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Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
The electronegativity
values of representative
elements in Group 1A
(1) to Group 7A (17).
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Electronegativity
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Polarity of Bonds
The difference in
electronegativity of
bonding atoms can be
used to predict the
polarity of the bond.
In the H2 molecule,
electrons are shared
equally and the bond is
nonpolar. In the HCl
molecule, electrons are
shared unequally, and
the bond is polar.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Examples
Electronegativity
Atoms Difference Type of Bond
N-N 3.0 − 3.0 = 0.0 Nonpolar covalent
Cl-Br 3.0 − 2.8 = 0.2 Nonpolar covalent
H-Si 2.1 − 1.8 = 0.3 Nonpolar covalent
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Polar Covalent Bonds
Examples
Electronegativity
Atoms Difference Type of Bond
O-Cl 3.5 − 3.0 = 0.5 Polar covalent
Cl-C 3.0 − 2.5 = 0.5 Polar covalent
O-S 3.5 − 2.5 = 1.0 Polar covalent
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Dipoles and Bond Polarity
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Ionic Bonds
An ionic bond
• occurs between metal and nonmetal ions.
• is a result of electron transfer.
• has a large electronegativity difference (1.8 or more).
Examples
Electronegativity
Atoms Difference Type of Bond
Cl-K 3.0 – 0.8 = 2.2 Ionic
N-Na 3.0 – 0.9 = 2.1 Ionic
S-Cs 2.5 – 0.7 = 1.8 Ionic
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Variations in Bonding
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Electronegativity and Bond Types
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Predicting Bond Type Using
Electronegativity
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake