PAKET 1 4.
… which form the backbone of the
Bahasa Inggris
Structure and Written Expression
Paket 1
1. In addition … regarding the composition
of the galaxies, spectra also provided
information concerning the galaxies’
spectral shifts.
122220G
(A) information to provide
(B) to information provides
2
(C) to providing information
(D) provide information
2. Because they are very efficient
scavengers of free radicals, studies on
the health benefits of the phenolic acids
… focused on their antioxidant activity.
(A) to date have largely
(B) to date has largely
(C) has largely to date
(D) largely have to date
3. The acupuncture theoretical course
for qualified physicians is commonly
shortened as they can learn traditional
medicine more easily … prior medical
education.
(A) and others who doesn’t have
(B) nobody has
(C) than those with no
(D) than with
Bimbinganalumniui.com
language still show no signs of failing
variety, it is unusual for slang words to
remain in use for more than a few years.
(A) Since words
(B) Not only words
(C) Whereas words
(D) Words
5. Tungsten or nylon green bullets … a
replacement to lead bullets and other
ammunition in the United States and
other countries.
(A) were introduced as
(B) introduced as
(C) as an introduction to
(D) introducing
6. Color blindness, more appropriately
called color vision deficiency, is a
condition in which certain colors cannot
be distinguished, … commonly due to
an inherited condition.
(A) and is most
(B) and most of them
(C) and of which most
(D) and they are most
7 ....... , Bartholdi remained deeply attached
to her throughout his life and career
modeling the Statue of Liberty.
(A) A widowed mother who raised
(B) He is raised by a widowed mother
(C) A widowed mother raised him
(D) Raised by a widowed mother
Bahasa Inggris 120
8. Some dictionaries define carbohydrates
as any of various neutral compounds
of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, ...
are formed by green plants and which
constitute a major class of animal foods.
(A) most of which
(B) whose
(C) they are mostly
(D) thereby mostly are
9. Not only ... painful ulcer systems and
other intestinal disorders, but they can
also promote healing.
(A) bananas can be a relief
(B) bananas relieving capability
(C) bananas can relieve
(D) can bananas relieve
10. The southern end of the roof in the
Phillips Collection building was raised
to provide a slanted glass wall ... to
Marjorie’s art studio and the museum’s
art school.
(A) which was given valuable north
light
(B) giving valuable north light
(C) north light is valuably given
(D) valuable north light is given
11. Long before an establishment of the
Arizona territory, when the Spaniards
still controlled the region, a ranch hand
discovered ... at Arizona, a mine located
southwest of present-day Nogales.
(A) of a rich deposit pure native silver
virtually
Bimbinganalumniui.com
(B) a rich pure of virtually native silver
deposit is
(C) pure native silver and virtually rich
deposit of
(D) a rich deposit of virtually pure
native silver
Paket 1
12. Copper from vents ... growth of the
country, as well as the region, and
may have been commonly used for the
electrical wires in everyone’s house.
(A) contributes to the economic
(B) contributing the economic
(C) contribution for the economic
(D) contribution from the economic
13. While trying to improve bear population
management and better coexistence with
bears, experts often have insufficient
understanding of ... are received by
local inhabitants.
(A) their measures and actions
(B) how are their measures and actions
(C) their measures and actions are
(D) how their measures and actions
14. One of the first known concrete
experiments to determine ... by Galileo
Galilei and many experiments for
studying the light speed behavior were
proposed after that.
(A) light speed done
(B) speed of light were done
(C) speed of light was done
(D) light speed
Bahasa Inggris 121
 15. Adequate levels ... and magnesium 19. A transmission line is essentially a
found in peanuts are particularly crucial system of material boundaries forming
for inclusion in the diet, as they support a continuous path from one place to
good heart health. other and capable of directing the
transmission of electromagnetic energy
(A) both vitamin E
along this path.
(B) vitamin E both
Paket 1

(C) of vitamin both E (A) other

(D) of both vitamin E
16. When swallowing process takes place,
a series of wave-like contractions of the
esophagus called peristalsis occur to
move food bolus to the stomach.
(A) wave-like contractions
(B) occur
(C) bolus
(D) swallowing
17. Learning and development for young
children is both rapid and cumulative,
continuous laying a foundation for later
learning.
(A) continuous
(B) cumulative
(C) both
(D) later
18. Dinosaur bones have probably found
for millennia, but it was not until 1842
that the term ‘dinosaur’ was first coined.
(B) capable of directing
(C) essentially
(D) forming
20. After the mating process which takes
place in the spring, 3 to 5 months later,
one or two panda cubs weighing 3 to 5
ounces each are born in a sheltered den.
(A) are
(B) to
(C) weighing
(D) takes
21. Have infested trees in Black Hills
South Dakota not been cut down
because of mountain pine beetles, the
government’s estimates may have
shown higher mortality and lower
removals in ponderosa pine.
(A) Have
(B) have shown
(C) not been
(D) estimates

