Sim Cri 223 Special Crime Investigation With Legal Medicine Joemar Cervantes

THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
College of Criminal Justice Education

BS Criminology
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: CRI 223- Special Crime Investigation with Legal Medicine
Name of Teacher: JOEMAR B. CERVANTES, RCrim
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS
IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY
ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
Matina Campus, Davao City
2nd floor GET Building
Telefax: (082)300-5456
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Course Outline 3
Self-Instructional Module Policy 4
Course Information 8
Course Outcome 8
Facilitator’s Voice 8
Big Picture in Focus: ULO a
Metalanguage 11
Essential Knowledge 12
Self-help 29
Let’s Check 30
Let’s Analyze 32
In a Nutshell 33
Keywords Index 34
Big Picture in Focus: ULO b
Metalanguage 38
Self-help 65
Let’s Check 66
Let’s Analyze 68
In a Nutshell 69
Keywords Index 69
Big Picture in Focus: ULO c
Metalanguage 70
Self-help 99
Let’s Check 100
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Let’s Analyze 103

In a Nutshell 105
Keywords Index 105
Big Picture in Focus: ULO d
Metalanguage 106
Self-help 136
Let’s Check 136
Let’s Analyze 138
In a Nutshell 140
Keywords Index 140
Q&A List 141
Final Written Exam 141
Course Schedule 141
Online Code of Conduct 142
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Course Outline: CRI 223: SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL

MEDICINE
Course Coordinator : JOEMAR B. CERVANTES

Email : joemar_cervantes@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation : Done online (LMS) or traditional contact
(calls, text, emails)
Mobile : 0966-461-2363
Effectivity Date : June, 2021
Mode of Delivery : Online Blended Delivery
Time Frame : 54 hours Lecture
Requisites : CRI 222
Student Workload : Expected Self-Directed Learning
Credit : 3 units Lecture
Attendance Requirements : For lecture online sessions: minimum of
95% attendance. For 2-day on-
campus/onsite final exam: 100%
attendance.
Self-Instructional Module Policies
Areas of Concern Details
Contact and Non-contact

Hours
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This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is

designed for blended learning mode of
instructional delivery with scheduled face to face or
virtual sessions. The expected number of hours
will be 54 which including lecture and examination
days. The face to face sessions shall include the
summative assessment tasks (exams) since this
course is crucial in the licensure examination for
criminologists.
Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd,

5th, 7th and 9th week of the term. The assessment
paper shall be attached with a cover page
indicating the title of the assessment task (if the
task is performance), the name of the course
Assessment Task
coordinator, date of submission and name of the
Submission
student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you
already paid your tuition and other fees before the
submission of the assessment task. If the
assessment task is done in real time through the
features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of
time by the course coordinator.
Turnitin Submission
(if necessary)
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Since this course is included in the licensure

examination for criminologists, you will be required
to take the Multiple-Choice Question exam inside
the University. This should be scheduled ahead of
time by your course coordinator. This is non-
negotiable for all licensure-based programs.
To ensure honesty and authenticity, all

assessment tasks are required to be submitted
through Turnitin with a maximum similarity index
of 30% allowed. This means that if your paper goes
beyond 30%, the students will either opt to redo
her/his paper or explain in writing addressed to the
course coordinator the reasons for the similarity. In
addition, if the paper has reached more than 30%
similarity index, the student may be called for a
disciplinary action in accordance with the
University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as

cheating and commissioning other students or
people to complete the task for you have severe
punishments (reprimand, warning, expulsion).
The score for an assessment item submitted after

the designated time on the due date, without an
approved extension of time, will be reduced by 5%
Penalties for Late of the possible maximum score for that
Assignments/ assessment item for each day or part day that the
Assessments assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment

paper has a valid reason, a letter of explanation
should be submitted and approved by the course
coordinator. If necessary, you will also be required
to present/attach evidences.
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Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2)

weeks after the submission. This will be returned
by email or via Blackboard portal.
Return of Assignments/
Assessments For group assessment tasks, the course
coordinator will require some or few of the students
for online or virtual sessions to ask clarificatory
questions to validate the originality of the
assessment task submitted and to ensure that all
the group members are involved.
You should request in writing addressed to the

course coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised
Assignment Resubmission on the student’s failure to comply with the similarity
index and other reasonable grounds such as
academic literacy standards or other reasonable
circumstances e.g. illness, accidents financial
constraints
You should request in writing addressed to the
Re-marking of Assessment program coordinator your intention to appeal or
Papers and Appeal contest the score given to an assessment task. The
letter should explicitly explain the reasons/points to
contest the grade. The program coordinator shall
communicate with the students on the approval and
disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean
with the original letter of request. The final decision
will come from the dean of the college.
All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%

1st formative assessment – 10%
Grading System 2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.
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Preferred Referencing All outputs in this course which requires the

Style indication of references shall follow the general
practice of the APA 6th Edition.
You are required to create a umindanao email

account which is a requirement to access the
BlackBoard portal. Then, the course coordinator
shall enroll the students to have access to the
materials and resources of the course. All
Student Communication communication formats: chat, submission of
assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be through the
portal and other university recognized platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student
email, please contact the course coordinator or
program head.
Dr. Carmelita B. Chavez

Contact Details of Dean
Email: carmelita_chavez@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 300-5456
Contact Details of the Dr. Roberto R. Magbojos

Program Head Email: roberto_magbojos@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 300-5456
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with
the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the
need, the course coordinator with the approval of
the program coordinator may provide alternative
assessment tasks or extension of the deadline of
submission of assessment tasks. However, the
alternative assessment tasks should still be in the
service of achieving the desired course learning
outcomes.
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Online Tutorial Registration You are required to undergo a tutorial on this

course. Upon enrollment and the registration of your
name to Blackboard LMS, the Course Coordinator
will contact you on the specific schedule of the
tutorial which shall be conducted within 1st week of
the class.
A specific tutorial time for this course by registering

to ccje@umindanao.edu.ph. You will be informed
by the Course Coordinator on the exact schedule of
the tutorial. Please note that there is a deadline for
enrollment.
Help Desk Contact ccje@umindanao.edu.ph
Library Contact library@umindanao.edu.ph

09504665431
Well-being Welfare Support
Help lbade@umindanao.edu.ph
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CRI 223 – see/download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello prospective criminologists! Welcome to this

course CRI 223- Special Crime Investigation with
Legal Medicine. By now, I am confident that you really
wanted to become criminologists and that you have
visualized yourself already practicing your respective
professions.
CO: Before the actual practice of your professions, you

have to possess one of the most important skills in
Criminologists: to demonstrate scientific knowledge
and skills in investigation, analysis, and
preservation of physical evidence which is the
ultimate course outcome (CO) of this subject. Hence,
in this course, Explain the legality and technicality in
the conduct of custodial investigation of the accused;
Demonstrate proper procedures in processing the
crime scene and examine post-mortem changes in
homicide investigation; employ specialized techniques
in investigating crimes against person; and apply basic
procedure in investigating crimes against property.
Let’s begin!
Big Picture
Week 1-9: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to:
a. Explain the legality and technicality in the conduct of custodial investigation of

the accused.
b. Demonstrate proper procedures in processing the crime scene and examine
post-mortem changes in homicide investigation.
c. Apply specialized techniques in investigating crimes against person.
d. Apply basic procedure in investigating crimes against property.
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Explain the legality and

technicality in the conduct of custodial investigation of
the accused.
Metalanguage
In this section, most essential terms relevant to the study of this course are
hereby provided. And to demonstrate ULOa, these terms are operationally defined to
establish a common frame of reference as to how the texts work in the course. You
will encounter these terms as we go through the study of course. Please refer to these
definitions in case you will encounter difficulty in the understanding of the topics.
 ARREST – It is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may be

bound to answer for the commission of an offense.
 AUTHORITY – A person or persons, or a body, exercising power or command;
for those upon whom the people have conferred authority.
 CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION – Investigation conducted by law enforcement
officers after a person has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action.
It includes invitation to a person who is being investigated in connection with an
offense.
 EVIDENCE – The means sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of ascertaining in
a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact. These include but are
not limited to documentary, testimonial, electronic and object evidence,
gathered in the course of the investigation.
 INFORMATION-This refers to the data gathered by an investigator from either
regular or cultivated sources including the victim themselves; and from public
and private records; Modus Operandi Files, Arrest Records and Rogue Gallery.
 INTERVIEW-This refers to the skillful questioning of suspects and witnesses
believed to possess knowledge that is of official interest to the investigator.
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 INVESTIGATION-It is the process of inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and getting

vital information/facts/circumstances in order to establish the truth.
 INVESTIGATOR/OFFICER-Shall refer to any law enforcement personnel
belonging to the duly mandated law enforcement agencies (LEA) tasked to
enforce Republic Act 9208 such as officers, investigators and agents of the
Philippine National Police, National Bureau of Investigation, Bureau of
Immigration.
 VICTIM-The aggrieved party.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three (3)
weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that
will be laid down in the succeeding pages. The topics presented in this section is taken
from the approved references of the course. Please note that you are not limited to
exclusively refer to the resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research
articles and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary,
search.proquest.com etc.
 RULES AND LAWS IN FUNDAMENTAL OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

o Introduction
 The two most basic functions of police work are:
 The Protection of Life and Property
 Maintenance of Peace and Order.
 When either or both of these fundamental functions fail, the third
basic task, investigation, must be undertaken.
 Criminal investigation is designed to bring the criminal to justice
through the identification and location of suspect/s, providing of
proofs through the collection of evidences and analysis of
information which all consist of reliable persons and things. It is
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the criminal investigator who performs these critical tasks in the

modern police department.
o What is Criminal Investigation?
 Criminal Investigation is the collection of facts in order to
accomplish the three-fold aim: a) to identify the guilty party, b) to
locate the guilty party, and to provide evidence to the suspect’s
guilt (PNP, 2011).
 It is a process of reconstruction of an event, which incorporates
logical process of deductive reasoning that leads to conclusion
based on specific facts. Thus, a criminal investigation is the
lawful, objective, logical search for people and things useful in
reconstructing the circumstances surrounding the commission of
a crime, Moreover, criminal investigation seeks all facts
associated with a crime to determine the truth relating to what
happened and who is responsible.
o What is Special Crime Investigation?
 Special crime investigation is the investigation of cases that are
unique and often require special training to fully understand their
broad significance. Homicide, robbery, rape & sexual offenses,
kidnapping, carnapping, bomb threat & explosion, illegal-
recruitment, and terrorist activities are examples of cases that call
for special crime investigation.
 Despite their relatively low frequency when compared with
“standard” crimes, offenses involving special crime investigations
are increasing, and their impact on society are being felt more
strongly.
o What is Custodial Investigation?
 Investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a
person has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action. It
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includes invitation to a person who is being investigated in

connection with an offense.
o The Investigative Process
 Identify the Problem
 Consider the Problem-this step of may seem quite
simple; however, stating is more than saying the that the
perpetrator of a crime needs to be identified. A criminal
investigator must identify and take into consideration the
entire problem.
 Follow Legal Guidelines-identifying, locating, and
arresting the suspect through the use of illegal firearms
can result in justice not being serve. In order for judicial
system to render justice, the investigation must be
conducted strictly within legal guidelines.
 Form a Hypothesis
 Apply Reasoning- in order to form a hypothesis, an
investigator must be able to apply some type of reasoning
to formulate an idea about how crime was committed. A
subject’s involvement, or some aspect of the crime.
 Examine Motive, Opportunity, and Means- Motive refers
as that causes a person to act in a certain manner, while
opportunity would simply the occasion or chance to commit
the crime in question. Means is generally the least
important element to be considered, since means to
commit a crime can usually be available to a wide range of
individuals.
 Observe and Experiment
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 Once the hypothesis is developed, the investigator has

