LESSON 7:
SEPTIC TANK
- A watertight receptacle which
receives the discharge of a
sanitary plumbing system or part
thereof, designed and constructed to
retain solids, digest organic matter
through a period of detention and to
allow the liquids to discharge into the
soil.
SIZING OF SEPTIC TANK:
- A septic tank of smaller capacity is
impractical because some leeway
must be allowed for storage of
accumulated sludge.
- A tank of larger size is not
advisable because retarded
bacterial activity is liable to result.
METHOD OF SIZING THE SEPTIC TANK:
- The Philippine National Plumbing
Code of 1959 (Sec. 233) provides
the standard sizes of septic tanks
based on the capacity (the number
of persons) served by the tank.
- If the number of persons served
(design population) is not available,
the Fixture Unit Method may be
employed.
- If the values for the estimated waste
flow rate are not available, use the
following volume: - For residential
installations, allow 0.14 to 0.17
cubic meter of tank content per
person.
- For school, commercial, or
industrial purposes, allow 0.06 to
0.09 cubic meter of tank content
per person.
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
- Disposal Field or Sanitary Drain
Field
- Seepage Pits
- Cesspools
DISPOSAL FIELD
- Distribution lines shall be
constructed of clay tile laid open
joints, perforated clay pipe,
perforated bituminous fiber pipe,
perforated HDPE pipe, perforated
ABS pipe, perforated PVC pipe.
SEEPAGE PITS
- A loosely lined excavation in the
ground, which receives the
discharge of a septic tank and
designed to permit the effluent from
the septic tank to seep through pit
bottom and sides. Seepage pit shall
be circular in shape and shall have
an excavated diameter of not less
than 2.20 meters.
CESSPOOLS
- A non- watertight lined excavation
in the ground which receives the
discharge of a sanitary drainage
system or part thereof, designed to
retain the organic matter and
solids discharging therefrom.
LESSON 8:
DRAINAGE PIPES
- the pipes that convey wastes from
the building to an approved point
of disposal.
DRAINAGE FITTINGS
- the pipes accessories in the
drainage system, such as coupling,
bend, wye, etc., used to join two or
more pipes together or to change
their direction.
TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPES
- SANITARY/SOIL PIPE: pipe which
carries the wastes from water
 closets, urinals, or fixtures of
similar function to the building
drain.
- WASTE PIPE: pipe which carries
only liquid wastes, free of human
excrement or fecal matter.
- VENT PIPE: pipe connected to the
drainage system that conveys air
to and from the system and keep
the water from being siphned from
the trap.
- STORM PIPE: pipe which convey
rainwater from the roof gutter to
the building storm drain.
CAST-IRON SOIL PIPE (CISP)
- made from an alloy of iron, carbon,
and silicon, with the controlled
amounts of manganese, sulfur and
phosphorous.
- Classification of CISP: Class A (100
psi) – Extra Heavy (XH). Class B (50
psi) – Service Weight (SV).
BELL HUB
- that portion of the pipe which, for
a short distance, is sufficiently
enlarged to receive the end of
another pipe of the same diameter
for the purpose of making a caulked
or push – on joint.
SPIGOT
- the end of the pipe that fits into a
bell.
SINGLE HUB
- equipped with 1 hub and 1 spigot
end and used in the installation of
plumbing in its full length.
DOUBLE HUB
- constructed with hub on each end so
it may be cut into 2 pieces when a
short piece of pipe is needed.
HUBLESS PIPES
- are cast iron pipes with plain ends
connected with bolted stainless-steel
bands and neoprene gaskets
TYPES OF JOINTS
- Caulked Joint or Calk Joint
- Stainless Steel Couplings
- Neoprene Compression Gasket
ABS AND PVC PIPES
- ABS pipe and fittings are made from
a thermoplastic resin called
Acrylonitrile – Butadine – Styrene
(ABS for short).
- A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe is
made from a plastic and vinyl
combination material.
- PVC piping is most used in water
systems, underground wiring, and
sewer lines.
PLUMBING FITTINGS
ADAPTER
- They are used to connect different
sized pipes, or even turn a male
pipe into a female and vice versa.
NIPPLE
- It connects pipes to appliances
such as water heaters and connects
two straight pipe runs.
UNION
- They are designed to connect two
pipes with the possibility of being
detached without damage or
deformation to the pipes.
BARB
- Barbed fittings are generally used in
gas, air, and fluid control
applications in low pressure.
COUPLING

- Couplings can be used to connect PLUGS

two pipes of the same size and
- These are usually threaded to allow
diameter.
the plug to be removed for future
CROSS use of the pipe.

- Crosses are mostly used in BUSHINGS

plumbing where thermal expansion
- They are mainly used to connect
is not an issue, such as fire
pipes of different sizes, reducing a
sprinkler systems.
large fitting of a small pipe.
TEES
MECHANICAL SLEEVE
- They are short pipes with a 90-
- A mechanical sleeve joins two pipes
degree “branch” at the center.
using a screw or other device and is
SADDLE TEE easy to install.

- These are most often used in VALVE

irrigation systems when you need
- A valve is used to regulate or stop
to add a new sprinkler line.
the flow of gas or liquid.
WYE - Isolation: Used to disconnect a part
of a piping system temporarily.
- They are generally used in
- Throttling: Used to control the
drainage fittings and have a 45 –
pressure of a fluid.
degree branch. They connect
- Non – return: Also called check
vertical drainpipes to horizontal
valves, these allow a free flow of
ones.
fluids in one direction but prevents
FLANGES reverse flow.

