International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),

ISSN: 2455-6211, Volume 12, Issue 3, March-2024, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

Environmental Monitoring
Soumya Mazumdar1,2, Dr. Sayantani Das2, Dr. Saurav Naskar2, Ahana Bhattacharjee2,
Shivam Chowdhury2
¹Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Gargi Memorial Institute of Technology [JIS Group], West Bengal, India

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ABSTRACT

The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has propelled advancements in environmental monitoring,
offering unprecedented opportunities to observe and manage ecosystems with exceptional efficiency and detail.
This study delves into the application of IoT technology for monitoring soil, water, and air quality, aiming to
overcome challenges associated with conventional methods such as rugged terrain and resource-intensive data
collection. Emphasizing the integration of intelligent data collection, communication, and processing via IoT, the
paper advocates for a transformative approach to environmental monitoring. A comprehensive literature review
encompasses methodologies for evaluating IT architectures, the advantages of international standards in
research design, and the implementation of IoT-based environmental monitoring systems. The research
methodology entails exploring diverse communication technologies and system requirements tailored for IoT-
based environmental monitoring solutions. The proposed system integrates a microcontroller, Wi-Fi module,
and sensors to acquire and transmit environmental data effectively. Results underscore the significance of
system attributes such as reliability, security, and performance efficiency. Future research prospects include
further investigating IoT applications in environmental monitoring, driving innovation in this critical domain.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), environmental monitoring, soil quality, water quality, air quality, system
requirements, sensors.

INTRODUCTION

For the purpose of identifying both immediate and long-term markers of ecosystem health, which include soil, water,
and air quality, environmental monitoring is essential [1]. Although conventional techniques for environmental
monitoring have come a long way, they still have to contend with issues including difficult terrain and resource-
intensive field data gathering [1]. The implementation of intelligent data gathering, communication, and processing in
remote monitoring techniques is vital to bring about a revolutionary change in environmental monitoring and protection
[1]. For this reason, the Internet of Things (IoT) offers a promising technological solution by facilitating the creation
and implementation of intelligent, networked sensors that can continuously monitor the quality of the air, water, and
soil [2],[3]. IoT has impacted many facets of human existence and has the potential to improve everyday activities
everywhere [2]–[5]. IoT enables creative solutions for tracking, controlling, and automating human activities in a
variety of settings, including homes, workplaces, universities, and industrial enterprises [2]–[5]. By addressing user
needs and Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such security, cost, service time, energy usage, reliability, and
availability, cloud service computing is used to create composite services [2],[3]. Enhancing the quality of human life is
the unifying goal of Internet of Things applications, notwithstanding their different application domains [2],[3]. IoT
application research difficulties and potential are still being investigated, highlighting the necessity of methodical
techniques and taxonomy development [6]. Future research in this domain is crucial, as evidenced by the ongoing
discussion of key concerns and unresolved topics in IoT applications [6].

LITERATURE REVIEW

● Kozlowski et al. (2023) [7] has forwarded a methodology for assessing suggested IT architectures related to
intelligent environmental monitoring systems. That framework serves as a tool for creating business-driven,
"smart," environmental monitoring systems. It is based on model-standardized software engineering standards
defined in ISO 25010.
● Shrestha et al. (2018) [8] have confirmed the international standards have the benefit of verifying research
emphasis and relevance, according to a study on the advantages of applying them in research design. Despite
employing Design Science Research (DSR) methodology and conducting their analysis within the framework
of the utility of international standards, the authors feel that given the universality and generality of
international standards.

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),
ISSN: 2455-6211, Volume 12, Issue 3, March-2024, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