direction to help identify evidence to support the
investigation.
 The newly developed hypothesis can be tested by
observing individuals and their actions to see if they
support the hypothesis.
 Interpret Data
 The investigator must be careful to ensure that his/her
personal bias does not unduly influence the data.
 Investigators must evaluate all the evidence, statements,
and personal observations in order to reach a conclusion.
 Draw conclusions
 The investigator must employ not only deductive
reasoning, but more importantly inductive reasoning to
help reach final conclusions concerning the witness,
evidence, and motivations in the case.
o Legal Basis of Criminal Investigation
 1987 Philippine Constitution, Art 3, Sec. 12 (1)
 any person under investigation for the commission of an
offense is guaranteed the following rights:
o The right to remain silent – A person under
custodial investigation has the right to refuse
answering any question. If he indeed refuses, this
may not be used against him.
o The right to competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice. - If the
person cannot afford services of counsel, he must
be provided with one.
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o The right to be informed of such rights – In

affording this right to a person under custodial
investigation, it is not sufficient that the investigating
officer reads out the rights, or merely repeats what
is stated in the constitutional provision. The officer
is duty-bound to also explain the effects of these
rights and ensure the person’s understanding
thereof, in a language known to and understood by
him.
 Republic Act 7438
 An act defining certain rights of person arrested, detained
or under custodial investigation as well as the duties of the
arresting, detaining and investigating officers, and
providing penalties for violations thereof.
o Landmark Cases on Custodial Investigation
 People v. Holgado (Phils., 1950: Right to Counsel).
 The Case mentioned that when an accused unaided by
counsel qualifiedly admits his guilt to an ambiguous or
vague information, it is not prudent for the trial court to
render a serious judgment finding the accused guilty of a
capital offense without absolutely any evidence to
determine and clarify the true facts of the case
 Mapp v. Ohio (U.S.A., 1961).
 It stated that evidence that is illegally obtained by the state
may not be used against a defendant in court. Until Mapp,
only the federal government was barred from using illegally
obtained evidence. So, when local police entered Dolly
Mapp's home without a search warrant and arrested her
for possessing obscene books, her conviction initially
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stood. The Court overturned her conviction, however, and

extended the Constitutional rule to apply to the states and
their subdivisions.
 Gideon vs. Wainwright (U.S.A., 1963)
 The Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment (USA
Constitution), which guarantees criminal defendants the
assistance of counsel, requires state governments to
provide attorneys for indigent (poor) criminal defendants.
Defendants in criminal cases have an absolute right to
counsel.
 Escobedo vs. Illinois (U.S.A., 1964)
 The Court held that a suspect has a right to have an
attorney present when being interrogated in police
custody as well as during a trial.
 Mirada v. Arizona Case
 “Miranda rights”, were adopted by Philippine jurisprudence
and later on included in the drafting of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution, following the 1966 decision of the United
States Supreme Court in the landmark case of Miranda v.
Arizona (384 U.S. 436).
 Miranda was arrested at his home and taken in custody to
a police station where he was identified by the complaining
witness. He was then interrogated by two police officers for
two hours, which resulted in a signed, written confession.
At trial, the oral and written confessions were presented to
the jury. Miranda was found guilty of kidnapping and rape
and was sentenced to 20-30 years imprisonment on each
count. On appeal, the Supreme Court of Arizona held that
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Miranda’s constitutional rights were not violated in

obtaining the confession.
 Here, the defendants made confessions or admissions
without any evidence of them being apprised of their
constitutional rights during the interrogation process. The
US Supreme Court held that no statements stemming from
questioning initiated by law enforcement officers may be
used by the prosecution, unless it demonstrates the use of
procedural safeguards effective to secure the
constitutional rights of a person under custodial
interrogation.
 Terry Doctrine
 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), was a landmark decision
of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the
Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on
unreasonable searches and seizures is not violated when
a police officer stops a suspect on the street and frisks him
or her without probable cause to arrest, if the police officer
has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed,
is committing, or is about to commit a crime and has a
reasonable belief that the person "may be armed and
presently dangerous."
 Escobedo v. Illinois
 Petitioner was convicted for murder. He appealed alleging
that, while being interrogated in police custody, he asked
to speak with his lawyer, but the request was denied. The
appellate court affirmed the conviction and held that
petitioner's confession was admissible even though it was
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obtained after he had requested and been denied the

assistance of counsel. Petitioner sought review.
 The Supreme Court reversed the judgment of conviction
because petitioner was denied the assistance of counsel.
The court noted that suspect who was being interrogated
by police while in custody, who had not been warned of his
right to remain silent, and who had requested and been
denied an opportunity to consult with his lawyer, had been
denied the assistance of counsel in violation of U.S. Const.
amend. VI, and any statement elicited under such
circumstances could not be used against him at a criminal
trial.
 Frye v. US
 Frye (Appellant) was convicted of second-degree murder,
after the lower court disallowed Appellant from introducing
testimonial evidence relating to the results of a deception
test Appellant had taken following the crime. Appellant
appeals his conviction here.
 The court reasoned that although the deception test at
issue here has a scientific basis, “[j]ust when a scientific
principle or discovery crosses the line between the
experimental and demonstrable stages is difficult to define
. . . [and] the thing from which the deduction is made must
be sufficiently established to have gained general
acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs [to be
admissible].” In other words, the court held that without an
established place in science, the test was still in the blurred
realm between experimental science and demonstrated
science, and therefore inadmissible here. In the court’s
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words, as the deception test was not “sufficiently

established,” the testimony related to it is inadmissible, and
the lower court was correct to have excluded it.
 Morales vs. Juan Ponce Enrile (Phils., 1983: Miranda
Warning).
 The Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in this case
and made a clear remark that the Miranda Warning as it is
generally called have to be made so that a confession can
be admitted.
 INVESTIGATIVE AGENCIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
o In the Philippines, the Philippine National Police is the main agency
conducting a criminal investigation. Additionally, the National Bureau of
Investigation is also tasked to conduct an investigation to all sensitive or
high-profile cases in the Philippine.
o The Criminal Investigation and Detection Group
 The Criminal Investigation and Detection Group, widely known as
the CIS, came into existence out of the great necessity of the
Philippine Constabulary to organize a unit that would primarily
handle the investigation of major crimes. This move aimed to free
other constabulary units of the time consuming and highly
specialized investigative works.
 The Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) has its
beginnings in 1901 with the creation of the Information Section of
the Insular Constabulary pursuant to Section 2 of Act 253 of the
Philippine Commission. It was given the task of investigating
crimes against the security of the state. Before the outbreak of
World War II, it was renamed Information Division and later Police
Affairs Division.
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 On January 19, 1953 it was formally christened as the Criminal

Investigation Service (CIS) under the C-2 Division of the
Philippine Constabulary. It was given the task to "detect,
investigate and prosecute major crimes in coordination with other
law enforcement bodies." Sometime in 1960, CIS was placed
under the C-3 Division. With the upsurged of criminality during the
early 70's, it became necessary for all field units of the CIS to be
placed under the direct command and control of a CIS Chief
based in Camp Crame. The reorganization was contained in
General Order Number 132, HPC dated January 1, 1971.
 In line with the reorganization of the PC into 12 Regional
Commands, the CIS also underwent another change in its
organizational set-up. Pursuant to GO Nr 135 HPC dated August
9, 1978. Twelve (12) CIS Regional Offices were created to
provide investigative support to the PC/INP Regional Commands
all over the country.
 When RA 6975 was enacted into law in 1991, CIS continued to
be the primary investigating arm of the Philippine National Police
charged with the following missions:
 1) Undertake the monitoring, investigation, and
prosecution of all crimes involving economic sabotage,
and other crimes of such magnitude and extent to indicate
their commission by highly placed or professional criminal
syndicates and organizations; and
 2) Investigate all major cases involving violations of the
Revised Penal Code and operate against organized crime
groups, unless the President assigns the case exclusively
to the National Bureau of Investigation.
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 From then on, CIS was renamed Criminal Investigation Service

Command (CISC) then to Criminal Investigation Command (CIC),
Criminal Investigation Group in 1996 and finally renamed to PNP
Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) pursuant to
NHQ LOI 49/96 code name "Detektib".
o National Bureau of Investigation
 The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) is a line agency under
the Department of Justice and serves as the premier investigative
agency of government.
 The agency director is a Presidential Appointee and serves under
the trust and confidence of the President and the Secretary of
Justice (SOJ).
 The Bureau of Investigation, later renamed the National Bureau
of Investigation, came into existence on 19 June 1947, the date
Republic Act 157 was approved. Its history goes back to 13
November 1936, when a Division of Investigation (DI) under the
Department of Justice was created with the enactment of
Commonwealth Act No. 181 by the First National Assembly.
 The DI was then formally organized in 1937 and was composed
of forty-five (45) Agents and approximately 100 officials and
employees. These included lawyers, doctors, chemists,
fingerprint technicians, photographers, research assistants,
clerks, stenographers, janitors and messengers. The DI office
operated in Manila, where its Agents and technical personnel
were dispatched to the provinces from time to time to investigate
crimes of public interest or when the necessity arose.
 The DI operation was suspended upon the surrender of the
Commonwealth Government to the occupying Japanese forces
during World War II. The Japanese, however, revived the DI and
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allowed it to function as a division under the Department of Justice

until the establishment of the Japanese puppet Philippine
Republic of President José P. Laurel. During the Laurel
administration, the DI was merged with the Secret Service
Division of the Metropolitan Constabulary (Manila Police
Department or MPD) and the Intelligence Unit of the Japanese-
run Philippine Constabulary.
 In 1947, as the Philippines struggled to recover from the ravages
of war, criminality in all its forms increased dramatically, straining
the meager resources of the newly reorganized police service in
effectively combating sophisticated organized crime groups and
the solution of complex crimes. Due to the increase of
lawlessness in the land, DI personnel agitated for the conversion
of the Division of Investigation into a bureau, believing that an
enlarged, highly professional and better equipped bureau similar
to that of the American Federal Bureau of Investigation was
needed to effectively fight organized crime groups and solve
crimes of a complex nature.
 In response, Congress filed House Bill No. 1162, from which
Republic Act No. 157 originated. R.A. 157 was approved by
Congress and enacted into law on 19 June 1947. Thus, was born
the Bureau of Investigation. For all intents and purposes, the
Bureau of Investigation (BI) was patterned after the Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in organization, functions and
objectives. The FBI also evolved into its present size from humble
beginnings as a division of the United States Department of
Justice. The Bureau of Investigation created under R.A. 157 was
later renamed the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) by virtue
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of Executive Order No. 94, issued on 4 October 1947, by then

