Vital alarming statistics !!

Sea level rise: 3.41 mm/year

Global average CO2: September 2016 atmospheric CO2 average

~ 404.42 ppm {First time in history >400ppm CO2 for >1 year
(2015-2016)}.

Global Temperature: 1.7 ºF since year1880.

Arctic summer sea ice: Shrunk to lowest extent on record.

(13.3% per decade recently !!).

Greenland ice loss: Doubled between 1996 and 2005 (around

281 gigatonnes per year).
Source: http://climate.nasa.gov/ 2
 Atmospheric CO2 Levels: Historical Perspective

Mauna Loa:
Vostok & Law Dome:
Source: NOAA, 2016 Hawaii Islands
Antartica
 Atmospheric CO2 Levels: Recent data

Source: NOAA, 2016

Source: NASA, 2015
 Global Sea Level Rise

Source: NASA, 2015

 Important Terms
Pre-industrial time: Refers to period before year 1750.

Green House Gases (GHGs): Water vapor (H2O), CO2,

methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Ozone (O3),
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Signatory: A party (country) that sign a legally binding

document at any treaty, convention, conference, etc.

Ratification: Official adoption of any treaty, agreement, etc.

signed by a party (country) by its parliament/law making
body by voting and securing a majority.
 Climate Change: Definitions
Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):

change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using
statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties,
and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate
change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing, or to
persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in
land

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):

change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human

activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in
addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time .
 Various Environmental Organizations
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION:

Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change.

Central/State Pollution Control Boards/Agencies.

INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS:

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) [1988]
World Bank
International Energy Agency (IEA)
Earth System Governance Project [2009]
Global Environment Facility [1991]

NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION (NGO) :

International (e.g. Green Peace, WWF)

Country Specific (e.g. CSE) 9
 UN CONFERENCES
&
PROTOCOLS
ON
ENVIRONMENT,
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT , CLIMATE
CHANGE
 UN Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm (1972)
(Effect of Environmental degradation on Quality of Human Life)

Vienna Convention (1985)

(Protection of Ozone Layer)

Montreal Protocol (1989)

(Total Elimination of Ozone Depleting Substances)

Basal Convention (1989)

(Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous waste)

Geneva Convention (1990)

(Technology and financial help to Developing Countries)

UN Convention on Climate Change, New York (1992)

Economic Development and Environmental Protection

Bio-diversity Convention, Nairobi (1992)

-diversity)

11
 UN Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit)
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1992)
(Environment and Sustainable Development)

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

(Stabilization of Green House Gases)

World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg (2002)

(International Solidarity on Environmental Issues)

Bali, Indonesia (2007)

Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA)
established

Copenhagen Summit (2009)

(Road map for Post-Kyoto treaties)

United Nations Climate Change Conference, Doha, Qatar (2012)

(The Doha Climate Gateway)

Paris Agreement (2016)

(Targets for everyone) 12
 Montreal Protocol 1987
Main provisions:

Requirement for individual countries to phase

out the production and consumption of
designated substances

A multilateral fund into which developed

countries could contribute funds that would be
used to help developing countries achieve the
control measures specified in the agreement

Ban on trade in designated ozone-depleting

chemicals e.g. those containing .
13
 Ozone Depleting Gas Index

ODGI 2016: 81.4

Source: NOAA, 2016
 KYOTO PROTOCOL (1997)
The UN member countries divided into:

Annex I countries: Industrialized countries and economies in

transition.

Annex II countries: Developed countries which pay for costs of

developing countries.

Non Annex I countries: Developing countries.

15
Kyoto Protocol: Mechanisms
 Kyoto Protocol (1997)

Brown = Countries that have signed and ratified the treaty

(Annex I & II countries in dark brown)
Blue = No intention to ratify at this stage.
Dark blue = Canada, which withdrew from the Protocol in December 2011.
Grey = no position taken or position unknown

Source: UNFCCC, 2016 19

 Annex I, II & Non Annex Parties

Source: UNFCCC, 2016

 CO2 before & after Kyoto Protocol

Source: UNFCCC, 2015

22
 Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2016

On 12 December 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted as an agreement

within the UNFCCC framework.

192 countries have signed this agreement (including India).

94 Countries have ratified (including India).

India ratified on 02 October 2016.

It will come into force on 4 November 2016 after ratification by 55 UNFCCC

Parties, accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

Paris Agreement will replace the Kyoto Protocol after its second commitment
period ends on 31 January 2020.

23
Importance of Paris Agreement, 2016

For the first time in more than 20 years of

climate negotiations, the COP21
accomplished a legally binding and
universal agreement on climate: the
Paris Agreement.

24
 Provisions in Paris Agreement
A long-term target to limit the rise in the global temperature well below 20C
(3.60F) above pre-industrial levels and appealed to countries to engage in efforts
to restrict the increase to 1.50C.

A promise to generate a global assessment of climate improvement by 2018;

and the nations will be back to the negotiating table by 2020 for presenting
climate objectives that would represent an advancement ahead of their then-
existing target.

Voluntary pledges made by 188 parties (countries) to climate change action in

the shape of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs).

Emissions-slashing pledges from individual countries and promises to help the

developing nations adapt to the detrimental effects of global warming. Moreover, the
negotiators agreed on measures to amend, strengthen, and scrutinize
individual contributions (INDCs).

25
Common But Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR)

Stresses the need for equity and fairness

(as highlighted by the developing countries).

Obligation on all parties (countries) to take

climate action in consideration of their
respective domestic/national circumstances.

26
India Ratifies the Paris Climate Agreement.
What does it mean?

27
India ratified the Paris agreement on climate
change on 2nd October 2016.

India is the 4th-largest carbon

emitter accounting for 4.1% of the total
global emission, is the 62nd nation to
ratify the agreement.

28
Reduction in emissions intensity per unit GDP by 33 to 35%
below the 2005 level by 2030.

The aim is to produce 40% of the total electricity from sources

other than fossil fuels.

Creation of an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes

of carbon-dioxide through extra forest and tree cover by 2030.

Voluntarily installing 175 GW of renewable power capacity by

2022 (Targets are 100 GW of electricity from solar energy, of
which 40 GW would be through individual rooftop systems.

29