ARU 317-2

Electrical Systems
& Materials Service
& Utilization
CHAPTER III
Acosta, Erica Joy Marinay
Barrera, Casandra
Bien, Jannella Gayle Tagustos
Molina, Daren L.
Reyes, Franz Martin Francisco
 CONTENTS
01 Electric Service
09 Switches
17 Motor Control

02 Overhead Service
10 Contactors
18 Receptacles

03 Underground Service
11 Special Switches
19 Switch Device

04 Underground Wiring
12 Circuit Protective
Device
20 Outlet and Device
Boxes

05 Service Equipment
13 Switchboards and
Switchgear
21 Lighting Protection
System

06 Transformers
14 Unit Substation
22 Emergency/Standby
Power Equipment

07 Service Equipment·
Arrangements and Metering
15 Panelboards

08 Service Switch
16 Electric Motors
01SERVICE
ELECTRIC
Service from the utility to line to the building
may be run overhead (OH) or underground (UG),
depending on the following conditions:
Service - tapped onto the utility lines at a Length of service run
mutually agreeable point at or beyond the Type of terrain
property line Budget limitations
Utility company voltage
Service Tap - a connection on a pole with an Site and nature of electric load
overhead service drop to the building, an Importance of appearance
underground service lateral to the building, or a Local practices and ordinances
connection to an underground utility line with a Maintenance and service continuity
service lateral to the building. Weather conditions
 An overhead electrical service consists of an electrical
wire attached to a pole which connects to the service

02
OVERHEAD attachment on your house.
Depending on terrain and other factors, the cost of
overhead as compared to underground installation is in
SERVICE the range of 10% to 50%.

3 TYPES OF OVERHEAD CABLE

1. Bare Copper Cable

2. Weatherproof Cable
3. Preassembled Aerial Cable
02
OVERHEAD
SERVICE
03
Underground lines are the alternative type of

UNDERGROUND distribution lines. They are buried in trenches, ducts, or

tunnels, and run under the ground, water, or buildings.

SERVICE
Undergrounding is the replacement of overhead
cables providing electrical power or
telecommunications, with underground cables.
Undergrounding can increase the capital cost of
electric power transmission and distribution but may
decrease operating costs over the lifetime of the
cables.
03
UNDERGROUND
SERVICE
 OVERHEAD UNDERGROUND
SERVICE SERVICE
ADVANTAGE ADVANTAGE
Less expensive Attractivenes (lack of overhead visual
Easier to install and maintain than clutter)
underground lines Service reliability and long life
Can cover long distances and rough DISADVANTAGE
terrains
High cost
DISADVANTAGE To eliminate high cost, utilities frequently
Vulnerable to weather conditions use direct burial techniques which, by
They are also exposed to interference eliminating the raceway, reduce costs
from trees, birds, animals, or human considerably, since direct buried cable
activities cannot be pulled out if it faults, as would
be the case with a raceway installed cable.
04UNDERGROUND WIRING
a) Direct Burial
05
SERVICE
EQUIPMENT
Service equipment is defined as
being connected to the load end of
the service conductors to a building
or structure for the main cut off of
the supply.

“Transformer” between the high

voltage incoming utility lines and the
secondary service conductors is
required whenever the building
voltage is different from the utility
voltage
06
TRANSFORMERS
Are devices that changes or transforms
alternating current of one voltage to
alternating current of another voltage.
Transformers cannot be used on d-c.
Transformers may be pole or pad mounted
outside the building, or installed in a room or
vault inside or outside the building.
 STEP-UP STEP-DOWN
a transformer rated 120/480v to transform a bigger load to
transforms lower volt, 120v lower voltage.
ac to 580v a-c bigger load.
SECONDARY VOLTAGE - 120V, 208V, 240V, 277V, AND 480V
PRIMARY VOLTAGES - 2400V, 4160V, 7200V, 12,470V, 13,200V

If the voltage coming in is Low, that is if a 120v outlet

gives only 95v, then a step up v but this time, the
equipment is a direct plug-in to the receptacle
Transformers are available in 3-phase
construction or single-phase construction.
Transformer power capacity is rated in kva
(kilovolt-amperes).
For a single-phase unit, this figure is the product of
the full load current and the voltage thus a 100kva
transformer will carry at full load; 2400/120v.

