi
g1.
15

TI
MER

APLCt
imerpr
ovi
desaPr
e-setdel
ayt
othecont
rolact
ions.I
ngener
al,
ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypes
ofPLCt
imerdel
ays,ON-
del
ayt
imer
,OFF-
del
ayt
imerandr
etent
ivet
imeron.Thet
erms
r
epr
esent
edi
nthet
imerbl
ocki
nthePLCar
eaPr
e-setv
aluewhi
chmeanst
hedel
ayper
iod
oft
het
imer
,anAccumul
atedv
aluewhi
chi
sthecur
rentdel
ayoft
het
imer
.

TYPESOFTI
MER

T-
ONt
imer\T-
OFFt
imer\RETENTI
VEt
imer

PLCtimersarei
nstr
ucti
onst
hatpr
ovidethesamefunct
ionsason-
delayandof
f-del
ay
mechanical
andelect
roni
cti
mingr
elays.APLCti
merprovidesapr
e-setdel
ayt
ot hecont
rol
act
ions.

I
ngeneral
,ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofPLCt
imerdel
ays,
ON-
del
ayt
imer
,OFF-
del
ayt
imerand
r
etent
ivet
imeron.

Theter
msr epr
esent
edi
nthet
imerbl
ockinthePLCareaPre-
setval
uewhi
chmeanst
he
del
ayperi
odoftheti
mer
,anAccumul
atedvaluewhi
chist
hecurr
entdel
ayoft
het
imer
.

Ati
merbeginsthecounti
ngont i
me-basedi
nter
valsandcont i
nuesunt
ilt
heaccumul
ated
val
ueequal
sthepre-setv
alue.Whentheaccumulatedvalueequal
sthepre-
sett
imet
he
out
putwil
lbeenergi
zed.Thentheti
mersetstheout put
.

22
 AnONdelaytimeri
susedwher
eweneedat
imedel
aybef
oret
het
imedel
aybef
orean
i
nst
ruct
ionbecomestr
ue.

Fi
g1.
16

Ar
epr
esent
ati
onTONt
imeri
sshownabov
e,whi
chcont
ains,

Timernumber:Thet i
merfi
lename
Timebase:whichisshowninseconds,
Pre-
setval
ue:Numer i
cvalv
esetasthedelayrequir
edtot
heti
mer .
accumulat
orvalue:Theval
uesarecount
ingisdispl
ayedf
rom zer
o.Val
uebecomeszer
o
whenev
ert
het
imeri
sreset
.

Fi
g1.
17

 Thet
imerst
art
soper
ati
ngwhent
her
ungcondi
ti
onbecomest
rue.Thet
imerdel
ayst
art
s
count
ingwhent
her
ungcondi
ti
onst
art
stoaccumul
ate.
 WhenthePr
e-setval
uebecomesequal
tot
heaccumulat
edv al
ue,
theout
puti
smadetrue.
 Thet
imedoutputbecomestr
uesometi
meaft
erthet
imerrungbecomestr
ue;
hence,
the
t
imeri
ssai
dtohav
eanon-
del
ay.
 Thel
engt
hoft
hedel
aycanbeadj
ust
edbyset
ti
ngt
hepr
e-setv
alue.

23
 AT-OFFtimerwi
l
lkeept
heout
putener
gizedf
orapr
e-sett
imeaf
tert
her
ungsi
gnal
has
gonefal
se.

Fi
g1.
18

TheT-
OFFt
imerwi
l
lhav
eal
lthecont
ent
sasi
ntheTONt
imer
,wi
tht
hesi
mil
arf
unct
ion.

Fi
g1.
19

 Whent
her
ungt
imeri
str
ue,
theout
putwi
l
lbet
ruewi
thoutanydel
ay.Whent
her
ungsi
gnal
becomesf
alset
het
imerst
art
soper
ati
ng.
 Thet
imerst
art
saccumul
ati
ngt
imeswhent
her
ungcondi
ti
onbecomest
rue,
unt
ilt
he
accumul
atedv
aluebecomesequal
tot
hePr
e-setv
alue.
 Theout
putt
urnsof
fwhent
heout
putwi
l
ltur
nfal
sewhent
heaccumul
atedv
alueequal
sthe
pr
e-setv
alue.

Aret
ent
ivet
imeri
susedwheny
ouwantt
oret
ainaccumul
atedt
imev
aluet
hrought
hepower
l
ossort
hechangei
nther
ungst
ate.

Aretent
ivet
imeraccumul
atesti
mewheneverthedevi
cer
ecei
vespower
,andi
tmai
ntai
nst
he
cur
rentti
meshouldpowerberemov
edfrom thedevi
ce

Lossofpowertotheti
merafterr
eachi
ngitspre-
setvaluedoesnotaf
fectt
hestat
eofthe
contact
s.Ther
etent
iveti
mermustbeintenti
onal
lyresetwit
haseparat
esignal
forthe
accumulat
edti
met obereset

24
 Fi
g1.
20

Anexampl
elogi
cisshownabov
e.