President Manuel A. Roxas.
o Functions of the NBI
 Under R.A. No. 157
 Undertake investigation of crimes and other offenses against
the laws of the Philippines, upon its own initiative and as public
interest may require;
 To render assistance, whenever properly requested in the
investigation or detection of crimes and other offenses;
 To act as a national clearing house of criminal and other
information for the benefit use of all prosecuting and law
enforcement entities of the Philippines; identification records
of identifying marks, characteristics, and ownership or
possession of all firearms as well as of test bullets fired
therefrom;
 To give technical aid to all prosecuting and law enforcement
officers and entities of the government as well as the courts
that may request its services;
 To extend its services, whenever properly requested in the
investigation of cases of administrative or civil in nature in
which the government is interested;
 To establish and maintain an up-to-date scientific crime
laboratory and to conduct researches in furtherance of
scientific knowledge in criminal investigation;
 To perform such other related functions as the Minister of
Justice may assign from time to time.
 Under Letter of Instructions (LOI) No. 20
 The National Bureau of Investigation shall, among others, be
responsible for the efficient detection and investigation of
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crimes and other offenses against the laws of the Philippines,

upon its own initiative and as public interest may require,
rendering assistance, whenever properly requested in the
investigation or detection of crimes and other offenses; and
coordinating with other national and local police agencies in
the maintenance of peace and order.
 Under Letter of Instructions (LOI) No. 784 dated 20 December
1978, to quote in part:
 "(2)The Criminal Investigative Service and the National
Bureau of Investigation shall, in addition to the functions
provided by law, be the investigation arm of the
TANODBAYAN." JURISDICTION
 The present day NBI is a government entity that is civilian in
character, and national in scope which is under the
Department of Justice. Its jurisdiction are:
 Territorial Jurisdiction- The territorial jurisdiction of the
Bureau is national in scope and its power to investigate cases
extends to all municipalities, cities and provinces of the entire
Philippine Archipelago.
 Case Jurisdiction- The Bureau has investigative jurisdiction
over (1) criminal cases, upon its own initiative and as public
interest may require; (2) administrative and civil cases in which
the government is interested whenever properly requested.
(R.A. No. 157).
 SCENE OF CRIME OPERATIONS

o What is the Scene of the Crime Operations Team (SOCO Team)?
 A group of trained personnel of the PNP Crime Laboratory tasked
in the recognition, methodological search, proper
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documentation/recording and collection of physical evidences at

the scene of the crime.
o Roles and Functions Scene of the Crime Operatives
 The SOCO Team shall not join any operations conducted by the
local police or accompany the FRs or the IOC in going to the crime
scene. They will only respond upon request through the
Operations Center and after the IOC has already made proper
assessment of the crime scene;
 Upon receipt of the Request for Conduct of SOCO, the SOCO
Team shall then conduct the scene of the crime operations which
include among others the narrative description of the crime
scene, photography, videography, crime scene search, crime
scene sketch, crime scene location sketch, physical evidence
recording and collection, and other procedures necessary;
 In case the SOCO Team needs to temporarily suspend the
processing, the Chief of Police shall be primarily responsible and
accountable for securing the crime scene and ensuring its
integrity until the return of SOCO Team and the conclusion of the
CSI;
 After the termination of the SOCO, the SOCO Team Leader shall
brief the IOC on the initial results and thereafter conduct the final
crime scene survey together with the IOC; and
 The SOCO Team shall accomplish the CSI Form “4” - SOCO
Report Forms and furnish the IOC of copies of the same before
leaving the crime scene.
 KINDS OF CRIME SCENE SKETCHING

o What is a Crime Scene Sketch?
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 It is a permanent record of the size and distance relationship of the

crime scene and the physical evidence within it. The sketch serves
to clarify the special information present within the photo• graphs
and video documentation, because the other methods do not allow
the viewer to easily gauge distances and dimensions.
 A sketch is the most simplistic manner in which to present crime
scene layout and measurements. Often photographer/camera
positions may be noted within a sketch also.
o Procedures in Making a Sketch
 To establish admissibility, the investigator must have personal
observation of the data in question. In other words, the sketch must
be sponsored or verified.
 Sketches are not a substitute for notes or photos; they are but a
supplement to them.
 Types of sketches:
 Floor plan or “bird’s-eye view”
 Elevation drawing;
 Exploded view;
 Respective drawings.
 Write down all measurements.
 Fill in all the details on your rough sketch at the scene. Final sketch
may be prepared at the office.
 Indicate the PLACE in the sketch as well as the person who drew it.
 Use KEY-capital letters of the alphabet for listing down more or less
normal parts or accessories of the place, and numbers for items of
evidence.
 Indicate the position, location and relationship of objects.
 Methods or systems of locating points (objects) on sketch:
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 Rectangular coordinates. (Measurements at right angles

from each of two walls).
 Coordinates constructed on transecting base line. Choose
 relatively fixed points for your base line.
 Triangulation. (Measurements made from each of two fixed
objects to the point you want to plot or locate so as to form
an
 imaginary triangle. Sketch will show as many imaginary
triangles as there are objects plotted).
 Critical measurements, such as skid marks, should be checked by
two (2) investigators.
 Measurements should be harmony or in centimeters, inches, yards,
meters, mixed in one sketch.
 Use standard symbols in the sketch.
 Show which way the doors swing.
 Show with arrow the direction of stairways.
 Recheck the sketch for clarity, accuracy, scale, and title, key.
 CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

o What is Crime Scene Photography?
 Forensic photography includes methods of photographing the
scenes of crimes, searches, investigatory experimentation, living
persons, corpses, documents, weapons used in crimes, traces of
substances, and similar evidence. It makes use of both recording
and investigative techniques.
o Standard Operating Procedures in Photographing the Crime Scene
 Photograph the entire crime scene or the general view to include
nearby surroundings pertinent to the case, indicating the case
number, time, date, and initial of the photographer.
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 Take an overlapping shot of the immediate scene from four different

angles.
 Photograph the entrance and exit of the crime scene
 Photograph the body of the (victim/s or suspect/s) showing the exact
location, direction, where it ends. After removal of the body, take a
photograph of the scene with the white outline to indicate the place
where the victim was lying.
 Take close-up photographs of the body showing the face for proper
identification.
 Take mid-range and close-up photographs of all pieces of evidence
found at the crime scene with a measuring tool or scale, if
necessary, including the case number, date and initial
photographer.
 Take close-up photographs of the bullet hole if there is any, and
photograph the area showing the appropriate distance of fire by
making a straight line on the direction of the bullet hole.
 The crime scene should be sketched in the presence of the
investigator or other authorized. The investigator should sign the
rough sketch to attest the authenticity of the crime scene sketch.
Record on photographic logbook the weather condition, type of lens,
film and camera used.
 Negatives and photographs should be placed in a plastic holder and
put inside a white mailing envelope with proper case identification
as such as case number, time and date before filing a steel cabinet.
o Methods of Photographing the Crime Scene
 Overlapping Method
 A photographic method of taking a series of photographs in
a circular direction, overlapping each other slightly to show
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the entire crime scene. If a single photograph cannot show

the entire crime scene, apply this method.
 Progressive Method
 A photographic method of taking crime scene photographs
starting from a fixed point, photographing each piece of
evidence from general to specific as the photographer moves
toward it, and progressively getting closer.
o Types of Crime Scene Photographs
 General View or Long-Range
 photograph of the over-all scene.
 Distance: From the doorway to the room and other corners
of the room
 Mid-Range View
 Distance: Eight or ten feet from the victim
 Close-up View
 every physical evidence must be photographed in close-up
view and for different angles.
SELF-HELP. You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
REFERENCES:
 Villaluz, J., (2014), Instructional module on special crime investigation, Quezon
City: Wiseman’s Books Trading
 Sta. Ana, H. (2016), Special crime investigation, Quezon City: Chapterhouse
Publishing
 Bulan, E. and Magadia, E. (2013). Police photography, Quezon City:
Chapterhouse Publishing.
 Guevara, Ricardo M. (2014), Special crime investigation, 2nd, Quezon City:
Wiseman's Books Trading
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 Sabino-Diangson, Ruby Grace D. (2015), Legal Medicine, Quezon City:

Chapterhouse Publishing
 Taylor, Jane, (2015), Forensic Odontology: Principles and Practice, 1st, John
Wiley & Sons
 Santiago, Miriam Defensor, (2015), Penal code annotated: book 2, Manila: Rex
Book Store
LET’S CHECK!
Activity 1. MULTIPLE CHOICE. After reading the topics presented under the
Essential Knowledge, you are required to perform this activity in order to check the
level of your comprehension. Choose the best answer.
1. Three-fold aim of investigation, except:

A. To Identify the guilty party
B. To locate the crime scene
C. To locate the guilty party
D. To provide evidence for the guilty party
2. It is a line agency under the Department of Justice and serves as the premier
investigative agency of government.
A. NBI
B. PNP
C. RTC
D. CIA
3. An act that renamed Bureau of Investigation to National Bureau of Investigation.
A. CA No. 181
B. RA No. 157
C. E.O 94
D. RA 6975
4. What is the highest position in the NBI?
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A. Director
B. Secretary
C. President
D. Executive Officer
5. These are the rights guaranteed to a person under Custodial Investigation, except:
A. Miranda Rights
B. Right against Torture, Force, Violence, Threat, Intimidation
C. Right of way
D. Right to Visits and Conferences
6. It is an act defining certain rights of person arrested, detained or under custodial
investigation as well as the duties of the arresting, detaining and investigating
officers, and providing penalties for violations thereof.
A. RA 7438
B. Art. 125, RPC
C. RA 9745
D. P.D 1981
7. In this case, the Supreme Court held that the purpose of providing counsel to a
person under custodial investigation is to restraint the police-state practice of
extracting a confession that leads suspects to make self-incriminating statements.
A. Miranda v. Arizona
B. People v. Rapeza
C. Escobedo v. Illinois
D. Terry v. Ohio
8. All of these are included in the Miranda rights, except:
A. Right to be informed of the nature of accusation
B. Right to remain silent
C. Right to counsel
D. Right to waive rights
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9. It is the investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a person has

been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action.
A. Custodial Investigation
B. Arrest
C. Inquest Proceeding
D. Arraignment
10. The investigation of cases that are unique and often require special training to is
fully understand their broad significance.
A. Crime Investigation
B. Preliminary Investigation
C. Custodial Investigation
D. Special Crime Investigation
LET’S ANALYZE!
Activity 1. COMPARE AND CONTRAST. Using Venn Diagram, enumerate the
similarities and differences of the following:
1. Republic Act 7438 and Art. III, 1987 Philippine Constitution
R.A 7438 BILL OF RIGHTS
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IN A NUTSHELL
Activity 1. RESEARCH. Find at least one (1) Supreme Court case in the Philippines
that relates to the rulings of custodial investigation. Summarize the facts and the
decision in your own words.
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KEYWORDS INDEX. This section lists down the important keywords from this unit
that will help you to recall and review.
Criminal Special Crime Custodial Miranda Rights

Investigation Investigation Investigation
Terry doctrine Escobedo v. Illinois National Bureau of Republic Act 157
Investigation
Commonwealth
Act No. 181 Arrest Investigating Frye v. US
Officer
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Demonstrate proper

procedures in processing the crime scene and examine
post-mortem changes in homicide investigation.
Metalanguage
For you to better understand ULOb, you will need to have an operational
understanding of the following terms below. Please note that you will also be required
to refer to the previous definitions found in ULOa section.
 ANTE MORTEM – Before death.