(A) until
(B) first coined
(C) millennia
(D) have probably found

Bimbinganalumniui.com Bahasa Inggris 122

22. The California condors monitoring (A) lives
program has caught between financial (B) led
and logistical pressures required to (C) childhood
maintain environmental problems (D) As
that preclude establishment of
natural sustainable and free-ranging
26. The 2018 eruption of Kilauea Volcano in

Paket 1
populations.
Hawai’i included both a summit caldera
(A) between collapse and a flank fissure eruption, a
(B) free-ranging complex event observed only a hand of
(C) required times in modern history.
(D) natural
(A) both
(B) Volcano
23. The teeth and jointed skull of (C) a hand of times
Edmontosaurus show that it has (D) observed
evolved a complex grinding mechanism
that allowed it to chew plant material
27. With mango fruit-bearing trees,
efficiently prior to swallowing.
Nitrogen application will depend on
(A) has cultivar and climatic variables which
(B) it influence the seasonal stage which the
(C) plant material fruit is ready for harvest.
(D) show
(A) climatic
(B) harvest
24. Arizona has the best copper deposits in (C) which
the United States and produces most of (D) fruit-bearing
red metal than most countries except
Chile and Peru.
28. Showboats, the floating palaces of
(A) deposits the nineteenth and early twentieth
(B) most centuries, will announce their arrival by
(C) except playing their organ-like steam calliope,
(D) most of which could be heard for miles.

(A) miles
25. As more residents of poor countries (B) their
survive childhood into middle age and (C) will
beyond, a polypill offers a way to help (D) organ-like
million people led longer and healthier
lives.

Bimbinganalumniui.com Bahasa Inggris 123

 29. The Territory of New Mexico (B) inexpensive
encompasses many of the American (C) by
Southwest from the 37th parallel of (D) plentiful
latitude to the Mexican border and
stretching all the way from Texas to
33. Energy in radiation interacts with the
California.
environment through various atom,
Paket 1

(A) Territory molecular and nuclear mechanisms

(B) many which can sometimes be usefully
(C) stretching characterized by the amount of the
(D) to energy involved in the process.

(A) atom
30. Because tungsten filament and its (B) amount
vacuum tube, every American may (C) interacts
enjoy the priceless luxury of light (D) usefully
purchasable today for a few cents.

(A) a 34. Each human’s bronchi leads to a lung,

(B) Because where it divides into a series of ever-
(C) priceless smaller branches called bronchioles.
(D) purchasable
(A) a
(B) called
31. The advent of the Internet, smart (C) bronchi
phones, and other mobile devices and (D) where
their growing popularity to become an
almost indispensable part of everyday
35. Traditionally, the Precambrian has been
life have dramatically changed the way
thought of as period characterized by
companies make business.
prolonged extreme high temperatures
(A) have at the surface of the planet and in the
(B) their overlying atmosphere.
(C) make
(A) overlying
(D) an
(B) prolonged
(C) thought of
32. Copper had not only been proven by an (D) period
excellent conductor of electricity, it was
also plentiful in supply and inexpensive.

(A) had

Bimbinganalumniui.com Bahasa Inggris 124

36. In 1990, International Coastal Cleanup (B) precisely
data analysis noted that many volunteers (C) questions researchers ask
in the Gulf of Mexico reported finding (D) need
blue plastic bags of Morton’s Ship
‘n Shore salt, which was used by
40. The U.S. Army Garrison West Point
commercial shrimpers to keep their
staff strives to provide West Point

Paket 1
catch fresh.
community members with services
(A) catch and facilities that not only support the
(B) was development of future Army leaders,
(C) analysis and foster the well-being and morale of
(D) finding all community members.

(A) and
37. Montreal stands out and is famous on (B) with
the international markets for the quality (C) well-being
and reach of their major festivals and (D) strives
events.

(A) famous on Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension

(B) reach
(C) quality The Neo-Confucian literati adopted Neo-
(D) their Confucianism as a new ideology to address
tasks of the time in place of Buddhism.
38. As today’s labor market becomes more This shift in the dominant ideology from
and more competitive, jobseekers will Buddhism to Neo-Confucianism took place
need to find continually ways to stand in the later years of Goryeo and the early
out from the crowd. years of the Joseon dynasty. It represented
a major development in Korea’s intellectual
(A) continually history. It also responded to a transformation
(B) will in medieval Korea.
(C) becomes
(D) from Neo-Confucianism served as the
dominant ideology throughout the Joseon
dynasty. However, Neo-Confucianism’s
39. Alike in-depth and semi-structured role and relative importance were not the
interviews, the questions researchers same throughout the 500-year history of the
ask in questionnaires need to be defined dynasty. Neo-Confucianism also played a
precisely prior to data collection. prominent role in the development of Korean
society. This lasted until the latter half of the
(A) Alike
seventeenth century. However, Korea began