Note: there are appliances manufactured

now which has an automatic switch
transfer at inside such that the appliances,
example is at t.v. can be switched directly
to either a 110v outlet or 220v outlet.
SERVICE EQUIPMENT
ARRANGEMENT AND METERING
Electric Service Equipment Arrangements: Number of Services to a Building: As a
The arrangement of electric service equipment general rule, there should be one service to
involves designing and planning the installation one building.
of electrical components that deliver power Design and Installation: Contractors,
from the utility to a building or premises. Here builders, architects, and engineers play a
are some key points: crucial role in ensuring safe and efficient
Service: Refers to the conductors and electrical service equipment arrangements.
equipment responsible for delivering
electric energy from the serving utility to
the wiring system of the premises.
OVERHEAD SYSTEM UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
SERVICE EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT:
RESIDENTIAL, APARTMENT-TYPE/SMALL COMMERCIAL: BIG COMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL:
 SERVICE EQUIPMENT
ARRANGEMENT AND METERING
Metering: Net Metering: A scheme that allows users
Metering involves measuring and monitoring to sell electricity they have generated back
electrical consumption. Here are some to the grid, often from renewable energy
fundamental aspects: sources like rooftop solar photovoltaics.
Residential and Light Commercial Metering Standards and Procedures:
Metering: This area focuses on measuring These standards guide the installation,
electricity usage in homes and small maintenance, and operation of meters.
commercial establishments.
Meter Types: Various types of meters exist,
including electromechanical meters,
electronic meters, and smart meters.
RESIDENTIAL &
LIGHT COMMERCIAL
METERING
PARTS:
Metering involves monitoring electricity usage in 1. Electric Meters
homes and small commercial establishments. 2. Meter Enclosures
3. Bypasses
 PARTS
ELECTRIC METER
An electric meter in the device used to measure the
amount of electric energy consumed by a residence,
business, or an electrically powered device. The
amount the utility’s meter wheel turns is associated
with the utility charge per watt-hour resulting in the
final bill. The electric meter is typically provided by the
power company and measures your electricity
consumption in terms of kilowatt-hours thus the
electric meter is often referred to as the watt-hour
meter.
METER ENCLOSURE
An electric meter is installed in an enclosure. The choice
of enclosure depends on the application and the electric
utility’s requirements.
Single Meter Socket: Found outside homes, single
meter sockets are used for single-family
residences and some commercial applications.
They connect the watt-hour meter to the
electrical service.
Load Center: Incoming power from the meter
socket is distributed to lighting, appliances, and
electrical outlets within the home.
BYPASSES
In the past, if a meter in the field was pulled out for
inspection or replacement, the building would lose power.
Bypasses meet the need to be able to pull the meter
without cutting power to the building.
Bypasses allow meters to be pulled out for
inspection or replacement without cutting power
to the building.
Common types of bypasses are used based on
electric utility requirements.
ELECTRICAL METERING
SYSTEMS TYPES:
1. Analog Meters (Electromechanical Meters)
An electrical metering system, also known as an electricity 2. Digital Meters (Electric Meters)
metering system, is a collection of devices that measure the 3. Standard Meters
amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, 4. Dial Meters
or an electrically powered device. These meters play a crucial 5. Variable-Rate Meters
role in billing and monitoring electricity usage. 6. Prepayment Meters
7. Smart Meters
 TYPES:

DIAL METER DIGITAL METER STANDARD METER

Dial meters have rotating dials with pointers.
Users read the dials to determine energy
usage.
Variable-Rate Meters:
Digital meters feature a digital display (LCD or
LED).
They offer connectivity and may provide instant
functionalities.
These meters are more modern and allow for
remote reading and data transmission.
These are the most common meters used in
residential and commercial settings.
They measure electricity consumption in
kilowatt-hours (kWh).
 TYPES:

ANALOG METER VARIABLE-RATE PREPAYMENT SMART

These meters have an analog display and METER METER METER
do not offer any connectivity.
They operate based on basic These meters accommodate Prepayment meters allow users to Smart meters are part of
electromagnetic principles, causing a different pricing structures based pay in advance for electricity. advanced metering
pointer or needle to move (ammeter and on time of day or other factors. Users load credit onto the meter, infrastructure (AMI).
voltmeter) or a disc to rotate They adjust rates according to peak and consumption is deducted as They provide real-time data,
(wattmeter) proportional to the and off-peak hours. they use electricity. enable remote reading, and
parameter being measured. Wh). support two-way communication
Analog meters were prevalent until the between utilities and consumers.
early 1980s.
NET METERING
SYSTEM
Net Metering is a program under the Renewable Energy Act of
2008 (RA 9513), otherwise known as the “Act Promoting the
Development, Utilization and Commercialization of Renewable
Energy Resources” and is carried out by the Energy Regulatory
Commission (ERC).
HOW NET METERING WORKS:
FOR MORE INFORMATION, KINDLY CLICK THIS: https://biz.meralco.com.ph/products-services-and-programs/net-metering
SERVICE SWITCH
WHAT IS SERVICE SWITCH?
According to Merriam-Webster, it is a
building's main electric switch usually
located in the service box
SWITCH
WHAT IS SWITCH?
A Switch is a device which is designed to
interrupt the current flow in a circuit. In simple
words, a Switch can make or break an electrical
circuit. Every electrical and electronics
application uses at least one switch to perform
ON and OFF operation of the device.
So, switches are a part of the control system and When the contacts of a switch are closed, the
without it, control operation cannot be achieved. switch creates a closed path for the current to
A switch can perform two functions, namely fully flow and hence load consumes the power from
ON (by closing its contacts) or fully OFF (by source. When the contacts of a switch are open,
opening its contacts). no power will be consumed by the load.
TYPES OF SWITCH:

MECHANICAL
SWITCH
Mechanical Switches are physical switches,
which must be activated physically, by
moving, pressing, releasing, or touching its
contacts.
ELECTRONIC
SWITCH
Electronic Switches, on the other hand, do not require
any physical contact in order to control a circuit. These
are activated by semiconductor action.
The electronic switches are generally called as Solid
State switches because there are no physical moving
parts and hence no physical contacts. Most of the
appliances are controlled by semiconductor switches
such as motor drives and HVAC equipment.
 10. CONTACTORS

CONTACTORS
A contactor is a switch that uses two
contact blocks of silver and coated
copper, which are forced together to
make or are separated to break the
circuit. The common wall light switch is a
small mechanically operated contactor.
RELAY
Relay is a small electrically operated
contractor. It is an auxiliary circuit
component, and its task is to perform
signal transmission and control the
main circuit component.
CONTACTORS VS
SWITCHES
Switches must be manually thrown-or at
best with a motor. However the magnetic
contactor is inherently a remotely
controlled device, making it ideal for a
myriad of control functions. They are
controlled by push-button or automatic
devices such as float switches,
thermostats, pressure switches, and so on
since control can be both remote and
automatic, the application of relays and
contactors is universal in remote control
of lighting; heating, air conditioning, all
motor control. sequence switching,
automatic load transfer etc.

11.SPECIAL
SWITCHES
Variety of switches with unique functions
or designs tailored for specific
purposes. These switches can be found
in various applications ranging from
industrial control systems to consumer
electronics.
Time Controlled Switches
This device comprises a precision low speed miniature drive motor (timer) to which
some type of electric contact-making device is connected. It is useful in areas
subject to power outages, since outages will show up directly as a switch delay.
Remote-Control (RC) Switches
A contactor that latches mechanically after being operated. These devices are
extremely useful in lighting control and energy-conservation techniques.
Automatic Transfer Switch
This device which is an essential part of all standby power arrangement, is
basically a double throw switch-generally 3·pole-so arranged that on failure of
normal service is restored it automatically retransfers to it. The control devices are
voltage sensors that sense the condition of the service and operate the· switch
accordingly.
 12. CIRCUIT- In order to protect insulation, wiring, switches, and
other apparatus from overload and short circuit
PROTECTIVE DEVICES currents, it is necessary to provide automatic means
for opening the circuit. The two most common devices
employed to fulfill this function are the fuse and the
circuit breaker.
 FUSE
A simple device consisting of fusible link or wire of
low melting temperature that when enclosed in an
insulating fiber tube is called cartridge fuse, and
when in a porcelain cup is known as plug fuse.
When a fuse is subjected to excess current, the
energy loss in the link generates heat and melts it.
CIRCUIT BREAKER