 CAUSE OF DEATH – A declaration of by what means and by whom the
declarant was injured is within the purview of the term “the cause of the
declarant’s death” in a dying declaration
 CRIME SCENE – A venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has
been committed.
 CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION. It refers to the post-incident police
operational procedures undertaken at the crime scene when a crime has been
committed.
 HEMATOMA - is a collection of blood outside of a blood vessel.
 HOMICIDE - Any person who shall kill another without the attendance of any of
the circumstances enumerated in the crime of murder. (Under Art 249 RPC)
 INCISION - a surgical cut made in skin or flesh.
 INJURY - is the damage to a biological organism caused by physical harm.
 INVESTIGATION – It is the process of inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and getting
vital information/facts/circumstances in order to establish the truth.
 INVESTIGATOR/OFFICER – Shall refer to any law enforcement personnel
belonging to the duly mandated law enforcement agencies (LEA) tasked to
enforce Republic Act 9208 such as officers, investigators and agents of the
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Philippine National Police, National Bureau of Investigation, Bureau of

Immigration
 LACERATION - a deep cut or tear in skin or flesh. A wound that is produced
by the tearing of soft body tissue. This type of wound is often irregular and
jagged.
 MAYHEM - intentional maiming of another person.
 MECHANICAL TRAUMA - is an injury to any portion of the body from a blow,
crush, cut, or penetrating wound.
 MEDICAL EVIDENCE - is the means sanctioned by the rules of court of
ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact.
 MORTAL WOUND - capable of causing death.
 MUTILATION - or maiming is an act of physical injury that degrades the
appearance or function of any living body.
 MURDER – Any person who shall kill another person with evident
premeditation, treachery, superior strength, aid of armed men, consideration of
prize and reward of promise and by means of fire, poison, explosion and other
means involving great waste and ruin. (Under Art 248, RPC)
 PHYSICAL INJURY - is the effect of some stimulus on the body.
 PUNCTURE WOUND - is usually caused by a sharp pointy object such as a
nail, animal teeth, or a tack. This type of wound usually does not bleed
excessively and can appear to close up.
 TRAUMA - injury, a physical wound to the body caused by an external source.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
For the next 4-5 weeks of this course, topics that are presented from this chapter
were taken from the approved references of the course. Please note that you are not
limited to exclusively refer to the resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other
books, research articles and other resources that are available in the university’s library
e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
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 CRIME SCENE RESPONSE AND PROCEDURES

o Role of the First Responder (FR)
 To give first aid;
 To apprehend the suspected offender;
 To protect and if necessary, collect and preserve evidence;
 To cordon off and protect the area.
o Duties of a First Responder (FR)
 Cordon the crime scene with whatever available materials like
ropes, straws, human barricade, police line, wood and chain;
 Evacuate injured persons to the nearest hospital;
 Prepare to take the “dying declaration” of severely injured person,
if any;
 Requisites of a “Dying Declaration” are:
 That death is imminent and the declarant is conscious of that fact;
 That the declaration refers to the cause and surrounding
circumstances of such death;
 That the declaration relates to facts which the victim is competent
to testify to; and
 That the declaration is offered in a case where in the declarant’s
death is the subject of the inquiry.
 The FR shall stay in the crime scene to assist the Investigator-on-
case (IOC) in the maintenance of security, crowd control,
preservation of evidence and custody of witness/suspects until
such time the investigation is completed and temporarily turned
over to the local Chief of Police (COP) for the continuance of
crime scene security;
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 The FR shall attend to court duties or answer inquiries from any

investigative body to shed light and help the IOC in solving the
case;
 Prevent entry/exit of persons within the cordoned area;
 Make note of names of possible witnesses or suspects; and
 Brief the IOC on the situation upon arrival.
o Role of the Investigator-on-case
 Upon arrival at the crime scene, the IOC shall request for a
briefing from the FR and make a quick assessment of the crime;
 At this stage, the IOC shall assume full responsibility over the
crime scene and shall conduct a thorough assessment of the
scene and inquiry into the incident. If necessary, the IOC may
conduct crime scene search outside the area where the incident
happened, employing any of the various search methods;
 Based on the assessment, if the IOC determines that a SOCO
team is required, he shall report the matter to his COP and
request for a SOCO, otherwise, the IOC shall proceed with the
CSI without the SOCO team and shall utilize CSI Form “4”
 The IOC may by himself if the situation so demands, conduct CSI
if, there is no Provincial Crime Laboratory Office/Regional Crime
Laboratory Office in the province. The IOC must, however, ensure
that the correct procedures in the collection of evidence are
observed to ensure the admissibility of the evidence;
 The Police Station Operation Center, upon directive of the COP,
shall make the request for the SOCO team through the
Provincial/City Operations Center;
 It shall be the responsibility of the Provincial/City Operations
Center to facilitate the request for the SOCO Team;
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 Upon the arrival of the SOCO Team, the IOC shall accomplish
CSI Form “2” and submit the same to the SOCO Team Leader.
The SOCO team shall not enter the crime scene unless the IOC
makes the official written request wherein, he assures the SOCO
team of his presence and support
 The IOC shall brief the SOCO Team upon their arrival at the crime
scene and shall jointly conduct the preliminary crime scene
survey.
o Procedure on Processing Crime Scene
 Upon arrival at the crime scene
 Receive the crime scene from the first responder.
 Record time/date of arrival at the crime scene, location of
the scene, condition of the weather, condition and type of
lighting, direction of wind and visibility.
 Photograph and/or video the entire crime scene.
 Before touching or moving any object at the crime scene
in a homicide or murder case, determine first the status of
the victim, whether he is still alive or already dead.
 If the victim is alive, the investigator should exert effort to
gather information from the victim himself regarding the
circumstances of the crime, while a member of the team or
someone must call an ambulance from the nearest
hospital.
 Before removing the victim, mark, sketch and photograph
his/her relative position. Only a coroner or a medical
examiner shall remove the dead body unless unusual
circumstances justify its immediate removal.
 Recording
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 The investigator begins the process of recording pertinent

facts and details of the investigation the moment he arrives
at the crime scene.
 As a rule, do not touch, alter or remove anything at the
crime scene until the evidence has been processed
through notes, sketches and photograph, with proper
measurements.
 Searching for evidence
 A general survey of the scene is always made, however,
to note the locations of obvious traces of action, the
probable entry and exit points used by the offender(s) and
the size and shape of the area involved.
 In rooms, buildings, and small outdoor areas, a systematic
search of evidence is initiated (In the interest of uniformity,
it is recommended that the clockwise movement be used.)
The investigator examines each item encountered on the
floor, walls, and ceiling to locate anything that may be of
evidentiary value.
 If any doubt exists as to the value of an item, treat it as
evidence until proven otherwise.
 Ensure that the item or area where latent fingerprints may
be present is closely examined and that action is taken to
develop the prints.
 Note stains, spots and pools of liquid within the scene and
treat them as evidence. Treat as evidence all other items,
such as hairs, fibers, and earth particles foreign to the area
in which they are found; for example, matter found under
the victim’s fingerprints.
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 Proceed systematically and uninterruptedly to the

conclusion of the processing of the scene.
 In large outdoor areas, it is advisable to divide the area
into strips about four (4) feet wide.
 In a homicide case, the position of the victim should be
outlined with a chalk or any other suitable material before
the body is removed from the scene. If the victim has been
pronounced dead by a doctor or is obviously dead, it is
usually advisable to examine the body, the clothing and the
area under the body after the remainder of the scene has
been searched.
 Collection of Evidence
 This is accomplished after the search is completed, the
rough sketch finished and photographs taken.
 All firearms (FAs) found to have tampered serial numbers
(SNs) shall be automatically subjected to macro etching at
the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory (PNP-CL).
 A corresponding request to the Firearms and Explosive
Office (FEO) must be made for verification purposes. The
investigator places his initials, the date and time of
discovery on each item of evidence for proper
identification. Items that could not be marked should be
placed in a suitable container and sealed.
 Markings of Evidence
 Any physical evidence obtained must be marked or tagged
before its submission to the evidence custodian.
 Markings on the specimen must at least contain the
following:
o Exhibit Case Number
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o Initials and or signature of the collecting officer.

o Time and date of collection.
o Place or location where the evidence was collected.
 Evaluation of Evidence
 Each item of evidence must be evaluated in relation to all
the evidence, individually and collectively. If necessary,
these pieces of evidence must be subjected to crime
laboratory examination.
 Preservation of Evidence
 It is the investigator’s responsibility to ensure that every
precaution is exercised to preserve physical evidence in
the state in which it was recovered/ obtained until it is
released to the evidence custodian.
 Releasing of Evidence
 All collected evidence can only be released upon order of
the court or prosecutor, as the case maybe.
 Chain of Custody
 A list of all persons who came into possession of an item
of evidence, continuity of possession, or the chain of
custody, must be established whenever evidence is
presented in court as an exhibit.
 As a rule, all seized evidence must be in the custody of the
evidence custodian and deposited in the evidence room or
designated place for safekeeping.
 Transmittal of Evidence to Crime Laboratory
 Proper handling of physical evidence is necessary to
obtain the maximum possible information upon which
scientific examination shall be based, and to prevent
exclusion as evidence in court.
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 Release of Crime scene

 Release is accomplished only after completion of the final
survey and proper documentation.
 WOUNDS AND PHYSICAL INJURIES
o What is a Wound?
 the disruption of the natural continuity of any tissue of the living
body; the disruption of the anatomic integrity of a tissue of the
body.
o What is Physical Injury?
 generally, it refers to is the damage to a biological organism
caused by physical force or other means such cold, heat,
chemicals, radiation, and radiation.
o Classification of Wounds
 According to Severity:
 Mortal Wound- capable of causing death immediately
after the infliction or shortly thereafter
 Non-mortal Wound- not capable of causing death
immediately after the infliction or shortly thereafter
 According to Weapon or Instrument Used:
 Contusion – an injury in the substance of the skin,
discoloration of the surface due to extravasation of blood.
This is due to the application of a blunt instrument.
 Hematoma – this is the extravasation of blood in the newly
formed cavity.
 Abrasion – an open wound characterized by the removal
of the epithelial layer of the skin brought about by the
friction against hard, rough object.
 Incised wound – produced by forcible contact on the body
by sharp edge instrument.
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 Stab wound – produced by the forcible application and

penetration of a sharp instrument.
 Punctured wound – penetration of a sharp pointed
weapon.
 Lacerated wound – tearing of the skin due to forcible
contact of a blunt instrument.
 According to Relation of the Site of the Application of Force
and the Location of the Injury:
 Coup Injury – physical injury which is located at the site
of the application of force
 Contre-coup Injury – physical injury found opposite the
site of the application of force
 Coup Contre-coup injury – physical injury located at the
site and also opposite the site of the application of force
 Locus Minoris Resistencia – physical injury located not
at the site nor opposite the site of the application of force
but in some areas offering the least resistance to the force
applied.
 Extensive Injury – physical injury involving a greater area
of the body beyond the site of the application of force.
 With Regards to the Depth of the Wound:
 Superficial— when the wound d involves only the layers
of the skin.
 Deep— when the wound d involves the inner structure
beyond the layers of the skin.
o Penetrating — one in which the wounding agent
enters the body but did not come out or the mere
piercing of a solid organ or tissue of the body .
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o Perforating —when the wounding agent

produces communication between the inner and
outer portion of the hollow organs.
o It may also mean piercing or traversing
completely a particular part of the body causing
communication between the points of entry
and exit of the instrument or substance
producing it.
 Special Types of Wounds
 Defense Wound- the result of a person’s instinctive
reaction of self-protection. Injuries suffered by a person to
avoid or repel potential injury contemplated by the
aggressor.
 Patterned Wound- Wound in the nature and shape of an
object or instrument and which infers the object or
instrument causing it.
 Gunshot Wounds -a gunshot wound is a penetrating
wound that leaves a skin defect where the projectile
passes through the skin.
o Musculo-Skeletal Injuries
 Sprain
 Partial or complete disruption in the continuity of a
muscular or ligamentous support of a joint. It is usually
caused by a blow , kick or torsion force.
 the over-stretching, instead of an actual tearing or the
rupture of a muscle or ligament which may not be
associated with the joint.
 Dislocation
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 Displacement of the articular surface of bones

entering into the formation of a joint.
 Subluxation
 Incomplete dislocation.
 Fracture
 Solution of continuity of bone resulting from violence or
some existing pathology.
 Kinds of Fractures
o Close or Simple Fracture - Fractures wherein
there is no break in continuity of the overlying
skin or where the ex• ternal air has no point
of access to the site of injury.
o Open or Compound Fracture- the fracture is
complicated by an open wound caused by the
broken bone which protruded with other tissues
of the broken skin.
o Comminuted Fracture- the fractured bone is
fragmented into several pieces.
o Greenstick Fracture- a fracture wherein only one
side of the bone is broken while the other side is
merely bent.
o Linear Fracture - When the fracture forms a crack
commonly observed in flat bones.
o Spiral Fracture - The break in the bone forms
a spiral manner as observed in long bones.
o Pathologic Fracture- Fracture caused by
weakness of the bone due to disease rather than
violence.
o Legal Classification of Injuries (Revised Penal Code)
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 Serious Physical Injuries