● R. Shinde et al. (2017) [9] have removed bulky solutions, offer data logging capabilities anywhere Wi-Fi
network connectivity is available, and are applicable to numerous monitoring applications. It makes use of
sensors to measure the surrounding air quality and transmit data to an IoT platform. The creation of a CPS that
uses the current IEEE 802.11 infrastructure to monitor environmental factors was demonstrated. The low
power consumption and long battery life of the nodes, combined with the communication protocol, aim to
improve the security and dependability of the suggested system.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The suitability of various communication technologies for environmental monitoring solutions is investigated in this
research study on Internet of Things-based environmental monitoring. With an effective range of 10 to 100 meters and
based on the IEEE 802.15.1 standard, Bluetooth wireless technology provides a low-cost, cordless solution for short-
range data transfer between devices [9]. ZigBee has long been the standard in this field because of its low cost and
scalable protocol, which makes it ideal for wireless sensor networks. However, power-efficient Wi-Fi components are a
competitor [9]. RFID technology allows for the wireless transfer of an object's or person's identity by radio waves, and
is widely utilized in Internet of Things applications [9]. It has been shown that Kozlowski et al. (2023) [7] use a
qualitative literature review methodology to analyze system characteristics in peer-reviewed literature on
environmental monitoring solutions [7]. As other writers have also observed in the IoT field, Kozlowski et al. (2023)
[7] used a survey of published scientific work to find pertinent data, concepts, and ideas. Published research
recommends using ISO 25010's quality attributes to categorize and specify non-functional requirements (NFR) for use
in environmental planning applications and other contemporary information systems. Shrestha et al. [8] also stress the
advantages of applying international standards in research design, highlighting its function in verifying the relevance
and focus of the study.

System Requirements
The primary IoT ISO 25010 attributes and sub-elements found in the examined literature are listed in Table 1 below.
The frequency and ranking of each system attribute that a) is contained in ISO 25010 (Table 2) and b) is not (Table 3)
is also included in the results. The same system properties are not given equal attention in the literature on
environmental monitoring system qualities. For example, Asghari et al. (2019) [10] identify reaction time, cost, and
reliability as the recommended areas of focus in their analysis of the characteristics of environmental systems that are
most relevant to monitoring demands and necessities. Procedia Computer Science 219 (2023) 220–227 223 4
Kozlowski et al. (2023) [7] Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 Kozlowski et al. (2023) [7] These elements
bear resemblance to the characteristics mentioned in this article. Reliability, Functional Suitability, Maintainability,
Security, and Usability are the main NFR that were found (Table 2). Additional system attributes that are heavily
mentioned in the pertinent literature are portability, compatibility, effectiveness, and performance efficiency. These
also contribute to simplicity (which includes system complexity, the opponent of simplicity) among the criteria that are
not included in the ISO 25010 standard. It should be mentioned that while cost was a factor in this study, it was largely
associated with the need to adopt more energy-efficient technology and cut down on hardware costs. They are
categorized as the Performance Efficiency sub-characteristic of resource use in Tables 1 and 2. Furthermore, this
paper's discussion of response time attribute—which is likewise categorized as a sub-characteristic of Performance
Efficiency in the ISO 25010 standard [18]—corresponds to that of Asghari et al. (2019) [11] above. Table 4 illustrates
how low-power Wi-Fi may easily integrate with current infrastructure and offer many years of battery life. It also has
built-in IP-network compatibility. Through the use of a wireless signal, computers and other devices can interact thanks
to a networking technology called wireless fidelity, or WiFi.

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),
ISSN: 2455-6211, Volume 12, Issue 3, March-2024, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

Table 1. Smart (IoT) Environmental Monitoring System NFRR (based on ISO 25010) [11]

Requirement Sub-characteristic
Functional Suitability Functional correctness, functional usefulness, functional appropriateness
Performance Efficiency Time behavior, resource utilization
Usability Operability, user interface aesthetics
Reliability Maturity, fault tolerance
Security Confidentiality, authenticity, accountability
Maintainability Modifiability
Portability Adaptability

Table 2. Frequency of Smart Environmental Monitoring System NFR in Literature e (ISO 25010) [11]

Quality Frequency Rank

Functional Suitability 4 2
Performance Efficiency 3 3
Compatibility 2 4
Usability 4 2
Reliability 5 1
Security 4 2
Maintainability 4 2
Effectiveness 2 4
Portability 2 4

Table 3. NFR Characteristics of Smart Environmental Monitoring System in Literature e (Non-ISO 25010) [11]

Quality Frequency Rank

Robustness 1 2
Simplicity 2 1
Standardization 1 2
Heterogeneity 0 3
Scalability 1 2
Quality Management 0 3
Intelligence 0 3
Autonomy 1 2

Table 4 Comparison between different technologies [9]