Bimbinganalumniui.com Bahasa Inggris 125

 to change from an agriculture-oriented
society into a commerce- and industry-
oriented. As a result, Neo Confucianism
failed to successfully cope with the resultant
social changes. This resulted in deepened
socioeconomic contradictions. There arose
Paket 1
Based on the theory, Neo-Confucian
thinkers systematized a theory of innate
human nature. The intention was to explicate
the workings of the human mind and
emotions. Similarly, they also did the same
to a theory of self-cultivation as the means

a new school of Practical Learning in an of putting the advocated moral code into
attempt to resolve these contradictions. practice. This approach was epitomized into
the maxims. Examples of them are xingjili
Medieval Korea was riddled with
(human nature as equivalent to li) and jujing
serious external and internal problems.
qiongli (li, being a universal truth, can be
External problems included invasions by
achieved through intellectual exploration
the Red Turbans, and a powerful Chinese
and self-cultivation). Li (propriety; ye in
brigand force. Besides, there were also
Korean) is the vehicle for translating the
invasions by Japanese marauders in late
ideals of Neo-Confucianism into realities
Goryeo and pressures from Ming China.
in society. This was done by quelling
Internal problems included expanded
human desires and upholding the Heavenly
agricultural estates, abuses by the Buddhist
Principle. Thus in this era, many political,
establishment, and the general woes of the
social, and economic policies in line with the
population. In tackling these problems, the
Neo-Confucian ideology were concretized
newly rising scholar-officials (sinheung
to the benefit of the community at large.
sadaebu) embraced Neo-Confucianism as
an ideology of reform. They used this to
confront Buddhism. 41. The word “they” in the last paragraph
refers to ….
Neo-Confucianism is a version of
Confucianism that was established during (A) the workings
the Chinese Song dynasty. It provided a (B) the maxims
philosophical alternative to Buddhism and (C) the human mind and emotions
Taoism. Both of them had acquired a great (D) Neo-Confucian thinkers
deal of strength until that period. Neo-
Confucianism was based on the theory that li
and qi (i and gi in Korean) combined to drive
the creation and evolution of the universe. Li
is universal and immutable principles and qi
is phenomenological and variable forces. The
theory of li and qi constitutes the doctrinal
foundation of Neo-Confucianism that sought
to explain nature, man, and society.

Bimbinganalumniui.com Bahasa Inggris 126

42. The author’s description of Neo- 45. Which of the following best expresses
Confucianism mentions all of the the meaning of the word “marauders”
following EXCEPT .... in the third paragraph?

(A) Maxims are used to translate its (A) traders

moral codes into practice in society (B) plunderers
(B) It explains the interactions between (C) ideologists

human mind, emotions, and nature
(C) It was brought in by educated
authorities to replace the existing
ideology
(D) It signified a major power
development of Goryeo and Joseon
emperors
43. According to the passage, Neo-
Confucianism emerged in Korea to ....
(A) solve problems from inside as well
as outside the empire
(B) serve as the dominant ideology
during the Joseon dynasty
(C) systemize the theory of human
mind and emotions
(D) replace the Goryeo dynasty with
the Joseon dynasty
44. Which of the following is the question
this passage tries to address?
Paket 1
(D) missionaries
46. The author of the passage implies that
Neo-Confucianism ....
(A) made the people’s life happier but
disadvantaged the authorities.
(B) was more suitable for agricultural
than industrial society.
(C) was a modification of Confucianism
developed in China.
(D) was easily and directly accepted by
Korean society.
47. Which paragraph describes the situation
in Korea prior to Neo-Confucianism?
(A) 5
(B) 3
(C) 2
(D) 4

(A) How did scholar officials introduce

Neo-Confucianism to Korean
society?
(B) What made Joseon dynasty and its
new ideology last for 500 years?
(C) Why did Neo-Confucianism
thinkers systernize the new
principles?
(D) What was the role of Neo-
Confucianism in Korean history?

Bimbinganalumniui.com Bahasa Inggris 127

 48. According to paragraph 2, which of the
following statements is NOT TRUE?
(A) The ideology of Neo-Confucianism
was unable to keep up with social
changes.
(B) The Joseon dynasty ruled the
Paket 1
empire for five centuries in Korea
with a new ideology.
(C) A school of Practical Learning was
established to cope with economic
and social changes.
(D) The role of Neo-Confucianism was
outstanding throughout the life of
the Joseon dynasty.
49. Why does the author mention jujing
qiongli?
(A) To clarify the meaning and use of
the phrase in daily conversations
(B) To demonstrate an approach to self-
cultivation
(C) To show how intellectual
exploration leads to universal truth
(D) To exemplify a systemized Neo-
Confucian theory
Researchers in Italy have proposed a way to
measure the ecological impact of global food
wastage due to excessive consumption. First,
they estimated the net excess bodyweight of
each country’s population based on body
mass index (BMI) and height data and
distributed its energy content among foods
groups according to national availability.
Published in Frontiers in Nutrition, the
results suggest that direct food waste, either
Bimbinganalumniui.com
thrown away or lost from field to fork, is a
mere appetizer. Prof. Mauro Serafini, of the
University of Teramo, reported that excess
bodyweight corresponds to roughly 140
billion tonnes of food waste globally. This
figure is a snapshot of the current world
population’s accumulated dietary excesses,
not a rate of overconsumption. It is, though,
orders of magnitude higher than current
annual direct food waste, estimated at 1.3
billion tonnes.
The disproportionate impact of Serafini’s
so-called ‘metabolic food waste’ grows when
its ecological costs are calculated, using per-
kilo values from thousands of food lifecycle
assessments. Fruits, vegetables, roots and
tubers have the highest direct wastage rates,
but excess energy consumption is dominated
by more calorie-dense foods. These typically
entail more land, water and greenhouse gases
to produce.
To such a great degree, growing the
world’s metabolic food waste would be
expected to generate the equivalent of 240
billion tonnes of CO2. This is roughly the
amount humankind released burning fossil
fuels over the last seven years combined.
Notably, the EU, North America, and
Oceania together contribute as much to this
estimate as the rest of the world combined,
with meat, eggs and dairy accounting for
75%.
The total land and water figures are
more difficult to interpret, as they do not take
into account how long land is required to
grow different foods or the redistribution of
water, which is not lost per se via agriculture.
Although based on public data collected by
Bahasa Inggris 128
the UN, WHO, WWF, and BCFN (an EU-
backed nutrition think tank), the whole
approach is fraught with methodological and
conceptual uncertainty.
The calculations are based on national
availability of the main food commodities,
not average food intake or typical sources
of excess calories among the overweight
and obese. They assumed that bodyweight
beyond BMI 21.7, which is the midpoint of
the ‘healthy’ range associated with lowest
all-cause mortality, was all excessive and
all fat. How excess bodyweight is changing
over time, or how much of it would vanish if
physical activity were increased to healthier
levels, are left unaddressed.
Thus, we take metabolic food waste
with a pinch of salt. However, as back-of-a-
napkin estimates of the ecological costs of
dietary excess, these figures are close to as
good as we will practically get, and they are
monstrously high.
The glaring corollary is that overeating
is bad for our planet’s health, not just our
own. As highlighted by this month’s IPCC
land-use report, overconsumption of farmed
animal products by Westerners is probably
the single biggest contributor.
50. The author mentions “a mere appetizer”
(in the second paragraph) in relation to
direct food waste to show that ....
(A) direct food waste constitutes only
a small portion in global food
wastage
Bimbinganalumniui.com
(B) the amount of food waste agreeing
with excess bodyweight is
considerable
(C) the foods directly wasted by
consumers consist of small dishes
(D) direct food waste is a less significant
Paket 1
issue compared to overconsumption
51. In stating “back-of-a-napkin estimates”
in the seventh paragraph, the author
means that ....
(A) the ecological costs were calculated
roughly
(B) the esrimatlons were done using a
napkin
(C) the figures obtained were precise
(D) the calculations include the
expenses for kitchen utensils
52. The word “its” in the first paragraph
refers to ….
(A) each country’s population
(B) net excess bodyweight
(C) height data
(D) body mass index
53. According to the passage, dietary
excess affects the ecology with regards
to the following factors EXCEPT ....
(A) the amount of energy generated in
food life cycle
(B) the natural resources used to
produce foods
(C) the emission of greenhouse gases
(D) the rate of excessive food intake
and bodyweight
Bahasa Inggris 126
 54. The word ”corollary” in the last
paragraph is closest in meaning to ….
(A) dispute
(B) result
(C) factor
(D) hardship
Paket 1
55. The author acknowledges several
limitations of the study EXCEPT ....
(A) It generalizes the standard of an
ideal body mass index.
(B) It relies on publicly available data
from global organizations.
(C) It presumes that excess bodyweight
remains the same.
(D) It looks at food supply rather than
factual consumption.
56. The author points to the difficulty in
obtaining total land and water figures
because ....
(A) the numbers of both resources are
incomparable.
(B) calculating the area of land for
growing food involves exact water
volume.
(C) re-distributed water and cultivated
land are disparate in amount.
(D) water spilled outside of farming
may complicate estimations.
57. A further inference about global food
wastage is that ....
(A) it concerns neither environmentalists
nor energy-related policy-makers
Bimbinganalumniui.com
(B) its impact is dependent on each
nation’s agricultural and livestock
products
(C) it may be reduced by exerting
control over what and how much to
eat
(D) it is ascribed more to food disposal
rather than food losses during
production
58. What can be concluded from the passage
about the following groups of food?
(A) The production of meat, eggs, and
dairy burns the highest amount of
fossil fuels.
(B) Westerners who consume farmed
animal products contribute most
significantly to ecological damage.
(C) Calorie-dense foods emit the most
greenhouse gases.
(D) Consumers discard fruits,
vegetables, roots, and tubers the
most, relative to other foods.
59. Serafini’s so-called ‘metabolic food
waste’ in the third paragraph refers to
….
(A) the sum of energy content in foods
consumed by a country’s obese
population
(B) the corresponding figure between
excess bodyweight and global food
waste
(C) per-kilo values from thousands of
food lifecycle assessments
(D) the ecological costs of dietary
excesses
Bahasa Inggris 126
Air pollution is defined as all destructive
effects of any sources which pollute the
atmosphere and deteriorate the ecosystem.
Air pollution is caused by human
interventions and natural phenomena. The
sources of pollution vary from a small unit
of cigarettes to natural sources such as
volcanoes. Air pollution has even increased
in developing countries. This is due to the
large volume of emission from automobiles
used in industrial activities. Moreover, many
parts of the world have been changing into
metropolitan areas, so more private vehicles
are used for the daily commute. In recent
decades, air pollution has been a major
problem which has a serious impact on
human health.
Most of the pollutants enter the body
through the airways. Thus, the respiratory
system is in the first line of the fight against
diseases resulting from air pollutants, which
also makes it the most vulnerable system to
the pollutants. The dose of pollutants inhaled
and discharged in target cells determine the
different levels of damage in the respiratory
system. In the upper respiratory tract, the
first effect is irritation, especially in the
trachea, which causes voice disturbances.
Air pollution is also considered as the main
environmental factor for some respiratory
diseases such as asthma and lung cancer.
Air pollutants, especially particulate matters
and other respirable chemicals such as dust,
O3, and benzene cause serious damage to
the respiratory tract. Moreover, air toxicants
may result in some respiratory diseases
including asthma.
Bimbinganalumniui.com
Many experimental and epidemiologic
studies have also shown the direct association
of air pollutant exposure and cardiac-related
illnesses. Air pollution is also associated with
changes in white blood cell counts which
may affect the cardiovascular functions. On
Paket 1
the other hand, a study on animal models
suggested the close relationship between high
blood pressure and air pollution exposure.
The traffic-related air pollution, especially
exposure to high levels of NO2, is related to
right and left ventricular hypertrophy.
The eye is a neglected sensitive organ
to the adverse effects of air suspended
contaminants even household air pollution.
Clinical effects of air pollution on the eyes
can vary from asymptomatic eye problems
to dry eye syndrome. Long-term exposure to
air pollutants increases the risk of retinopathy
and ocular outcomes. There is now even
evidence suggesting the relation between air
pollution and irritation of the eyes, dry eye,
and some of the major blinding.
It is needless to say that air pollution
control should be on the top of the priority
list of the governments. The policy makers
and legislators must update all laws
and regulations related to air pollutions.
Environmental protection organizations
must lead the collaboration of different
parties involved in the battle against air
pollutions. However, they should firstly
have adequate budgets and the ability to
crunch the numbers to be able to function
effectively. Then they must work efficiently
in managing, researching, and monitoring air
pollution. This problem should be overcome
Bahasa Inggris 131
 immediately because it is crucial not only
for the health of the environment but also its
inhabitants.
60. Why does the author mention evidence
of the relation between air pollution and
Paket 1
major blinding?
(A) It expresses the author’s sympathy
with readers with eye-related
disabilities
(B) It refutes the misconception of air
pollutants and their impacts on the
eyes
(C) It emphasizes the author’s point on
the damaging effects of air pollution
on the eyes
(D) It shows the importance of the eyes
compared to other organs
61. The author’s purpose in writing this
passage is to ....
(A) illustrate the issues related to air
pollution throughout the last several
decades
(B) elaborate on all kinds of diseases
which result from air pollution
(C) inform about the danger of air
pollution to health in order to
encourage a change
(D) persuade readers to join environ-
mental protection organizations
62. The word “discharged” in the second
paragraph is closest in meaning to ….
(A) expelled
(B) deposited
Bimbinganalumniui.com
(C) exonerated
(D) detonated
63. The author of the passage implies that
the influence of air pollutants on the
eyes ....
(A) can only be observed in the
household environment
(B) should receive more attention due
to their vulnerability
(C) is the most significant problem
which needs to be treated
(D) is less damaging than its influence
on other organs
64. According to paragraph 1, which of the
following is TRUE of air pollution?
(A) Air pollution is a prerequisite in the
ecosystem.
(B) Humans are partly responsible for
air pollution.
(C) Air pollution always occurs
naturally.
(D) The sources of air pollution are
destructive.
65. In stating “crunch the numbers” in the
last paragraph, the author means that
….
(A) perform data analysis
(B) do a lot of calculations
(C) crush solid air pollutants
(D) make a correct conclusion
Bahasa Inggris 132
66. The author’s description of respiratory
diseases caused by air pollution
mentions which of the following?
(A) Preventive methods of the illnesses
(B) Air pollutants damaging the system
(C) Particular genetic factors involved
(D) Possible treatments for the diseases
67. Which of the following can be inferred
from paragraph 3 about cardiac-related
illnesses?
(A) Only animals are prone to heart
diseases from exposure to air
pollution,
(B) They are common epidemic
diseases caused by air pollutants.
(C) The relation between heart diseases
and air pollution has been well-
studied.
(D) Air pollution is incapable of
disturbing the functions of the heart
68. According to paragraph 2, respiratory
diseases caused by air pollution are the
most likely to occur because ....
(A) The target cells of the respiratory
system are weak and cannot block
the pollutants
(B) The respiratory system is the first
system developed in the human
body
(C) Air pollutants may block the
airways and cause the diseases
(D) The respiratory system is the most
exposable to air pollutants
Bimbinganalumniui.com
69. The author’s description of the
increasing air pollution in developing
countries mentions all of the following
EXCEPT ….
(A) The increase is due to air pollutants
emitted by industrial vehicles
Paket 1
(B) The increase is caused by the large
volume of waste produced there
(C) Many developing areas have
adapted more urban characteristics
(D) Many people in developing areas
now use private cars to travel daily
Citizens are legally permitted to play the role
of police officer under the doctrine of citizen’s
arrest. Citizens have the ability– but not the
duty–to arrest for misdemeanors or felonies,
or both, depending on the jurisdiction. Most
states have statutes that permit some form
of citizen’s arrest with various conditions
and permutations, resulting in a fragmented
application of the doctrine in the United
States. While it is impossible for a police
officer to be present at the commission
of every crime, the remedy for this reality
should not include granting arrest powers
to ordinary citizens. The potential abuses
associated with citizen’s arrest outweigh its
uses, illustrating the need to substantially
refine the doctrine. Power in the hands of
untrained citizens can lead to disastrous
results, not only for the arrestor, but also for
the arrestee. In March 2014, a disgruntled
citizen, Jonathan Pendleton, attempted to
arrest law school professor Tyler Cowen.
While a class was in progress, Pendleton
entered Tyler’s classroom carrying pepper
Bahasa Inggris 133
 spray, handcuffs, and a Taserlike device.
When Cowen resisted the arrest, Pendleton
sprayed him in the eyes with pepper spray.
Acting on an alleged personal vendetta,
Pendleton decided to take the law into his
own hands, leading to unfortunate results for
Paket 1
and “crimes against humanity.” Similar to
the protestors in Albuquerque, the cofounder
of an Illinois group, Illinois Leaks, 18, made
a citizen’s arrest of Park District Board
members for not allowing public comments
at the board meeting, alleging a violation

the citizen arrestor and arrestee. of the Illinois Open Meetings Act. The
arrest spurred changes to the openmeetings
Citizen’s arrest can also be abused in
policy and now the Board permits up to
the context of neighborhood watch groups.
thirty minutes of public comments at every
In 2006 in California, a group of citizens
meeting. While this story illustrates that
dressed in superhero costumes founded a
citizen’s arrest can be an effective measure
citizen’s patrol group–called the Xtreme
for legislative reform, using it to subvert
Justice League–to stop crime and violence in
political processes expands the scope of the
the San Diego area. Mr. Xtreme, the founder
doctrine beyond keeping the public safe.
of the league, calls the members “the eyes
and ears of the streets.” Members dress in
costume while on patrol, receive training on
70. Which paragraph describes the
citizen’s arrest, and carry weapons for self-
excessive and improper use of the
defense. Unlike citizens who inadvertently
power of citizen’s arrest by a number
witness crimes, the members of the Xtreme
of citizens which somehow produced a
Justice League actively patrol high crime
positive result in the form of a policy
areas to catch wrongdoers. Despite some
change that benefited them?
successes, these types of groups can abuse
and have abused the power of citizen’s (A) None of the above
arrest, raising questions about the quality of (B) 3
training and oversight that members receive. (C) 1
In particular, some online groups have gone (D) 2
far beyond the parameters of citizen’s arrest
and promoted violent vigilantism over a
71. The word “inadvertently” in the second
measured intervention.
paragraph can be replaced by the
Instead of using the power to arrest following words EXCEPT ….
criminals, some people use it as a propaganda
or protest tool. In response to an increase (A) accidentally
in police shootings, several protestors in (B) involuntarily
Albuquerque, New Mexico, attempted to (C) deliberately
place the police chief under a citizen’s arrest, (D) unintentionally
charging him with “harboring fugitives from
justice at the Albuquerque police department”