 a physical injury wherein the victim is incapacitated for
work or requires medical attendance for more than thirty
(30) days when as a result of the injury, the victim:
becomes insane, impotent or blind loses an organ of sense
or locomotion becomes deformed, lost portions or
functions of any part of the body.
 Less Serious Physical Injuries
work or requires medical attendance for ten days or more
but not more than thirty days
 Slight Physical Injuries
work or requires medical attendance for a period of one to
nine days.
 Mutilation
 the intentional act of looping or cutting off any part of the
living body.
 Deformity
 a temporary or permanent disfigurement of the body or any
part of the body producing physical ugliness.
 BURNS AND SCALDS
o What is a Burn?
 produced by dry heat and results from contact with flame or a
heated solid object or exposure to heat.
 Occurs at or above the site of contact of the flame.
o What is a Scald?
 caused by application of moist heat (liquid, steam at or near
boiling point).
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 it occurs at or below the site of the application or contact with

liquid.
o Classification of Burns by Degree
 First Degree
 There is erythema or simple redness of the skin associated
with superficial inflammation and slight swelling which may
subside after a few hours or may last for several days.
 It may be produced by momentary application of flame, or
hot solid or liquid much below boiling point. It is also
produced by mild irritant.
 Second Degree
 There is vesicle formation with acute inflammation. If the
burns are caused by flame or heated solid substance, the
skin is blackened and the hair singed at the seat of lesion.
 The vesicle can be produced by strong irritants or
vesicants. Scars are not present after healing. The
superficial layers of the epithelium are destroyed.
 Third Degree
 There is destruction of the cuticle and part of the true skin.
 The burned area is very painful owing to exposure of the
nerve endings. Healing may leave a scar which contains
all the elements of the true skin, consequently without
contracture.
 Fourth Degree
 The whole skin is destroyed with formation of slough which
is yellowish-brown or parchment-like. The surface is
ulcerated and on healing a dense fibrous scar tissue
develops. The scar may subsequently contract and cause
deformity of the part. On account of the complete
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destruction of the nerve endings, this kind of burn is not

very painful.
 Fifth Degree
 There is involvement of the deep fascia and muscles. This
may result to severe scarring effect and deformity.
 Sixth Degree
 There is charring of the limb involving subjacent tissues,
organs and bone. If death does not ensue immediately
inflammatory changes may develop in the surrounding
tissues.
 POISONS
o What is a Poison?
 Is a substance or agent capable of producing harm, such as
disease or death, to a living organism. It can be introduced
through any route in the body, such as mouth, nostril, anus,
vagina, ears, eyes, or by injection.
o Types of Poisons
 True Poison
 is one that still poisons no matter how diluted it is.
 Example: Hydrogen Cyanide
 Corrosive Poison
 is one which by contact with it chemically produces local
destruction of tissues.
 Example: Nitric acid
 Cumulative Poison
 is one that increases suddenly in its intensity of action after
gradual additions to it.
 Examples: Arsenic, Digitalis
o Examples of Poison
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 Arsenic
 Are compounds that are commonly used in insecticides,
pesticides, herbicides, alloys, woods preservatives,
additives, that make potent poisons.
 arsenic have been used since ancients as the “Poison of
Kings”.
 Strychnine
 Is a highly toxic crystalline alkaloid usually obtained from
the seeds of the Strychonusnux-vomica tree, which is
commonly found in India and South-east Asia.
 It is odorless, and appears as a white or translucent
crystalline powder, with an extremely bitter taste that can
easily be detected in foods and beverages.
 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
 a highly toxic gas produced by the incomplete combustion
of organic materials. It forms when there is insufficient
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.
 It produces toxic effects by binding to hemoglobin in red
blood cells and thus preventing oxygen from binding which
in turn causes tissue anoxia and impairment of ATP
synthesis.
 Thallium
 It is a soft gray metal found mostly geologically in
potassium-based ores at the Earth’s crust.
 Thallium sulfate is an odorless, tasteless and highly toxic
dense white powder salt that has commonly employed as
rat poison. It is highly soluble in water and can enter the
body ingestion, inhalation, or through contact with the skin.
 Ricin
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 is highly toxic, naturally occurring protein derived from the

seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis. Ricin is
twice as deadly a cobra venom and it is poisonous if
inhaled, injected or ingested.
 Lead Acetate
 the most common salt that cause acute poisoning,
immediately upon ingestion. Paralysis of lower limbs may
be seen, and death may occur.
o Types of Poisoning
 Acute poisoning
 one there is prompt and marked disturbance of function or
death within a shorter period of time and is due to taking a
strong poison, excessive single dose, and several doses,
small but frequent.
 Chronic Poisoning
 Kind of poisoning in which there is gradual deterioration of
functions of tissues and may or may not result in death.
 It may be produced by taking several small doses at long
intervals or taking only toxic doses of the drug.
 ASPHYXIA
o What is Asphyxia?
 the general term applied to all forms of violent death which
results primarily from the interference with the process of
respiration or the condition in which the supply of oxygen
to the or to the tissues or both has been reduced below
normal level.
o Types of Asphyxial Death
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 Anoxic Death-this is associated with the failure of the

arterial blood to become normally saturated with oxygen. It
may be due to:
 Breathing in an atmosphere without or with insufficient
oxygen, as in high altitude.
 Obstruction of the air passage du e to pressure from
outside, as in traumatic crush asphyxia.
 Paralysis of the respiratory center due to poisoning,
injury or anesthesia, etc.
 Mechanical interference with the passage of air into
or down the respiratory tract due
o Closure of the external respiratory orifice, like in
smothering and overlaying.
o (Obstruction of the air passage, as in drowning,
choking foreign bod y impact, etc.
o Respiratory abnormalities, like pneumonia,
asthma, emphysema and pulmonary edema.
 Shutting of blood from the right side of the heart
to the left without passage through the lungs as in
congenital anomalies like potent foramen ovule.
 Anemic Anoxic Death-this is due to a decreased
capacity of the blood to carry oxygen. This condition may
be due to:
 Severe hemorrhage.
 Poisoning, like carbon monoxide.
 Low hemoglobin level in the blood.
 Stagnant Anoxic Death-this is brought about by the failure
of circulation. The failure of circulation may be due
 Heart failure
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 Shock.
 Arterial and venous obstruction, incident to embolism,
vascular spasm, varicose veins, or the use of tourniquet.
 Histotoxic Anoxic Death-this is due to the failure of the
cellular oxidative process, although the oxygen is delivered to
the tissues, it cannot be utilized properly. Cyanide and alcohol
are common agents responsible for histotoxic anoxic death.
o Classifications of Asphyxia
 Hanging
 refers to the situation where a victim’s own body weight (or
part of their body weight) causes compressive force to be
applied to the neck.
 a ligature device is wound around the neck in a snug fit,
after which the person let his/her own weight apply the
suffocating force.
 Drowning
 refers to a form of death that occurs when atmospheric air
is prevented from entering from entering the lung due to
submersion of the body in the water or other fluids.
 Smothering
 it is the mechanical obstruction of the external airways by
an object such as hand, pillow, duct tape or plastic bag.
 this requires partial obstruction of both the nasal cavities
and the mouth or upper airway.
 Strangulation
 it is a violent form of death that occurs when mechanical
pressure is applied to the neck by means of ligature
(ligature strangulation) or by utilizing only the hands
(manual strangulation).
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 Suffocation
 refers to the exclusion of air from the lungs by means of
compression of neck, such as through entrapment in an
airtight enclosure with inadequate oxygen in the
environment.
 Choking
 Involves the obstruction of the larynx by foods, vomit,
blood, or other foreign bodies.
 Chest Compression
 it is the mechanical compression of the lungs by
compressing the torso, hence interfering with breathing.
 DEATH AND HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION
o What is Death?
 death is defined as the absence of life in a living matter.
 Signs of Death
 Cessation of respiration
 Cessation of Heart Beating and Circulation
 Cooling of the body
 Insensibility of the body and loss of power to remove
 Changes in the eyes
 Changes in the skin
 Kinds of Death
 Somatic Death/Clinical Death- It is a complete,
continuous, persistent cessation of respiration, circulation
and almost all brain functions of an organism. It is usually
pronounced by a physician or other members of the family.
 Molecular Death/Cellular Death- it is the cessation of life
of the individual cells in the whole body, which occurs one
at a time after somatic death.
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 Apparent Death/State of Suspended Animation- it is the

state of temporary cessation of vital activities of the body
or vital processes were depressed to the minimum
compatible with life. This condition is not actually death
although classified under the kinds of death, because the
person or organism is still alive although it seems that there
are no signs of life.
 Causes of Death
 This is a specific medical diagnosis denoting a disease or
injury (e.g., myocardial infraction, strangulation, gunshot
wound).
 Proximate Cause of Death
o The initial injury that led to a sequence of events,
which caused the death of the victim.
 Immediate Cause of Death
o the injury or disease that final killed the individual.
 Manner of Death
 this determination deals with the legal implications
superimposed on biological cause and mechanism of
death.
 Accidental Death
o Many types of death are associated with this
category, i.e., drowning, falling, motor vehicle
wrecks, accidental drug overdose, and so on. Often,
homicide is disguised to appear to be accidental in
nature.
 Natural Death
o Death from natural causes includes heart attack,
stroke, disease, and old age. In many
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circumstances the deceased will have been under

doctor’s care, but often people are found and their
mode of death is questionable.
o For example, a person might have been forced to
consume certain drugs that can cause death, but
the symptoms indicated death from “natural”
causes, e.g., heart attack.
 Suicide
o Methods of committing suicide are numerous and
include stabbing, shooting, drug overdose, and
carbon monoxide poisoning. As with other modes of
death, the investigator should be sure that the
cause of death was actually suicide and not
homicide designed to look like suicide.
 Homicide
o The mode of death is homicide if one person has
intentionally caused another person to die. Many
different situations can result in a person’s death.
These include the following: gunshot wounds from
firearms; stabbed, incised, chopped, and punctured
wounds; blunt-force injuries; and extra ordinary
modes of death such as poisoning and death by
asphyxia.
o Death Investigation
 It deals with the postmortem investigation of sudden and
unexpected death.
o Homicide Investigation
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 Homicide Investigation is the official inquiry made by the police

on the facts and circumstances surrounding the death of a person
which is expected to be unlawful.
 Three bridges in homicide investigation which shall not be
crossed:
 That the dead body has been moved.
 The cadaver has been embalmed
 When the dead person is burned or cremated.
 Establishing the Facts of Death
 The first essential step of the homicide investigation is to
establish that the victim is, indeed, dead. Police officers do
not have the legal authority to pronounce death, only
physicians/medical doctor can establish the fact of death.
 For this reason, the police officer should never assume
death unless the condition of the victim’s body
demonstrates death in a totally obvious manner.
 Death Scene Investigation
 For the pathologist and criminal investigator to perform a
thorough investigation, the death scene must be well
documented.
 By understanding the role of the pathologist and the
natural changes that occur in the body after death, the
criminal investigator information that is useful to everyone
involved in the investigation.
 What is Forensic Pathology
 It is the branch of medicine associated with the study of
structural changes in the body caused by disease or injury.
 Role of Forensic Pathologist
o Establishing cause of death.
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o Establishing manner of death.