Specifications NFC RFID Bluetooth wifi

Maximum coverage
10 cm 3 meter 10-100 meter 100 meter
range
Regularity of
13.56 MHz Varies 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz,5GHz
operation
Communication 2-way 1-way 2-way 2-way
Data rate 106,212,424kbps varies 22 Mbps 144 Mbps
Payments using credit
Items for EZ- Interaction between the
Applications cards and ticket Internet access via wireless
Pass tracking phone and accessories
purchases

Internet of Things (IOT)

The term "Internet of Things" (IoT) refers to linking sensors, actuators, and other devices to the Internet. It can
significantly impact our regular interactions with products like home appliances, smart meters, security sensors, and
HVAC systems. The Internet of Things envisions connecting both consumer gadgets and home appliances, as well as
small battery-powered devices that cannot be recharged. Small devices, including sensors and actuators, must operate
reliably for years on batteries, even in high-interference environments. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological
revolution that will transform computing and communications.

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),
ISSN: 2455-6211, Volume 12, Issue 3, March-2024, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

PROPOSED SYSTEM
By R. Shinde et al. (2017) [9]. The suggested system uses a microcontroller as the main processing unit and connects
all sensors and gadgets. The microcontroller can retrieve sensor data, process it, and send it to the internet via a Wi-Fi
module.

LPC1768
The LPC1768 microcontroller used in this system is an efficient choice for the proposed system according to Shinde et
al., 2017 [9]. The microcontroller should also be low in power consumption, since our proposed system is a low energy
consumable solution. The LPC1768 is an ARM CortexM3 based microcontroller suitable for embedded applications
that require higher integration and reduced energy loss.

Wi-Fi Module
The ESP8266 WiFI module, which allows microcontrollers to connect to the WiFi network, is a preprogrammed SOC
with TCP and HTTP protocol stacks. It is capable of operating in both client and server mode with a 3.3 volt supply
voltage. The module is equipped with two GPIO pins, an embedded SPI protocol and 1MB of on chip flash memory as
well as a power management unit that includes regulators and PLLs.

Sensors
Temperature, humidity, LDR, and pressure sensors are part of the system. The four sensors shall measure the main
environment factors, e.g. lighting intensity, temperature, pressure and absolute humidity. Analog voltage that represents
a specific weather factor is generated by each of these sensors. These analog voltages will be converted to digital data
by the controller.

RESULTS AND FUTURE SCOPE

The study identifies key system attributes essential for IoT-based environmental monitoring systems, including
reliability, security, and performance efficiency. It explores various communication technologies such as Bluetooth,
ZigBee, RFID, and Wi-Fi, assessing their suitability for short and long-range data transfer in environmental monitoring
applications. The proposed system integrates a microcontroller, Wi-Fi module, and sensors to collect and transmit
environmental data effectively. Additionally, the research emphasizes the significance of international standards in
verifying research emphasis and relevance, contributing to the design and implementation of robust environmental
monitoring solutions.

Future research in IoT-based environmental monitoring can explore advancements in sensor technology to enhance
data accuracy and reliability. Additionally, there is a scope to investigate the integration of artificial intelligence and
machine learning algorithms for predictive analysis and early detection of environmental anomalies. Further studies
could also focus on optimizing energy consumption and scalability of IoT systems for large-scale environmental
monitoring networks. Collaboration with regulatory bodies and policymakers may facilitate the adoption of IoT
solutions for environmental protection and sustainability initiatives.

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM),
ISSN: 2455-6211, Volume 12, Issue 3, March-2024, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, IoT presents a promising technological solution for revolutionizing environmental monitoring by
enabling intelligent, networked sensors for continuous assessment of soil, water, and air quality. The integration of IoT
with international standards and advanced communication technologies offers opportunities to address key challenges
in environmental monitoring, including data accuracy, reliability, and scalability. The proposed system utilizing
microcontrollers, Wi-Fi modules, and sensors demonstrates the potential for efficient data gathering and transmission in
environmental monitoring applications. Future research endeavors should focus on advancing sensor technology,
integrating AI algorithms, and optimizing energy consumption to enhance the effectiveness and scalability of IoT-
based environmental monitoring systems.

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