- A round fitting used to connect to REDUCER

pipes. Flanges are mainly used in
- A reducer is designed to reduce
industrial applications due to their
flow.
ability to handle high pressure.
- Concentric reducer: Looks like a
ELBOWS cone. Usually used when there is a
change in pipe diameter.
- Elbow fittings are curved and mainly
- Eccentric reducer: Used in piping
used to change flow directions.
systems where the upstream pipe is
These are mostly produced in 45
larger than the downstream pipe.
and – degree angles and can be
sweated or threaded. CLEAN-OUTS
CAPS - A clean – out fitting features
removable parts that allow access to
- Caps are used to cover the end of
drains without the need to undo
an open pipe and are liquid and
plumbing fixtures.
gas tight.

COMBO TEE
- They are used in drains to give a
smooth, slightly curving path to
reduce the chances of clogs.
DIVERTER TEE
- It is designed to allow a regular flow
through the main line, even if the
branch is shut off.
MODULE 9:
FIRE
- a complete set of chemical reactions
in which fuel combines with oxygen
and an ignition source to produce
heat.
3 ELEMENTS
- Fuel
- Oxygen
- Heat
DYNAMICS OF FIRE
FOUR STAGES OF FIRE DEVELOPMENT
1. Incipient - The first stage begins
when heat, oxygen and a fuel
source combine and have a
chemical reaction resulting in fire.
This is also known as “ignition” and
is usually represented by a very
small fire which often.
2. Growth - The growth stage is where
the structures fire load and
oxygen are used as fuel for the
fire.
3. Fully Developed - This is the
hottest phase of a fire and the
most dangerous for anybody trapped
within.
4. Decay - Usually, the longest stage of
a fire, the decay stage is
characterized a significant decrease
in oxygen or fuel, putting an end to
the fire.
AIMS IN FIRE SAFETY DESIGN
- To prevent fire
- To safeguard the lives of occupants
and firefighters
- To reduce damage on the building,
its contents, and on surrounding
buildings.
STANDPIPES
- The design, installation and
maintenance of Standpipes Systems
shall be in accordance with NFPA
14, Standard for the Installation of
Standpipe, Private Hydrant and
Hose Systems.
CLASSES OF STANDPIPE SYSTEMS
- CLASS I SYSTEM: This system is
provided with 64mm (2 ½ in.) hose
connections.
- CLASS II SYSTEM: This a hose
connection provided with 38 mm (1
½ in.) hose or within thirty-seven
meters (37 m) of a hose connection
system shall be provided with 38
mm (1 ½ in.) hose connections for
first aid firefighting, so that all
portions of each floor level of the
building are within forty meters (40
m) of provided with less 38 mm (1 ½
in.) hose.
- CLASS II SYSTEM: This system
shall be provided with hose
connections as required for both
Class I and Class II systems.
DRY STANDPIPE
- A type of standpipe system in which
the pipes are normally not filled
with water.
 - Dry standpipes shall not be
concealed in building walls or built
into pilasters.
- An approved durable sign with
raised letters of at least twenty-five
millimeters (25 mm) in height shall
be permanently attached to all fire
service street connections.
- No point within a building, requiring
dry standpipes, shall be more than
forty meters (40 m) travel distance
from a dry standpoint outlet
connection.
- 5. Fittings and connections
shall be of sufficient strength to
withstand 300 psi (21 kg/cm2) of
water pressure when ready for
service.
- All dry standpipes shall be tested
hydrostatically to withstand not less
than 50 psi (3.5 kg/cm²) above the
maximum working pressure.
WET STANDPIPE
- It is an auxiliary fire line system
with a constant water supply
installed primarily for emergency
use by the occupants of the building.
- Wet standpipes shall be located so
that all portions of the buildings are
within six meters (6 m) of a nozzle
attached to twenty-two meters (22m)
of hose.
- The size of the standpipes shall not
be less than 64 mm (2 ½ in.) in
diameter.
- Each wet standpipe outlet shall be
supplied with a hose not less than
thirty-eight millimeters (38 mm) in
diameter.
PRESSURIZATION
- technique whereby air is blown
into spaces which are designed to
be kept clear of smoke.
COMBINATION STANDPIPE
- A pipeline system filled with water
and connected to a constant
water supply for the use of the BFP
and the occupants of the buildings
solely for fire suppression purposes.
FIRE DEPARTMENT HOUSE
CONNECTION
- a hose connection at grade or street
level for use by the Fire Service only.
It is also known as Fire Service
Connection.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
TYPES OF FIRE
1. CLASS A - Ordinary Combustibles:
wood, paper, cloth, trash, and other
ordinary materials.
2. CLASS B - Flammable Liquids and
Gases: gasoline, oils, paint lacquer
and tar.
3. CLASS C - Fires involving live
electrical equipment.
4. CLASS D - Combustible Metals or
Combustible Metal Alloys.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
- DRY CHEMICAL: They contain an
extinguishing agent and use a
compressed, non-flammable gas as
a propellant.
- Halon extinguishers: These types
of extinguishers are often used to
protect valuable electrical equipment
since they leave no residue to clean
up.
- CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) - Since
the gas disperses quickly, these
extinguishers are only effective from
1.0 to 2.4 feet.
HEPTANE
- A volatile, colorless, highly
flammable liquid hydrocarbon,
C7H16, obtained in the fractional
distillation of petroleum and used as
a standard in determining octane
ratings, as an anesthetic, and as a
solvent.