Performs the same protective function of a switch. It

can be used in lieu of a switch-and-fuse combination
to both protect and disconnect a circuit.
Mechanisms used in
circuit breakers

Thermal Trip
acts on overload and is similar in action to a thermostat. Heat generated by
excessive current causes an element to move and trip by latching mechanic of the
breaker, thus opening the breaker contacts and thereby the circuit

Magnetic Trip
comprises a coil with a movable core. On short circuits, magnetic forces actuate
the core which tips the circuit breaker latch. Both the thermal arid and the
magnetic action have inverse time characteristics.
 Types of circuit
breaker
Molded case breaker
Molded case breaker
Uses a temperature sensitive device (the thermal element) with a current sensitive
electromagnetic device (the magnetic element) to provide the trip mechanism for
protection and isolation purposes. Used for a wide range of voltages and
frequencies with adjustable trip settings.

Large air breaker

Classified as a manually-operated stored energy circuit breaker. Large air circuit
breakers are capable of interrupting circuits quickly and efficiently to prevent
damage to equipment and personnel.

Large air breaker

13.
Switchboards
A switchboard is a single large panel, frame,
assembly of switches, fix mount circuit
breakers, overcurrent and other protective
devices. A switchboard consists of a single
vertical structure that contains the main
disconnects and surge protection.
It also consists of frequency gauges and
synchroscopes that can control devices
through multiple power sources.
Switchgears
Switchgear is a term that describes a
collection of switching devices that serve to
control, protect and isolate power systems.
During power breakdowns, switchgear will
trigger an automatic reaction and interrupt the
power flow. This in turn would protect the
electrical circuits from damage. Switchgear
consists of switches, fuses, isolators, relays,
lightning arresters, potential transformers, auto
reclosers and other components.
14. UNIT Substation is a facility where voltage is transformed, controlled and
distributed

SUBSTATION On the other hand, Unit Substation is a type of Substation designed to be

compacted and Self contained within a single unit.

An assembly of primary switch-and-fuse or breaker, step-down transformer,

meters, controls, buswork, and secondary switchgear is called a unit
substation.

Available for indoor or outdoor use.

Step-down Transformer - converts the incoming voltage to the necessary lower voltage.
15. PANELBOARD
Panelboards are typically installed on walls and contain
various individual circuit breakers or fuse blocks, each
serving a specific electrical circuit.

The primary function of a panelboard is to divide the

electrical supply into smaller circuits, providing power to
different areas or loads within a building.

A panelboard serves basically the same function as a

switchboard, except on a smaller scale that is, it accepts
relatively large blocks of power and distributes it in smaller
blocks.
The panel components-that is, the
buses, breakers, are mounted on an
insulating board that in turn is mounted
inside an enclosing cabinet.

The line terminal of each circuit-

protective device (breaker or fused
switch) is connected to the busbars of
the panelboard.
 PANELBOARD
a) Panel Type:
A lighting and appliance panel is one having more than 1 0%
of its overcurrent devices rated 30 amp. or less, for which
Panelboarda are described neutral connections are provided (singlephase loads).
and specified by type, bus
arrangement, branch
breakers, main breaker. b) Panel Electrical Description
voltage and mounting. A This item gives the number of buses, their ampere rating, the
typical description might be: panel voltage, and a complete description of the circuit-
protective devices contained in the panel.
Lighting and Appliance
Panel. 3-phase, 4-wire; 200
A mains; main C/8, 225 A
frame, 1 50A Trip. c) Panel Cabinet and Mounting
Panel boards are classified as Flush-Type or Surface-Type.
Flush type panelboards are those that have the trim and
doors practically flush. Surface-type panelboards project into
nomenclature - refers to the naming or labeling of various components, circuits, the room. the cabinets being bolted to wall surfaces or
and functions within the panelboard.
columns.
16. ELECTRIC
MOTORS

Motors convert electrical into

mechanical energy. It is supplied as
adjuncts to specified driven equipment,
such as fans, blowers. and so on, within
the constraints of the voltage and
enclosure.
a) Direct Current Motors - As a result of the high cost
and relative rarity of direct current, these motors are
only used where continuous fine speed control is
required, as in the case of elevator drives.

b) Alternating Current Motors Three General

Classifications:
1 . polyphase induction motors- either squirrel cage or
wound motor.