o Estimating the time of death.
o Inferring the type of weapon used/
o Establishing the identity of the deceased.
o Determining the additive effect of trauma or pre-
existing conditions.
 Terms encountered in Homicide
 Homicide – The killing of one human being by another.
 Sororicide – The act of one who kills his or her own
sister.
 Fratricide – The act of one who murders or kills his own
brother.
 Matricide – Murder of a mother by her own child.
 Patricide – The act of one who kill his own father.
 Parricide – The act of one who murders a person to
whom he is related such as his parent, spouse, or child.
This is a generic term.
 Infanticide – The killing of an infant less than 3 days old
 Suicide – Taking one’s own life voluntarily and
intentionally.
 Uxoricide – Act of one who murder his wife.
 Regicide – The killing or murder of a king
 Vaticide – The murder of a prophet.
 Euthanasia – Mercy killing or the act or practice of
painlessly putting to death persons suffering from
incurable and distressing disease.
 Aborticide – Act of destroying a fetus in the womb. Better
known as abortion.
o Post-mortem vs. Autopsy
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 Post-Mortem Examination
 it refers to an external examination of a dead body without
incision being made, although blood and other body fluids
may be collected for examination.
 Autopsy
 a comprehensive study of a dead body performed by a
trained physician using recognized dissection procedures
and techniques, primarily to determine the true cause of
death indicates that, in addition to an external examination,
the body is opened and an internal examination is
conducted.
 Kind of Autopsy
o Hospital/ Non-Official Autopsy- the cause of
death is already known. It is performed with the
consent of the family members or legally authorized
representative of the deceased, in order to
determine the extent of disease, the effectiveness
of therapy, or the presence or absence of other
findings.
o Medico Legal Autopsy-a forensic autopsy
preformed to determine the cause and manner of
death in people dying sudden unexpected, violent,
drug-related or otherwise suspicious death.
 When shall an Autopsy be Performed on a Dead Body?
o Sec. 95 (b), P.D. 856, Code of Sanitation:
 Whenever required by special laws
 Upon order of a competent court, a mayor
and a provincial or city fiscal
 Upon written request of police authorities
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 Whenever the Solicitor Provincial or city

fiscal as authorized by existing laws, shall
deem it necessary to disinter and take
possession of the remains for examination to
determine the cause of
 Whenever the nearest kin shall request in
writing the authorities concerned in order to
ascertain the cause of death.
 Persons who are Authorized to Perform Autopsies and
Dissections (Sec. 95 (a) P.D. 856)
o Health Officers
o Medical officers of law enforcement agencies
o Members of the medical staff of accredited
hospitals.
 Cases that Require Autopsy
o All homicide cases and suspected homicides
o Cases known or suspected to have been caused by
criminal violence
o In-custody deaths and any other death associated
with police action
o Hit-and-run pedestrian deaths
o Accidental deaths where investigation suggest that
autopsy is necessary.
o Suicidal deaths where investigation suggest
autopsy is necessary
o Acute workplace-related deaths
o Certain deaths alleged to involved medical therapy
o Deaths caused by apparent electrocution
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o Unidentified bodies in order to assist or aid

identification
o Other unexplained deaths
 POST-MORTEM CHANGES IN THE BODY
o Algor Mortis (Body Cooling)
 General Rule: 1.5 degrees per hour – when room temperature is
about 70 degrees.
 Dr. Simpson: 25 Degrees an hour for the first 6 hours, and an
average of 1.5 to 2 degrees an hour over the first 12 hours.
 Dr. Rhodes, Gordon and Turner: 1.5 degrees for the first 12 hours
and 1 degree for the next 12 to 18 hours.
 Factors: Body temperature at the time of death;
o body size (fat, slower, child, faster; etc.); clothing or
covering; environmental
o temperature (wind and high humidity increase
evaporation of water and hasten cooling)
o immersion in water (good conductor).
o Post-mortem Lividity (livor mortis)
 Discoloration of the body after death; setting of blood in the
dependent portions of the body following death).
 It is a reddish purple to purple coloration in dependent areas of
the body due to accumulation of blood in the small vessels of the
dependent areas secondary to gravity.
 This pooling of blood begins immediately after death and
becomes fixed in approximately 8-12 hours.
 The investigator can press on the skin in the dependent regions
and if the skin blanches, death has probably occurred less than
12 hours.
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 This becomes fixed after a while and can tell if the body has been
moved. This is not a reliable indicator of time of death.
 This is a better indicator of whether the body has been moved
since death.
 The Color of Lividity may Indicate the Cause of Death:
 Carbon monoxide poisoning/ cyanide – cherry red to
pinkish color
 Asphyxia – dark lividity
 Phosphorous poisoning – dark brown
 Types of lividity
 Hypostatic – Blood is still in fluid form inside blood vessel;
change as position of the body changes. Blood remains
fluid in the blood vessel for 6- 8 hours.
 Diffusion– Coagulated inside blood vessel; Change in
position will not change its location.
 Importance of Post-Mortem Lividity
 It is a sign of death.
 It enables the investigator to estimate the time of death.
 It determines the position of the body after death.
 It may indicate the cause and manner of death.
 Characteristics of Post-Mortem Lividity
 It occurs in the most extensive areas of the most
dependent portion of the body.
 It involves the superficial layer of the skin, lungs, intestines,
kidneys, and brain.
 Color is uniform in the tissues.
 It is not elevated from the skin, lungs, intestines, kidneys
and brain.
 There is no injury to the tissues.
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 The color may appear and disappear in the tissues by

shifting the position of the body in the earlier stages of
death.
o Primary Flaccidity
 immediately after death, there is complete relaxation and
softening of all the muscles of the body.
 the muscles are relaxed and capable of contracting when
stimulated.
 there is incontinence of urination and defecation.
 lasts about three to six hours after death.
o Post-Mortem Rigidity/ Rigor Mortis (Stiffening of Muscle Tissue)
 Stiffening of the body after death and is characterized by
hardening of the muscles; the chemical reaction that causes
rigidity in the muscle groups or stiffening of the body after death
due to the disappearance of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
from the muscle.
 General Rates (Average clothed adult; observable in small
muscles first)
 Detected within 2 to 4 hours.
 Completed within 6 to 12 hours.
 Remains for 12 to 18 hours.
 Begins to leave within 24 to 36 hours.
 Gone by 40 to 60 hours.
 Exceptions:
 There temperature at death: high/low environmental
temperature (heat hastens, cold retards); strenuous
muscular activity; emotional excitement.
 Conditions Simulating Rigor Mortis
 Heat Stiffening
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o A condition characterized by hardening of the

muscles due to coagulation of muscle proteins
when the dead body is exposed to intense heat as
burning or immersion in a hot liquid.
o The muscle fiber will undergo shortening more than
in rigor mortis and this will result to a pugilistic
attitude of the corpse characterized by flexion of the
neck, elbows, thighs, and knees. It is Rigidity of
muscles when exposed to above 75C.
 Cold Stiffening
o A condition characterized by hardening of the
muscles due to solidification of fats, muscles and
fluids when the dead body is exposed to extremely
cold or freezing temperature.
 Cadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous Rigor
o It is the instant stiffening of the muscle
Instantaneous rigidity of the muscles at the moment
of death. It may indicate a struggle during death.
o Secondary Flaccidity
 After the disappearance of rigor mortis, the muscle becomes soft
and flaccid, due to the dissolution of the muscle proteins which
have previously been coagulated during the period of rigor mortis.
 The body becomes limp again and the muscles are no longer
capable of responding to mechanical or electrical stimulus signals
the start of putrefaction or decomposition due to bacteria.
 It is noted about 48 hours after death.
o Post-Mortem Decomposition
 Autolysis
 decomposition by enzymes
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 Putrefaction
 decomposition by bacteria
 noted after 48 hours after death
 first appears as a greenish discoloration
 generalized swelling and reddish discoloration along the
lines of the superficial veins occur, called marbling.
 Mummification
 dehydration by extreme dry heat
 the body becomes dry, brittle, dark brown
 Adipocere Formation or Saponification
 noted to occur after several months after death
 the fatty tissue of the body is replaced with a white greasy
product
 Maceration
 softening of the body when immersed in the water
 Skeletonization
 the reduction of the body to the skeletal form
REFERENCES:
 Villaluz, J., (2014), Instructional module on special crime investigation, Quezon
 Sta. Ana, H. (2016), Special crime investigation, Quezon City: Chapterhouse
Publishing
 Guevara, Ricardo M. (2014), Special crime investigation, 2nd, Quezon City:
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 Sabino-Diangson, Ruby Grace D. (2015), Legal Medicine, Quezon City:

 Solis, Pedro. Legal medicine. Retrieved on June 1, 2021 at:
https://kupdf.net/download/legal-medicine-by-pedro
solis_5a1a5161e2b6f5a431afb701_pdf
 Taylor, Jane, (2015), Forensic Odontology: Principles and Practice, 1st, John
Wiley & Sons
 Santiago, Miriam Defensor, (2015), Penal code annotated: book 2, Manila: Rex
Book Store
 PNP Field Manual on Investigation of Crimes of Violence and Other Crimes
(2011)
LET’S CHECK!
Activity 1. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. A wound brought about by a sharp-edged instrument.

A. Incised wound
B. Punctured wound
C. lacerated wound
D. Stab wound
2. Which of the following term refers to a sexual perversion characterized by erotic

desire or actual intercourse with a corpse?
A. tribadism
B. bestosexual
C. necrophilia
D. gerontophilia
3. It refers to wound brought about by a sharp-pointed instrument.

A. Incised wound
B. Stab wound
C. Punctured wound
D. gunshot wound
4. Refers to physical injury found opposite the site of the application force.
A. Coup injury
B. Contre-coup injury
C. Extensive injury
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D. Coup Contre-Coup injury
5. A wound resulting from a person’s instinctive reaction of self-protection.

A. Self-inflicted wound
B. Patterned wound
C. Defense wound
D. Accidental wound
6. The following are requisites of infanticide except one:

A. that the child was born alive
B. the child was deliberately killed
C. that the child killed is three days old
D. the child killed was less than three days old
7. Which of the following laws is known as the Anti-Rape Law of 1997?

A. R.A. No. 9003
B. R.A. No. 9165
C. R.A. No. 7610
D. R.A. No. 8353
8. A physical injury located at the site and also opposite the site of the application of
force.
A. Coup Injury
B. Coup contre-coup Injury
C. Contre-coup injury
D. Locus Minoris Resistencia
9. It is characterized by excessive sexual urge of men

A. Satyriasis
B. Nymphomania
C. Sadist
D. Voyeurism
10. Wound in the nature and shape of an object or instrument and which infers the
object or instrument causing it.
A. Pattern wound
B. Defense Wound
C. Incised wound
D. Lacerated wound
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LET’S ANALYZE!
Activity 1. ESSAY. Write your insights about the following.
1. What do you think is the reason why the crime of Rape is now classified as Crime
against person?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between physical injury and wound?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. In your own words, how do you explain the difference of murder and homicide?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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IN A NUTSHELL
Activity 1. Write a five (5) things that you have learned in this unit that will help you
become a good investigator someday.
1. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Autopsy Murder Investigator Rigor Morits
Defense wound Virginity Physical Injury Wound
Sexual Assault Homicide Fracture Coup Injury
Infanticide Mutilation Poison Algor Mortis
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO c. Demonstrate

skills/proficiency in validating current trends and
techniques in the conduct of a criminal investigation.
Metalanguage
For you to demonstrate ULOc, you will need to have an operational

to refer to the previous definitions found in ULOa and b section.
 ABORTION - is the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from

the uterus of a fetus or embryo before viability.
 CARNAL KNOWLEDGE - is the act of a man in having sexual bodily
connection with a woman.
 CHASTE – An unmarried woman who has had no carnal knowledge with men
or that she never voluntarily had unlawful sexual intercourse. These also
denotes purity of mind and innocence of heart.
 HIJACKING – A term which immediately conjures the images of a group of
heavily armed and determined men and women holding up an airplane, ship,
bus, van, or other vehicle in order to achieve their nefarious objectives.
 HIGHWAY ROBBERY –The seizure of any person for ransom, extortion or
other unlawful purposes, or the taking away of the property of another by means
of violence against or intimidation of person or force upon thing or other unlawful
means, committed by any person on any Philippine Highway.
 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY- It is the creation of the human mind that has
commercial value and is given the legal aspects of a property right. Intellectual
property is an all-encompassing term now widely used to designate as a group
all of the following fields of law: patent, trademark secret, moral rights, and the
right of publicity.
 INTER-AGENCY COUNCIL AGAINST TRAFFICKING OR IACAT - Shall
refer to the inter-agency body created by Sec. 20 of Republic Act 9208.
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 ROBBERY – The taking of personal property belonging to another with intent

to gain, by means of violence against or intimidation of any person, or using
force upon anything.
 SEX CRIMES - generally involve illegal or coerced sexual conduct by one
person towards another.
 THEFT - Theft is committed by any person who, with intent to gain but without
violence against or intimidation of neither persons nor force upon things, shall
take personal property of another without the latter’s consent.
 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS –The recruitment, transport, transfer or
harboring, or receipt of persons with or without consent or knowledge, within or
across.
 VIRGIN – A woman who has had no carnal knowledge of man. Her genital
organs have not been altered by carnal connection.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
For the 6-7 weeks of this course, topics presented from this chapter were taken
 CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS

o Parricide (RPC Article 246)
 What are the elements of Parricide?
 The offender killed his father, mother, child (legitimate of
illegitimate), legitimate other ascendant or descendant
and legitimate spouse.
 The parent or child killed need not be legitimate. But the
spouse and other ascendant or descendant must be
legitimate.
 The killing is intentional.
 Other analogous acts
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o Death or Physical injuries Under Exceptional Circumstance (RPC