 Whent
hepushbot
tom PB1i
spr
essed,
thet
imerst
art
swor
kingandt
her
eadi
ngst
art
s
accumul
ati
ng.
 Whenwepusht
hePB1but
tont
henr
ungbecomef
alseandt
het
imerst
opswor
king.
Considerwear
eswitchingONthepushafterati
me,theti
merstar
tscount
ingf
rom t
he
pr
eviousval
uebefor
et heti
merisst
opped.
 Weha vetoaddanot
herswi t
chPB2toresettheval
uesinthet
ime.

SI
MPLEPROGRAM [
STAR-
DELTASTARTER]

Drawladderprogr
ammingforastartdel
tast
art
erSuchthat
,Forst
art
ing5secondsstar
connecti
on,t
hendelt
aconnect
ion,Thenifwepressst
oppushbutt
onev er
ythi
ngshoul
dbe
stopped.

Fi
g1.
21

25
SI
MPLEPROGRAM [
3MOTORS1BY1]

WhenSt
artPushBut
toni
spr
essedMot
or1shoul
dON,
aft
er5secMot
or2shoul
dON,
aft
er
5secofMot
or2Mot
or3shoul
dON,Al
lMot
orsshoul
dTur
nof
fifst
oppushbut
toni
s
pr
essed.

Fi
g1.
22

26
COUNTER

APLCcount
eri
saf
unct
ionbl
ockt
hatcount
supordownunt
ili
treachesal
i
mit
.Whent
he
l
i
miti
sreachedt
heout
puti
sset
.

Thet
hingi
sthatcount
ingi
sinf
actwi
del
yusedi
nPLCpr
ogr
ammi
ng.Of
teny
ouwi
l
lhav
ethe
needt
ocount
sdi
ff
erentt
hings.Anexampl
eoft
hiscoul
dbet
okeept
rackofhowmany
t
imesapr
ocesshasbeencompl
eted.Orhowmanypr
oduct
shasbeenpr
oduced.

PLCcount
ersar
eal
sousedt
oassi
stl
oggi
ngt
oSCADAsy
stemsbycount
ingt
heamountof
t
imest
heseev
ent
shashappenedorset
ti
ngal
armswhenanev
enthashappenedacer
tai
n
amountoft
imes.

UpCount
er(
CTU)

Thef
ir
stcount
eri
nst
ruct
ionIwi
l
lint
roducey
out
oist
heupcount
er,
alsoknownasj
ustCTU.
Ast
henamei
mpl
i
es,
thi
sPLCcount
eri
susedf
orcount
ingup.Youcanseet
heup-
count
er
f
unct
ionbl
ocki
l
lust
rat
edi
nFi
g1.
23.

Howi
twor
ks

Eachpulseont hecounti
nput(
CU)will
incr
easethecur
rentcount
erval
ue(CV)by1.When
CVi sgr
eaterthanorequalt
othecounterl
i
mit(PV)t
heoutput(Q)i
sset.Apul
seonthe
reseti
nput(R)will
resett
heval
ueofCVt o0.

Fi
g1.
23

27
DownCount
er(
CTD)

Count
ingdowni
sanot
heroper
ati
ont
hati
swi
del
yusedi
nPLCpr
ogr
ammi
ng.I
nsomecases
y
ouwantt
oknowhowmanycount
sar
eremai
ningbef
oret
hel
i
miti
sreached.Wi
tht
heup
count
ery
oucanusesomemat
htodoi
t.Buty
oucandoi
teasi
l
ywi
thadowncount
er.
Becausewi
tht
hedowncount
ery
ouwi
l
lcountdownf
rom acer
tai
nnumberunt
ili
treaches0.

Fi
g1.
24
Howi
twor
ks

Eachpulseonthecountinput(CD)wil
ldecr
ementcurr
entcounterval
ue(CV)by1.WhenCV
i
slessthanorequalto0t heoutput(
Q)isset
.Apulseontheloadinput(
LD)wil
lassi
gnthe
val
ueofcounterl
imit(PV)toCV.

SI
MPLEPROGRAMMI
NG[
PARKI
NGAUTOMATI
ON]

28
Fi
g1.
25

Fi
g1.
26

29
 Fi
g1.
27

EXAMPLEOFPLCLADDERPROGRAMMI
NG{
HANDDRYER}

Quest
ion:-

ThePLCpr
ogr
am st
art
swhent
hepushbut
toni
spr
essed,
Itwi
l
lst
artasst
and-
bymode.