Bimbinganalumniui.com Bahasa Inggris 134

72. The author describes the arrest of Park
District Board Members in Illinois by
the group Illinois Leak in paragraph 3
in order to ....
(A) show that people who represent
the government, such as those Park
District Members, will always
have the final word when there
is a conflict of interests between
citizens and the government.
(B) emphasize that the exercise of
the power of citizen’s arrest may
produce some benefits but it can
also be utilized beyond its intended
purpose, which is to ensure public
safety.
(C) demonstrate that when a number
of citizens work together for a
common goal, they will always
achieve the objective they have set
out in the beginning.
(D) drive the point that political
processes can always be adjusted
when either individuals or groups
exercise the power of citizen’s
arrest against the government.
73. Which of the following is the question
that the passage tries to address?
(A) Why does the doctrine of citizen’s
arrest need to be modified?
(B) What does the U.S. Constitution
say with regard to the legality of
citizen’s arrest?
(C) What cases of personal vendetta
illustrate the need to uphold the
power of citizen’s arrest?
Bimbinganalumniui.com
(D) Which aspects of the citizen’s
arrest would lead toward violent
vigilantism?
74. According to paragraph 2, it can be
implied that the following are the
Paket 1
factors that might cause members of
Extreme Justice league to abuse the
power of citizen’s arrest, EXCEPT ....
(A) They intentionally patrol the streets
to be able to directly witness and
prevent crimes
(B) Working as a group, they may act
excessively and resort to the use of
violence
(C) The superhero costumes they wear
may frighten law-abiding citizens
(D) They carry weapons for self-
defense
75. The following can be inferred from
paragraph 2 about the exercise of the
power of citizen’s arrest EXCEPT ....
(A) When crimes happen, most citizens
unintentionally become witnesses
to them, but they do not intend
to become direct observers or
immediately act upon them
(B) Citizens may form groups out of a
certain concern about the society’s
well being, and these groups may
or may not abuse the power of
citizen’s arrest that they exercise
(C) Despite the training and supervision
being given to ensure that citizens
conduct the power of citizen’s arrest
properly, there is no guarantee
Bahasa Inggris 135
 that this power will always be
appropriately and proportionally
executed
(D) Aggressive vigilantism and
uncontrolled mob rule is what most
likely will happen when citizens are
Paket 1
granted the power to arrest other
citizens. Such granting must not in
any case be entertained
76. The word “disgruntled” in the first
paragraph is closest in meaning to ….
(A) contented
(B) disenchanted
(C) displeased
(D) rewarded
77. The phrase “this reality” in the first
paragraph refers to ….
(A) the fact that ordinary citizens are
granted the power to arrest those
they deem as criminals
(B) a fragmented application of the
doctrine of citizen’s arrest in the
United States
(C) the Impossibility for a police officer
to be present at the commission of
every crime
(D) the fact that most states have statutes
that permit some form of citizen’s
arrest with various conditions and
permutations
Bimbinganalumniui.com
78. The following are examples of the
exercise of the power of citizen’s arrest
described by the passage, EXCEPT ....
(A) the arrest of a law professor by an
individual due to personal grudge
(B) the attempt to take hostage a police
chief charged with protecting
criminals and human rights
violators
(C) the prevention of street crimes by
a group of individuals donning
unusual costumes supported with
the use of weaponry
(D) the confinement of Park District
Members in a local county jail on the
charge of obstruction of individuals
free speech and movement
79. According to paragraph 1, why does
the power of citizen’s arrest constitute
a problem?
(A) Personal vendetta by individual
citizens is permitted to a certain
extent, but surely not as an exercise
of the citizen’s power to arrest.
(B) There are more disadvantages
than benefits of citizen’s arrest;
thus, such principle is in need of
modification.
(C) Only the state is bestowed power by
the Almighty to deal with criminal
matters, and it is the police who will
exercise this power.
(D) The power of citizen’s arrest is
not dissimilar to the power of the
mob to kill or not kill whoever is
considered their enemy.
Bahasa Inggris 136
Researchers at the University of Waterloo
have integrated the use of blockchain, a
technology containing immutable record of
data managed by ownerless computers, into
energy systems. This development could
result in expanded charging infrastructure for
electric vehicles. In a study that outlines the
new blockchain-oriented charging system,
the researchers found that there is a lack
of trust among charging service providers,
property owners and owners of electric
vehicles (EVs). With an open blockchain
platform, all parties will have access to the
data and can see if it has been tampered
with. Using a blockchain-oriented charging
system will, therefore, allow EV owners
to see if they are being overcharged while
property owners will know if they are being
underpaid.
Christian Gorenflo, a PhD candidate
in Waterloo’s David R. Cheriton School of
Computer Science, explained that energy
services are increasingly being provided by
entities that do not have well-established
trust relationships with their customers
and partners. In this context, blockchains
are a promising approach for replacing a
central trusted party, for example, making
it possible to implement direct peer-to-peer
energy trading.
In undertaking the study, Gorenflo, his
supervisor, professor Srinivasan Keshavof
the Cheriton School of Computer Science,
and Lukasz Golab, professor of Management
Science, collaborated with an EV-charging
service provider. The provider works
with property owners to install EV supply
equipment that is used by EV owners for a
Bimbinganalumniui.com
fee. The revenue stream from these charging
stations is then shared between the charging
service provider and each property owner.
The EV supply equipment is operated by the
charging service provider, so the property
owners must trust the provider to compensate
Paket 1
them fairly for the electricity used.
From the case study, the researchers
were able to identify three steps necessary for
the incorporation of blockchain technology
into an energy system. The first is to identify
the involved parties and their trust relations.
If the level of trust in a relation is insufficient
to achieve the application’s goal or if it
restricts an action necessary to reach that
goal, this should be recorded as a trust issue.
Secondly, it is imperative to design a
minimal blockchain system that resolves the
trust issues identified in the first step. If parts
of a preceding system – the legacy system –
need to be replaced, the new system should
closely mimic existing interfaces so that
dependencies can continue to work with
minimal modifications.
Finally, with the trust-mitigating
blockchain in place, the rest of the system
can be migrated iteratively over time. This
allows the business model to eventually
grow from a legacy/blockchain hybrid into a
truly decentralized solution.
In Gorenflo’s view, mitigating trust
issues in EV charging could result in people
who have charging stations and even those
who just have an outdoor outlet being much
more willing to team up with an EV charging
service provider resulting in much better
coverage of charging stations. According
Bahasa Inggris 137
 to him, in the end, we could even have a 82. It can be inferred from the last paragraph
system where there is machine-to-machine that ....
communication rather than people-to-
(A) The legacy/blockchain system
machine. If a self-driving vehicle needs
eliminates the human factor in
power, it could detect that and drive to the
energy systems
nearest charging station and communicate
(B) Better coverage of charging stations
Paket 1