Article 247)
 What are the elements of Death or Physical Injuries under
Exceptional Circumstance?
 The offender is either:
o a legally married person (wife or husband)
o a parent
 The victim was surprised by:
o his/her spouse
o his/her daughter who is under 18 years of age and
living with him/her, in the act of committing sexual
intercourse with another person, as the case
maybe.
 The offender kills or inflicts serious physical injuries upon
any or both of them.
 The offender must catch the culprits in the act of sexual
intercourse.
 Other analogous act
o Murder (RPC Article 248)
 What is Murder?
 Murder is the unlawful killing of any person not
constitutive of parricide of infanticide.
 What is Treachery?
 Plain and simple, there is treachery if the offended party
was not given opportunity to make a defense.
 What is Premeditation?
 is the act of mediating in advance; deliberation upon a
contemplated act; a design form to do something before it
is done.
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 the essence of premeditation is that the execution of the

criminal act must be preceded by cool thought and
reflection upon the resolution to carry out the criminal
intent during the space of time sufficient to arrive at a
calm judgment.
 There is no evident premeditation without proof of
planning.
 What is the meaning of Evident?
 Clear to the eye or judgment.
 What are the elements of Murder?
 The act of killing is qualified by the following
circumstances:
o Treachery (alevosia) taking advantage of superior
o strength, with the aid of armed men, or employing
means to weaken the defense to insure impunity.
o In consideration of a price, reward, or promise.
o By means of inundation, fire. Poison, explosion,
o shipwreck, standing of a vessel, derailment or
assault upon a railroad, fall of an airship, by means
of vehicles, or with the use of any other means
involving great waste or ruin.
o On the occasion of any of the calamities
enumerated in the preceding paragraph or of an
earthquake, eruption of volcano of any other public
calamity.
o With evident premeditation.
o With cruelty by deliberately and inhumanly
augmenting the suffering of the victim or outraging
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or scoffing at his person or corpse (as amended by

RA 7659).
 These qualifying circumstances must be alleged in the
information otherwise, they could not be proven as such
under the principle of non alegata non probate. What is
not alleged cannot be proven.
o Homicide (RPC Article 249)
 What is Homicide?
 Homicide is the killing of any person which does not
constitute parricide, infanticide or murder and it is not
attended by any justifying circumstances.
 Homicide is generic term and could be committed by
culpa (negligence) or dolo (intent).
 Other analogous act.
o Giving Assistance to Suicide (RPC Article 253)
 What are the elements of Giving Assistance to Suicide?
 The offender helps the victim to commit suicide.
 The act of suicide may necessarily be consummated.
o Infanticide (RPC Article 255)
 What are the elements of Infanticide?
 This offense contemplates the killing of any child less
than 3 days old (72 hours).
 The victim may not necessarily be the child of the
offender.
o Abortion (RPC Article 256)
 What is Abortion?
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 it is the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it has

reached the stage of viability.
 it is the willful killing of the fetus in the uterus, or the violent
expulsion of the fetus from the maternal womb which
results in its death.
 What are the elements of Abortion?
 Intentional abortion committed by using violence upon the
person for the pregnant woman.
 Intentional abortion committed without using violence but
without consent of the woman.
 Intentional abortion with the woman‟s consent (with or
without violence).
 Unintentional abortion, meaning abortion through reckless
imprudence but with use of violence.
 Abortion practiced by the woman herself or by another
person with her consent.
 Abortion committed by the parents of the pregnant woman
with her consent to conceal dishonor.
 Abortion intentionally caused by a physician or midwife or
brought about by their assistance.
 The act of a pharmacist in dispensing abortives.
o Serious Physical Injuries (RPC Article 263)
 What are the elements of Serious Physical Injuries?
 The injured person becomes insane, imbecile, impotent or
blind.
 2. Injured party loses speech, hearing and smelling power
loses an eye, hand, foot, arm, leg or the use of such
member, or becomes incapacitated for work.
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 Injured persons becomes deformed; or loses any other

member of his body; or loses the use thereof; or becomes
incapacitated to work for more than 90 days.
 Injured person is incapacitated for more than 30 days but
not more than 90 days.
 The offender has no intent to kill.
o Less Serious Physical Injuries (RPC Article 265)
 What are the elements of Less Serious Physical Injuries?
 The period of incapacity for labor is for 10 days not more
than 30 days or needs medical attendance for the same
period.
 The wound requires medical attendance for only 2 days
but the injured party was prevented from attending to his
ordinary to his regular employment for a period of 29 days,
the injuries are less serious.
o Slight Physical Injuries and Maltreatment (RPC 266)
 What are the elements of Slight Physical Injuries and
Maltreatment?
 There is no evidence of actual injury.
 The offense is considered ill treatment.
o Rape (RA 8353)
 What is Carnal Knowledge?
 the act of a man in having sexual bodily connection with a
woman.
 even the slightest penetration in the sexual organ of the
female by the sexual organ of the male.
 What is Defloration?
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 the laceration or rupture of the hymen as a result of sexual

intercourse.
 When And How Rape Committed (RA 8353)?
 By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman
under any of the following circumstances:
o Through force, threat, or intimidation
o When the offended party is deprived of reason or
otherwise unconscious
o By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse
of authority
o When the offended party is under twelve (12) years
of age or is demented, even though none of the
circumstances mentioned above be present.
 By any person who, under any of the circumstances
mentioned in paragraph 1 hereof
o shall commit an act of sexual assault by inserting
his penis into another person's mouth or anal orifice,
or any instrument or object, into the genital or anal
orifice of another person.
 Rape is qualified under the following circumstances:
 When the victim is under 18 years old and the offender is
a parent, ascendant, step-parent, guardian, relative by
consanguinity or affinity within the third civil degree, or the
common law spouse of the parent of the victim.
 When the victim is under the custody of the police or
military authorities or any law enforcement or penal
institution.
 When the rape is committed in full view of the spouse,
parent, any of the children or other relatives within the third
civil degree of consanguinity.
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 When the victim is a religious engaged in legitimate

religious vocation of calling and is personality known to be
such by the offender before or at the time of the
commission of the crime;
 When the victim is a child below 7 years old
 When the offender knows that he is afflicted with human
Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or any other sexually
transmissible disease and the virus or disease is
transmitted to the victim.
 When the offender is a member of the armed forces of the
Philippines or para-military units thereof or the Philippines
National Police or any law enforcement agency or penal
institution, when the offender takes advantage of his
position to facilitate the commission of the crime.
 What are the evidence needed to file a crime of Rape?
 Affidavit of complainant and witnesses.
 photographs, videos, police reports and other documents.
 Medical records, seminal/DNA Test, weapons used and
other forensic reports.
 Other relevant evidence
 Concepts of Sex Crime
 It is triggered by emotion. A person who commits a sex
crime has lost control of his emotions. It is not something
you can set out and analyze. It is a compulsion coming
deep within the offender.
 Gratification of the sex urge is often done in strange and
morbid methods. It involves an addiction. Sex is a normal
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human need; hence, this must be considered in the

investigation of the o sex crimes.
 Most of the sex offenders have their peculiar way to
commit this crime.
 Virginity
 a condition of a female who has not experienced sexual
intercourse and whose genital organs have not been
altered by carnal correction
 Kinds of Virginity
o Moral Virginity- the state of not knowing the
nature of sexual life and not having experienced
sexual relation applies to children below the age
of puberty and whose sex organs and secondary
sex characteristics are not yet fully developed
o Physical Virginity- a condition whereby a
woman is conscious of the nature of the sexual
life but has not experienced sexual intercourse
applies to women who have reached sexual
maturity but have not experienced sexual
intercourse
 True Physical Virginity- a condition
wherein the hymen is intact, with the edges
distinct and regular, and the opening is
small to barely admit the tip of the smallest
finger of the examiner even if the thighs
are separated
 False Physical Virginity- a condition
wherein the hymen is unruptured but the
orifice is wide and elastic to admit two or
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more fingers of the examiner with a lesser

degree of resistance
o Demi-Virginity- a condition of a woman who
permits any form of sexual liberties as long as
they abstain from rupturing the hymen by sexual
act.
o Virgo Intacta- applied to women who have had
previous sexual act but had not yet given birth.
 Sexual Deviations
 Infantosexuality
o sexual desire towards an immature person.
o also known as pedophilia.
 Bestosexual
o sexual desire towards animals.
o also known as bestiality.
 Gerontophilia
o sexual desire towards an older person
 Necrophilia
o a sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire
or actual sexual intercourse with a corpse.
 Incest
o sexual relations between persons who, by reason
of blood relationship cannot legally marry.
 Satyriasis
o excessive sexual urge of men.
 Nymphomania
o excessive sexual urge of women.
 Fellatio
o the female agent receives the penis of a man into
her mouth and by friction with the lips and tongue
coupled with the act of sucking initiates orgasm.
 Cunnilingus
o sexual gratification is attained by licking or sucking
the external female genitalia.
 Anilingus
o a form of sexual perversion wherein a person
derives excitement by licking the anus of another
person of either sex.
 Sadism (active algolagnia)
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o a form of sexual perversion in which the infliction of

pain on another is necessary for sexual enjoyment.
 Masochism (passive algolagnia)
o a form of sexual perversion in which the infliction of
pain by another is necessary for sexual enjoyment.
 Fetishism
o a form of sexual perversion wherein the real or
fantasies presence of an object or bodily part is
necessary for sexual stimulation and gratification.
 Pygmalionism
o a sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual
desire for statutes
 Frottage .
o a form of sexual gratification characterized by the
compulsive desire of a person to rub his sex organ
against some parts of the body of another.
 Voyeurism
o a form of sexual perversion characterized by a
compulsion to peep to see persons undress or
perform other personal activities.
 Trafficking in Persons (RA 9208)
 What is Trafficking in Persons?
o Acts of:
 recruiting
 transporting
 transferring
 harboring
 receiving persons
o By Means of:
 threat
 use of force
 other forms of coercion
 abduction
 fraud
 deception
 abuse power or position
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 taking advantage of the vulnerability of

persons
 giving or receiving payments or benefits to
achieve the consent of a person who has
control over another.
o For the Purpose of:
 prostitution
 other forms of sexual exploitation
 forced labor or services
 slavery
 servitude
 removal or sale of organs
 What is Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking?
 Council shall have the following powers and
functions:
o Formulate a comprehensive and integrated
program to prevent and suppress the trafficking in
persons;
o Promulgate rules and regulations as may be
necessary for the effective implementation of this
Act;
o Monitor and oversee the strict implementation of
this Act;
o Coordinate the programs and projects of the various
member agencies to effectively address the issues
and problems attendant to trafficking in persons;
o Coordinate the conduct of massive information
dissemination and campaign on the existence of the
law and the various issues and problems attendant
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to trafficking through the LGUs, concerned