Dur
ingst
and-
byst
atus,
REDl
i
ghti
sONandmot
or,
fan,
heat
erandGREENl
i
ghtar
eswi
tched
OFF.

Whent
wopr
oxi
mit
ysensor
sdet
ect
sanobj
ectatt
hesamet
ime,
REDl
i
ghtwi
l
lbeOFFand
GREENl
i
ghtwi
l
lbeONandt
hemot
orf
anwi
l
lbeswi
tchedON.

Af
ter3seconds,
heat
erwi
l
lbeswi
tchedON,
theheat
ershoul
donl
ybeswi
tchedonwher
e
t
hemot
orf
anandt
heGREENl
i
ghtkeepswi
tchi
ngON

30
Bot
hheat
erandf
anwi
l
lbeswi
tchedof
fwhenei
theroneoft
hepr
oxi
mit
ysensordet
ect
sno
obj
ectpr
esence.Gr
eenl
i
ght
,mot
orf
anandheat
erwi
l
lbeswi
tchedOFFandREDl
i
ghtwi
l
lbe
t
urnedON

St
oppushbut
tont
ost
opev
ery
thi
ng.

Fi
g1.
28

31
Fi
g1.
29

32
SCADA

Super
visor
y cont
roland dat
a acqui
sit
ion (
SCADA)i
s a cont
rolsy
stem ar
chi
tect
ure
compr
isi
ngcomput
ers,net
wor
keddat
acommuni
cat
ionsandgr
aphi
caluseri
nter
faces(
GUI
)
f
orhi
gh-
lev
elpr
ocesssuper
visor
ymanagement
,whi
l
eal
so compr
isi
ng ot
herper
ipher
al
dev
ices l
i
ke pr
ogr
ammabl
elogi
c cont
rol
l
ers(
PLC)and di
scr
ete pr
opor
ti
onal
-i
ntegr
al-
der
ivat
ive(
PID)cont
rol
l
erst
oint
erf
acewi
thpr
ocesspl
antormachi
ner
y.TheuseofSCADA
hasbeenconsi
der
edal
sof
ormanagementandoper
ati
onsofpr
oject
-dr
iven-
processi
n
const
ruct
ion.

Theoperatori
nterf
aceswhi chenabl
emoni t
oringandt heissui
ngofprocesscommands,
li
ke
contr
oll
ersetpointchanges,ar
ehandledthroughtheSCADAcomput ersystem.The
subordi
natedoperati
ons,e.
g.thereal
-t
imecont r
ollogicorcontrol
l
ercal
culati
ons,ar
e
perf
ormedbynet workedmodul esconnect
edt othefiel
dsensorsandactuators.
TheSCADAconceptwasdev elopedt obeauni v ersal meansofr emote-accesstoav ar
iet
yof
l
ocal control modules,whichcoul dbef r
om di fferentmanuf acturersandallowingaccess
thr
oughst andar dautomat ionpr otocols.Inpr actice,largeSCADAsy stemshav egrownto
becomev erysimilartodistribut edcont r
ol systemsi nf uncti
on,whi l
eusingmul ti
plemeans
ofinter
facingwi ththeplant .Theycancont rol l
arge-scal eprocessest hatcaninclude
multipl
esites, andwor kov erl argedistancesaswel l assmal ldistance.Iti
soneoft hemost
commonl y -usedtypesofi ndust ri
alcontrolsyst ems, i
nspi t
eofconcer nsaboutSCADA
systemsbei ngvulnerabl
et ocy berwarfare/cyber terrori
sm at t
acks.
TAG

Aspeci
fi
cter
m usedi
nSCADA,
“Tag”
,si
mpl
ymeansv
ari
abl
eincomput
erl
anguage.SCADA
i
sar
api
ddev
elopmentappl
i
cat
ionf
ori
ndust
ri
alcont
rol&moni
tor
ing.Thenat
ureoft
he
sy
stem r
equi
resSCADAt
ocommuni
cat
ewi
thhuger
angeofext
ernaldev
icesl
i
kePLC&
i
ndust
ryspeci
fi
cequi
pment
’s/
met
ers.I
nor
dert
oli
nkupandaccesswi
tht
hesedev
ices,
v
ari
ousopenorpr
opr
iet
arycommuni
cat
ionpr
otocol
scanbeused.Andt
hesedev
icesneed
t
ohav
eamechani
sm t
oopenupi
tspar
amet
ersordat
aforSCADAt
oaccess,
eit
herf
orr
ead,
wr
it
eorbot
h.