2. polyphase synchronous motors- either brush or

brushless.

3. Single-phase motors- either split phase, repulsion-

induction, capacitor, shaded pole, etc.

c) Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors So called because of

the rotor which consists of a group or bars welded
together into a cylindrical cage-type shape. It is
manufactured in four different NEMA designs to meet
different application requirements.
NEMA stands for the National Electrical
Manufacturers Association.
17. MOTOR CONTROL

An a-c motor controller is basically a contactor designed to

handle heavy brush currents encountered in an a-c motor
starting.

Its function is to start and stop the motor and to protect the
machine from overload. These two separate and distinct
functions are accomplished by combining a set of contacts
for on/off control with a set of thermal overload elements
for overload protection in a single unit.
When the contacts are operated by hand, the controller is called a manual starter; when the
contacts are operated by a magnetic coil controlled by push buttons, thermostats, or other
devices, the unit is known as magnetic controller or simply and more commonly-a starter.
18. WIRING
DEVICES
This include all devices that are normally
installed in wall outlet boxes, including
receptacles, switches, dimmers, and pilot
lights. Attachment plugs and wall plates are
also included.
19.
RECEPTACLES

Receptacles are types of sockets

or outlets that provide a location in
a system where the wire can be
inserted to provide electrical
current.
20. SWITCH
DEVICES
Switch devices are components used to control the flow
of electricity in a circuit. They allow users to turn
electrical circuits on or off, change the direction of
current flow, or select between multiple circuits.
Switches come in various types and configurations, each
serving specific purposes.
KEY SWITCH TOGGLE SWITCH ROTARY SWITCH
1-GANG 2-GANG 3-GANG

4-GANG SWITCH with

PILOT LIGHT PUSH SWITCH
18.OUTLET & DEVICE
BOXES
RECTANGULAR SQUARE
JUNCTION BOX JUNCTION BOX
Outlet and switch boxes contain wire, taps,
splices, or devices in an electrical wiring
system. A box may have openings for the
entry of conduit, tubing, or cable
assemblies, as well as for a cover, which
closes the box or provides support for
devices or fixtures.

CIRCULAR
CEILING
JUNCTION BOX
RIGID
CONDUIT
CONNECTORS
Conduit fittings allow you to make
connections in an electrical system.
They can connect two runs of conduit or
secure conduit to an electrical device.

BUSHING LOCKNUT

COUPLING SET SCREW

INSULATORS
used as supports and for additonal
protection for wires. BALL STRAIN BALL KNOB PORCELAIN
(PORCELAIN) (PORCELAIN) TUBE

BRACKET ELECTRICAL
CIRCULAR LOOM SPLIT KNOB
INSULATOR TAPE
22.EMERGENCY/STANDBY
POWER
EQUIPMENT
The Equipment involved in both Emergency and Standby is
similar, however, the use is different.

Emergency Systems provide power and illumination essential

for safety, including emergency power for exit lighting,
egress lighting, elevators, fire alarm systems, fire pumps, and
healthcare facilities.

Standby systems provide power to selected loads in case of

a normal power source failure, primarily to prevent property
or financial loss. Water and sewage treatment plants use
them for this purpose. Private owners install standby systems
to prevent damage to industrial processes or research
projects during power interruptions.
ENGINE GENERATOR SETS

This installation comprise basically three components:

a) The fuel system including storage.
b) The set itself plus exhaust facilities.
c) The space housing the unit.
BATTERY EQUIPMENT
STORAGE BATTERIES

Battery Equipment Storage batteries are often used to

supply limited amounts of emergency power, primarily for
lighting. Such units are mounted in individual cabinets or in
racks for larger installations and are always provided with
automatic charging equipment.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Acosta, Erica Joy Marinay
Barrera, Casandra
Bien, Jannella Gayle Tagustos
Molina, Daren L.
Reyes, Franz Martin Francisco