on a platform with that charging station for

will drive up technology-based
the power.
economy
(C) The present people-to-machine
80. The case study informs the researchers communication is ineffectual
about three essential matters to (D) The blockchain technology
address before integrating blockchain promotes openness and can foster
technology into an energy system, collaborations
EXCEPT ....

(A) Alterations to the system are 83. The key objective of the study by
minimalized the researchers at the University of
(B) Information is well-distributed in Waterloo is ....
the business model
(A) to further develop charging
(C) Mutual trust among all entities must
infrastructure for electric vehicles
be ensured
(B) to elucidate how the new
(D) The existing interfaces need to be
blockchain-oriented charging
precisely replicated
system runs
(C) to assess the practicality of
integrating blockchain into energy
81. The author of the passage implies that
systems
....
(D) to find out the potentials of
(A) service providers harbour the most blockchain for improving EV
unfounded suspicion against other charging systems
parties
(B) the implementation of blockchain
automatically replaces a legacy
system
(C) automation is the penultimate
goal of developing a blockchain-
oriented platform
(D) the significance of trust relationships
is linked to fairness in fee-sharing

Bimbinganalumniui.com Bahasa Inggris 138

84. According to the passage, in what way
does blockchain help foster trust among
the parties?
(A) By dispersing data equally to the
involved parties
(B) By introducing customers and
partners to one another
(C) By abolishing a central, controlling
body
(D) By enabling direct peer-to-peer
energy trading
85. Why do the parties involved in energy
services tend to distrust one another?
(A) Because they lack access to reliable
information.
(B) Because there have been security
breaches into databases.
(C) Because the revenue received by
property owners is lower than
expected.
(D) Because the charges incurred by EV
owners exceed the average costs.
86. In stating the word “iteratively” in the
sixth paragraph, the author means ….
(A) an ordered sequence of actions
(B) a gradual progress of milestones
(C) a repeated cycle of operations
(D) a systematic set of procedures
87. According to the results of the study,
why does a blockchain system need to
have a minimal design?
(A) To substitute parts of the legacy
Bimbinganalumniui.com
system with more advanced
components
(B) To help resolve the trust issues
identified between the stakeholders
(C) To minimize expenses related to the
modifications being undertaken
Paket 1
(D) To prevent technical disturbances
when converting to the hybrid
system
88. The word “them” in the third paragraph
refers to ….
(A) property owners
(B) charging stations
(C) EV producers
(D) charging service providers
89. Which of the following is NOT
INCLUDED as the steps undertaken in
the study?
(A) Customers paid fees for the EV
charging services to the provider.
(B) The charging service provider
reimbursed EV owners for the
electricity used for running the EV
supply equipment.
(C) Both the provider and property
owners split the revenue based
on the agreed proportion for each
party.
(D) The EV-charging service provider
and property owners cooperated
in the installment of the supply
equipment.
Bahasa Inggris 166