Wireless Communication and

Computing [ICT 3272]

SIXTH SEMESTER B.TECH COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
Topics
• Fundamentals of Wireless Digital Communication:
• Free Space Attenuation
• Reflection and Transmission
• Temporal Dependence of Fading
• Capacity of Wireless Channels :
• Capacity in AWGN
• Channel and System Model
• Directionally Resolved Measurements
• Advanced Modulation / Access Techniques (MFSK, Spread Spectrum)
• Antenna and Propagation:
• Line of Sight and Non Line of Sight
• Link Budget Analysis

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Books to Refer
• Stallings, William. Data and computer communications. Pearson Education
India, 2007.
• Tse, David, and Pramod Viswanath. Fundamentals of wireless
communication. Cambridge university press, 2005.
• Upena Dalal, Wireless communication (1e), Oxford 2014.
• Andrea Molisch , Wireless Communications (2e), John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2011.
• Kaveh Pahlavan and Prashant Krishnamurthy, Principles
of Wireless Networks (1e), Prentice Hall 2009.
• Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless Communications (2e), John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2011.

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Wireless Transmission: Review
• 3 general ranges of frequencies
• Microwave frequencies: 1 GHz to 40 GHz
• Highly directional beams
• Suitable for point-to-point transmission
• Satellite communication
• Radio range frequencies: 30 MHz to 1 GHz
• Omnidirectional applications
• AM, FM
• Infrared range frequencies: 3 x 1011 to 2 x 1014 Hz
• Local point-to-point applications
• Multipoint application within confined areas.

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Wireless Transmission: Review
• Antennas
• An electrical conductor or system of conductors
• for radiating/collecting (Transmission/Reception) electromagnetic energy.

Function:
Transmission: Converts RF electrical energy from the transmitter to
electromagnetic energy and then radiates into the surrounding environment.
(Vice-versa for Reception)

Transceivers: Antenna used for both transmission and reception in two-way

communication

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Wireless Transmission: Review
• Isotropic Antenna
• Idealized antenna. It is a point in space
that radiates power in all directions
equally.
• Actual radiation pattern: a sphere with
the antenna at the center.

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 Wireless Transmission: Review
• Parabolic Reflective Antenna
• Used in terrestrial Microwave and satellite
applications
• Parabola is locus of all points equidistant from
a fixed line and a fixed point : Focus
• Transmission: Electromagnetic source at the
focus and with reflective paraboloid, parallel
beams formed without dispersion
• In practice: Dispersion occurs leading to loss
• Larger the diameter of antenna, more tightly
directional beam
• Reception: Incoming waves parallel to axis
collected at focus
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Wireless Transmission: Review
• Antenna Gain:
• Measure of directionality of an antenna.
• Relative measure with Isotropic antenna.
• It is the power output in a particular direction, compared to that produced by
Isotropic antenna.
• Ex: Gain of 3 dB. = 10 log (Pout Antenna/Pout Isotropic)
Pout Antenna/Pout Isotropic = 2.
• Increased power in a given direction is at the expense of other direction.
• Effective Area of antenna is related to physical size and shape

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Wireless Transmission: Review

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Wireless Transmission: Review

Source: William Stallings

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Terrestrial Microwave
• used for long haul telecommunications
• and short point-to-point links
• requires fewer repeaters but line of sight
• use a parabolic dish to focus a narrow beam onto a receiver
antenna
• 1-40GHz frequencies
• higher frequencies give higher data rates
• main source of loss is attenuation
• distance, rainfall
• also interference
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Wireless Transmission: Review
• Transmission Loss or Loss due to attenuation

d distance
 wavelength

• Loss varies as the square of the distance.

• Repeaters (Amplifiers) for every 10 to 100km
• Atmospheric variations, rain increases attenuation

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 Satellite Microwave
• satellite is relay station
• receives on one frequency, amplifies or repeats signal
and transmits on another frequency
• eg. uplink 5.925-6.425 GHz & downlink 3.7-4.2 GHz
• typically requires geo-stationary orbit
• height of 35,784km
• spaced at least 3-4° apart
• typical uses
• television
• long distance telephone
• private business networks
• global positioning

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Satellite Point to Point Link

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Satellite Broadcast Link

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Broadcast Radio
• radio is 3kHz to 300GHz
• use broadcast radio, 30MHz - 1GHz, for:
• FM radio
• UHF and VHF television
• is omnidirectional
• still need line of sight
• suffers from multipath interference
• reflections from land, water, other objects

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Infrared
• modulate noncoherent infrared light
• end line of sight (or reflection)
• are blocked by walls
• no licenses required
• typical uses
• TV remote control
• IRD port

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Wireless Propagation
Ground Wave

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Wireless Propagation
Sky Wave

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Wireless Propagation
Line of Sight

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Refraction
• velocity of electromagnetic wave is a function of density of material
~3 x 108 m/s in vacuum, less in anything else
• speed changes as move between media
• Index of refraction (refractive index) is
• sin(incidence)/sin(refraction)
• varies with wavelength
• have gradual bending if medium density varies
• density of atmosphere decreases with height
• results in bending towards earth of radio waves
• hence optical and radio horizons differ

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Optical and Radio Line of Sight
• Optical line of sight (with no intervening obstacles)
d = distance between antenna and the horizon in km
h = antenna height in meters

• Radio line of sight

K = adjustment factor for
refraction.
Rule of thumb K = 4/3

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Optical and Radio Line of Sight
• Radio line of sight
K = adjustment factor for refraction.
Rule of thumb K = 4/3

Maximum distance between two antennas for LOS is

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Optical and Radio Line of Sight

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Line of Sight Transmission
• Free space loss
• loss of signal with distance
• Atmospheric Absorption
• from water vapour and oxygen absorption
• Multipath
• multiple interfering signals from reflections
• Refraction
• bending signal away from receiver

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Line of Sight Transmission
• Free space loss
• For Isotropic antennas
• loss of signal with distance

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Line of Sight Transmission
• Free space loss

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Line of Sight Transmission
• Free space loss
• Other antennas with gain

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Line of Sight Transmission
• Free space loss
• Other antennas with gain

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 Free Space Loss

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Free Space Loss

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