Dis c us s the natural res ourc e potentials of ‘ Dec c an T rap’.

10 marks

Introduction
Deccan trap
Formed around 65 million years ago through massive volcanic
eruptions
Deposition and solidification of basaltic lava
Primarily located in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh

Natural resource potential

Draw map- identify surrounding regions like chottanagpur,
Bundelkhand, Aravalli

Mineral resources like basalt, bauxite

Iron from basalt
Aluminium from bauxite
Chandpur district of Maharashtra -

Non mineral resources like coal, oil and gas

Water resources
Ground water recharge due to porous basalt rocks
Godavari and Krishna Basins

Forest resources like timber

Teak, sal in western ghats

Rich biodiversity resources to understand wildlife

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

Soil fertility- Volcanic origin created fertile black cotton soil

Cotton cultivation

Conventional energy resources

Oil and Gas in Saurashtra- central India belt
Hydro projects- rivers like Narmada, Tapi

Renewable energy resources like wind and solar power

Wind farms in Maharashtra Satara

Human Resources- to supply labor

Challenges
Eco sensitive regions
Difficult mining
Lack of technology and skilled labour
Water pollution, air pollution

Conclusion
Responsible extraction, utilisation, and promotion of resources
Growth and development

E xamine the potential of wind energ y in India and explain the

reas on for their limited s patial s pread. 10 marks

Wind energy data

4th largest wind power capacity in the world
70% is concentrated in a few states

Potential of wind energy

Long coastline- On shore and offshore winds

Warm tropical climate- Pressure variations

Monsoon climate- Heavy wind circulation

Topography
Mountain gaps that funnel and intensify wind
Palghat Gap

Open plains faciliating wind movement

Rajasthan Plains

India offshore wind potential is about 174 GW

Highest potential states- Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, TN and Andhra
Map indicating spatial spread

Reasons for their limited spatial spread

Lack of specific geographical conditions in every regions

No coastline in north east

Lack of wind speed

Administrative challenges for wind farms

Local opposition to land acquisition

Energy sprawl - Low surface power density

Spread over more land

Environmental issues- offshore wind farms- Marine ecosystem

Lack of resources to make infrastructure-

Wind turbines requires scarce materials

Limited exploration of due lack of govt support

More emphasis on solar energy
Conclusion
Way Forward
Innovative design for wind turbines that require less land
Encourage community involvement to address local concerns

Invest in research and development of offshore wind technologies

SDG 7- Affordable and clean energy

Mention the g lobal oc c urrenc e of volc anic eruptions in 2021 and

their impac t on reg ional environment. 10 marks

Introduction
Define- Volcanic eruption
Volcanic eruption is the process of lava, gas and pyroclastic materials
from active volcano

Body
Identify the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021
Draw world map- identify volcanic regions- Plate boundaries
Circum pacific belt, mid continental buckle belt

Hunga- Tonga- Submarine volcano- Pacific

Taal volcano- Manila
Volcanic system of Iceland
La palma- Spain
Mout Etna- Italy

Impact on regional environment

Positives

Agriculture- Lava plains and volcanic ashes provide fertile land-

Agriculture land in Japan
Environmental ecology- New soil formation- Black soil in Deccan traps

Negatives
Biodiversity loss- Hot lava destructs flora and fauna- add eg
Deforestation- Volcanic lighting damages forests and wildlife
Pollution- Ash and pyroclastic elements cause air pollution
Earthquake and Tsunami- due to volcanic exposure- Earth quake
along pacific belt

Others
Climate change- increased albedo reduce global warming, can cause
warming due to ejection of greenhouse gases like sulphur dioxide etc

Weather pattern- Creation of LP areas changes wind direction

Conclusion
How to improve- Prevent negative externalities and effective utilisation
Japan Model- Sendai framework

“If the las t few dec ades were A s ia’s g rowth s tory, the next few are
expec ted to be of A fric a’s ”. In the lig ht of this s tatement, examine
India’s influenc e in A fric a in rec ent years . 10 marks

Introduction
Link Asian century and African century
Mention China, India and SEA in Asian growth story

Body

Why it expected to be African future

New age resource availability like shale gas, solar, wind

Demographic transition - Younger age of the population
Availability of untouched markets- demand for goods
Ongoing digital revolution and associated investment
India’s influence in Africa- Reason and evidence

Historical influence- Gandhi- Kenya, India support for African

decolonisation

Geographical proximity and easy navigability of IOR- Countries like

Madagascar etc

People to people contact- Presence of Indian diaspora

Acceptance of Bollywood films

Economic- Africa as the 3rd largest trading partner

Political association- NAM, BRICS

Vaccine diplomacy- during time of covid

Bilateral engagement with African nations- Rwanda, South Africa

Area of convergence- Climate change, free trade- South south

cooperation

ISA- Solar Mammas

Indo- Africa Forum Summit- official platform for India Africa relations

Technical and economic cooperation through Indian Technical and

Economic Cooperation

India Investment in Pan Africa E network to bridge the digital divide in

Africa
Maritime cooperation- Project Mausam- Military bases

Disaster management- Early warning systems

Limitations
Chinese influence- Chinese silver bullet policy overpowering Indian
soft power
Ethnic and religious conflicts reduce investment potential- Bokohoram
Lack of basic amenities- no employee preference
Delay in completion of projects
Lack of financial support

Way forward
Joint exercises- India Japan joint venture for Africa development- Asia
Africa Growth Corridor
Completion of projects
South African president Cyril Ramphosa visited India as a chief guest
at 70th Republican Day celebration

Dis c us s the multi- dimens ional implic ations of uneven dis tribution
of mineral oil in the world. 15 marks

Introduction
Uneven distribution of mineral oil
Petroleum is not distributed evenly around the world-
Fact- Slightly less than half of proven reserves are located in middle
east
Area of distribution- Middle eastern countries, north Africa, Latin
America, Russia

Draw world map

Middle East- Saudi, Iran, Iraq,UAE, Russia, Venezuela
Multi dimensional implications of uneven distribution of mineral oil

Economic- Balance of trade, Forex reserves, CAD, Inflation

Present inflation in India

Political conflicts- To control resource rich territories- USA interference

in geopolitics of West Asia- Attack on Iraq
Conflicts in Africa

Employment and migration- More job opportunities- Migration to Gulf

countries from South Asia

Racial discrimination and exploitation faced by migrants- No social

security

Energy insecurity and extra cost for storage in oil deficient countries
like India- Construction of strategic reserves- Asian premium

Diplomatic leverage due to oil wealth- Saudi Arabia on USA even if

Israel is rival

Unequal growth and development- richer oil nations

Way forward
Reduce dependence on petroleum oil- Move to renewable energy
Energy security
Diverse energy basket of oil deficient countries
Buyers associations