Nor
mal
l
ythedat
awi
l
lbegi
veni
nthef
orm ofaddr
essesorr
egi
ster
s,butal
sopossi
blebei
ng
gi
vendi
rect
lyi
nthef
orm ofv
ari
abl
est
ri
ngdependi
ngont
hepr
otocolused.Assucht
he
SCADAmustassi
gnav
ari
abl
eormemor
ylocat
iont
obeassoci
atedwi
theachandi
ndi
vi
dual
i
nter
est
edpar
amet
erordat
athatpr
ovi
desbyanydev
ice,r
egar
dlessofhy
bri
dori
ntegr
ated
set
up.Andt
hisv
ari
abl
eiscal
l
ed“
Tag”
.Mor
especi
fi
cal
l
y,i
t’
scal
l
edI
/Ot
agbecauset
hat
’s
t
heonl
yinput&out
putchannelofaSCADA.Anot
hernamef
ori
tisext
ernal
/phy
sicalt
ag
si
mpl
ybecauset
hat
’sext
ernal
/phy
sical
dev
iceoutt
her
etoaccess.

33
TYPESOFTAGS

Fi
g1.
30

WONDERWAREI
NTOUCH

InTouchgoesbey ondsimpl i
sti
cgr aphi
cst oenableappl icat i
onbuilder
st ofocusoncr eati
ng
meani ngfulcontentthatwilldr
iveenterpr
ise-wideoper ationspr oducti
vit
yandcostsav i
ngs.
InTouchempower soperatorstooptimizetheirrout
inehumani nteract
ionswi t
hi ndustri
al
automat i
onsystems.Thi sresult
si naquantifi
ableneti ncr easeinoperatoreffectiveness.
Ouruni queapproacht hroughsituati
onalawar enesslibrariesprov i
descontextual i
zed
i
nf ormat i
onthatoperatorsneedt oquickl
yandaccur atelyaddr essabnor malsituati
ons
bef or
et heyimpactoper at
ions.

Usedinmorethanone-
thi
rdoftheworld’
sindust
ri
alfaci
l
iti
es,
invi
rt
ual
lyever
ycount
ryand
i
ndustr
y,I
nTouchHMIsoftwareconti
nuestodeli
verbusi
nessval
ueinengi
neeri
ngsi
mpli
cit
y,
oper
ati
onalagi
li
tyandr
eal-
ti
meper f
ormancemast er
y.

Exper
ienceWonder
war
eInTouch:

 Stunningprocessgr aphicsandout-of
-t
he-boxready-t
o-usesymbolli
brar
y
 I
ncreaseoper at
oref fect
ivenesswithi
mpr ovedsit
uati
onalawareness
 Makebet terdecisionsinrealti
me
 I
ncreaseoper at
ional andengineer
ingproducti
vit
y
 Accelerat
eoper atortrai
ning
 Securelyaccessy oursystem fr
om anydev i
ce,anyt
ime,anywhere

ONSHOW

Thesear
ethei
nit
ialcondi
ti
onwhi
chwewanti
noursy
stem att
het
imeofdev
elopi
nga

34
speci
fi
cpr
ogr
am

WHI
LESHOWI
NG

Thi
sist
hewi
ndowort
hepl
atf
orm wher
ewecanwr
it
e,edi
tandi
mpl
ementourl
ogi
cin

Condi
ti
onst
atement
sfor
mat
.

EXAMPLEOFBOTTLEFI
LLI
NGUSEDI
NCOCOLAI
NDUSTRYUSI
NGSCADA

QUESTI
ON:-

1)
ifswi
tchi
stur
nedONandTanki
snotf
ull
thenv
alv
e1shoul
dONandTank

shoul
dst
artf
il
li
ng,

2)
aft
ert
anki
sful
lswi
tchshoul
dOFFandv
alv
eshoul
dOFF,

3)
thenbot
tl
eshoul
dcomebel
owt
ank,f
il
ledandcov
eradi
stanceupt
il
lendandaf
tert
hat
nextbot
tl
eshoul
dcomeandf
il
l,
asensorshoul
dcountt
hebot
tl
es.

Wor
king:
-ONSHOW

 SW1=0;

 T1=0;

 V1=0;

 V2=0;

 MOV=0;

 B1=0;

 CTU=0;

WHI
LESHOWI
NG Ev
ery
=1

I
fSW1==1ANDT1<1000THENT1=T1+10;
V1=1;
ENDI
F;

I
fT1==1000THENSW1=0;
V1=0;
ENDI
F;

35
I
fV1==0ANDT1>0ANDMOV<50THENMOV=MOV+5;
ENDI
F;

I
fMOV==50 AND T1>0 AND B1<10 THEN T1=T1 -
1;B1=B1+1;
V2=1;
ELSE V2=0;
ENDI
F;

I
fB1==10ANDMOV<100THENMOV=MOV+5;
ENDI
F;

I
fMOV==100ANDB1==10THENB1=0;
MOV=0;
ENDI
F;

I
fMOV==75THENCTU=CTU+1;
ENDI
F;

Fi
g1.
31

Fi
g1.
32

36
Fi
g1.
33

37