agencies, and NGOs;
o Direct other agencies to immediately respond to the
problems brought to their attention and report to the
Council on action taken;
o Assist in filing of cases against individuals,
agencies, institutions or establishments that violate
the provisions of this Act;
o Formulate a program for the reintegration of
trafficked persons in cooperation with DOLE,
DSWD, Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA), Commission on
Higher Education (CHED), LGUs and NGOs;
o Secure from any department, bureau, office,
agency, or instrumentality of the government or
from NGOs and other civic organizations such
assistance as may be needed to effectively
implement this Act;
o Complement the shared government information
system for migration established under Republic
Act No. 8042, otherwise known as the "Migrant
Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995" with
data on cases of trafficking in persons, and ensure
that the proper agencies conduct a continuing
research and study on the patterns and scheme of
trafficking in persons which shall form the basis for
policy formulation and program direction;
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o Develop the mechanism to ensure the timely,

coordinated, and effective response to cases of
trafficking in persons;
o Recommend measures to enhance cooperative
efforts and mutual assistance among foreign
countries through bilateral and/or multilateral
arrangements to prevent and suppress international
trafficking in persons;
o Coordinate with the Department of Transportation
and Communications (DOTC), Department of Trade
and Industry (DTI), and other NGOs in monitoring
the promotion of advertisement of trafficking in the
internet;
o Adopt measures and policies to protect the rights
and needs of trafficked persons who are foreign
nationals in the Philippines;
o Initiate training programs in identifying and
providing the necessary intervention or assistance
to trafficked persons; and
o Exercise all the powers and perform such other
functions necessary to attain the purposes and
objectives of this Act.
 Violence Against Women and Children (RA 9262)
 What is VAWC?
 It refers to “any act or a series of acts committed by any
person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or
against a woman with whom the person has or had a
sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a
common child, or against her child whether legitimate or
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illegitimate, within or without the family abode, which result

in or is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological
harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of
such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or
arbitrary deprivation of liberty.
 It includes, but is not limited to, the following acts:
o Physical violence-refers to acts that include bodily
or physical harm;
o Sexual violence-refers to an act which is sexual in
nature, committed against a woman or her child. It
includes but is not limited to:
 Rape, sexual harassment, acts of
lasciviousness, treating a woman or her child
as a sex object, making demeaning and
sexually suggestive remarks, physically
attacking the sexual parts of the victim’s
body, forcing her/him to watch obscene
publications and indecent shows or forcing
the woman or her child to do indecent acts
and/or make films thereof, forcing the wife
and mistress/lover to live in the conjugal
home or sleep together in the same room
with the abuser;
 Acts, causing or attempting to cause the
victim to engage in any sexual activity by
force, threat of force, physical or other harm
or threat of physical or other harm or
coercion;
 Prostituting the woman or her child.
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o Psychological violence-refers to acsts or

omissions causing or likely to cause mental or
emotional suffering of the victim such as but not
limited to intimidation, harassment, stalking,
damage to property, public ridicule or humiliation,
repeated verbal abuse and marital infidelity. It
includes causing or allowing the victim to witness
the physical, sexual or psychological abuse of a
member of the family to which the victim belongs, or
to witness pornography in any form or to witness
abusive injury to pets or to unlawful or unwanted
deprivation of the right to custody and/or visitation
of common children.
o Economic abuse-refers to acts that make or
attempt to make a woman financially dependent.
This includes but is not limited to the following:
 Withdrawal of financial support or preventing
the victim from engaging in any legitimate
profession, occupation, business or activity,
except in cases wherein the other
spouse/partner objects on valid, serious and
moral grounds as defined in Article 73 of the
Family Code;
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 Deprivation or threat of deprivation of

financial resources and the right to the use
and enjoyment of the conjugal, community or
property owned in common;
 Destroying household property;
 Controlling the victim’s own money or
properties or solely controlling the conjugal
money or properties.
 Children are those below 18 years of age or those,
regardless of age, who are incapable of taking care of
themselves (as stated in Republic Act 7610). It includes
the biological children of the victim and other children
under her care.
 A dating relationship is one which has a romantic
involvement. It means that a relationship existed between
a woman and a partner who is abusive or has previously a
bused her, whether or not the relationship was formal.
 Sexual relations refer to a single sexual act which mayor
may not result to a bearing of a child.
 Who gets protected under the law?
 The law recognizes the unequal relations of a man and a
woman in an abusive relationship where it is usually the
woman who is disadvantaged. Thus, the law protects the
woman and her children.
 The victim, the child who is a minor (legitimate and
illegitimate), and a person aged 18 years and beyond who
doesn’t have the ability to decide for herself/himself
because of an emotional, physical and mental illness can
make full use of the law.
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 Any child under the care of a woman is also protected

under the law.
 Is VAWC committed by men alone?
 Women can also be liable under the law. These are the
lesbian partners/girlfriends or former partners of the victim
with whom she has or had a sexual or dating
relationship. (Source: Barangay Protection Order RA
9262: A Primer. Department of Interior and Local
Government, National Barangay Operations Office, 2004.)
 What if the female victim commits violence against her
partner?
 The law acknowledges that women who have retaliated
against their partners or who commit violence as a form of
self-defense may have suffered from battered women
syndrome (BWS).
 BWS is a “scientifically defined pattern of psychological
and behavioral symptoms found in women living in
battering relationships as a result of cumulative abuse.”
 Any victim who suffers from BWS should be diagnosed by
a psychiatric expert or a clinical psychologist. This will also
help the victim in obtaining a just decision in her case.
 What if the male spouse/partner complains about abuses
committed by his wife/partner?
 He may file a complaint or case under the Revised Penal
Code.
 What are the penalties for committing VAWC?
 If the courts have proven that the offender is guilty of the
crime, he may be imprisoned and will be obliged to pay
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P100,000 to P300, 000 in damages. The length of

imprisonment depends on the gravity of the crime.
 What can women and children do under the law?
 The law allows women and their children to secure
barangay protection order and/or temporary or permanent
protection order from the courts.
 They can also file an independent civil action for damages
and criminal action for the violation of anti-VAWC Act.
 What is a protection order?
 It is an order prescribed in the Anti-VAWC Act to prevent
further abuse of or violence against a woman and her child.
It also provides them relief from said abuse or violence.
 Who may file the protection order?
 Anyone of the following may also file the protection order
in behalf of the victim/s:
o Parent or guardian
o Grandparents
o Children and grandchildren
o Relatives (aunts, uncles, cousins, in-laws)
o Local officials and DSWD social workers
o Police
o Lawyers
o Counselors
o Therapists
o Health care providers (nurses, doctors, barangay
health workers)
o Any two people who came from the city or
municipality where VAWC happened and who have
personal knowledge of the crime.
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 CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTIES

o ROBBERY (RPC Articles 293-298)
 What are the elements of the crime of Robbery?
 The personal property belongs to another.
 The unlawful taking of that property.
 With intent to gain (animus lucrandi).
 Violence against or intimidation of any person or force
upon things.
 The offense can be committed by a band or with the use
of firearms on a street, road or alley or by attacking a
moving train, street car, motor vehicle or airship or by
entering or taking the passenger conveyance by surprise.
o Robbery in an Inhabited House or Edifice for Worship and Private
Building (RPC Articles 299-302)
 What are the elements of robbery in an inhabited house or
public or edifice devoted for worship or in an uninhabited
place or in a private building?
 The culprit must enter the building where the object to be
taken is found.
 The entrance is effected by any of the following means
through an opening not intended for entrance, breaking
any wall, roof or floor, outside door or window, using false
keys, picklocks or similar tools.
 The entrance is not required when the doors (of furniture),
wardrobes, chest or sealed furniture are broken or taking
such object away to be broken outside the place of
robbery.
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o Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974 (Presidential

Decree 532)
 What is Piracy?
 Any attack upon or seizure of any vessel, or taking away
of the whole or part thereof of its cargo, equipment or the
personal belonging of its complement or passengers,
irrespective of value thereof, by means of violence against
or intimidation of person or force upon things, committed
by any person, including a passenger or member of the
complements of said vessel in Philippine waters, shall be
considered as piracy. The offender shall be considered as
pirates.
 What is Highway Robbery/Brigandage?
 The seizure of any person for ransom, extortion or other
unlawful purposes, or the taking away of the property of
another by means of violence against or intimidation of
persons or force upon things of other unlawful means
committed by any person or any Philippine highway
 Aiding Pirates or Highway Robbers/ Brigands or Abetting
Piracy or Highway Robbers/Brigands
 Any person who knowingly and in any manner aids or
protects pirates or highway robbers/brigands, such as
giving them information about the movement of police or
other peace officers of the government or acquire or
receives property taken by such pirates or brigands or
indirectly abets the commission of piracy or highway
robbery or brigandage, shall be considered as an
accomplice of the principal offender.
o Anti-Cattle Rustling Law of 1974(Presidential Decree 533)?
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 What is Cattle Rustling?

 Is the taking away by any means, methods or scheme,
without the consent of the owner/raiser, of any of the above
animals (cow, carabao, horse, mule or other domesticated
member of the bovine family) whether or not for profit or
gain, or whether committed with or without violence
against or intimidation of any person or force upon things.
It includes the killing of large cattle, or taking its meat or
hide without the consent of owner/raiser.
o Anti-Fencing Law of 1979 (Presidential Decree 1612)
 What is Fencing?
 is the act of any person; who, with intent to gain, for
himself or for another shall buy, posses, keep, acquire,
conceal, sell or in any other deal on any articles, items,
objects or anything of value which he knows to have been
derived form the proceeds of crime or robbery or theft.
 What is Fence?
 include any person, firm, organization, association, or
corporation or partnership and other organization who
which commits the act of fencing.
o Brigandage (RPC Articles 306-307)
 What are the elements of Brigandage?
 The offense is committed by at least four armed persons.
 The offenders formed a band for the purposes of
committing
 Any or all of the following:
o robbery in the highway
o kidnap persons for ransom
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o attain any other purpose through force and

violence.
 There is a preconceived or intended victim.
o Theft (Hurto) (RPC 308)
 What are the elements of Theft?
 Any personal property belonging to another.
 The personal property is taken with intent to gain.
 The taking is without the owner’s consent.
 Absence of or without violence or intimidation of persons
or force upon things.
 Theft is consummated when the offender is able to take
possession of the thing. Once the thief has full possession of the
thing, even if he did not have a chance to dispose the same, theft
is consummated.
 The Targets in Robberies
 The selection of a victim and the place of the robbery are
two basic keys to developing a pattern which will furnish
clues to a robbers identity. Data usually are correlated in
the following areas:
 Victim:
o Alone in the company of two or therein the company
of four or more persons
 Residence:
 one family
 multi family
 motel – hotel (robbery of guest)
 garage ( or other residence – occupancy shed or structure)
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 Street and highways

 sidewalk
 roadway
 alley
 publicly accessible area ( parks, parking lot, entranceway)
 over and under pass
 highways
 Commercial (nonresidence)
 bank
 business office or off-street retail sales outlet (loan
companies, pawnshops, jewelry store, etc.)
 markets
 liquor stores
 other retail outlets
 motel-hotel (robbery of manager/owner)
 taverns (restaurants, bars, cafes)
 delivery services (chicken, pizza, etc.)
 drive-ins
 service stations
 Vehicles
 taxis
 bus
 trailer
 passenger jeepney
 victim’s personal car
 Vessels:
 inter-island (passenger)
 cargo
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 ferry
 tugboats
 Style and Tactics in Robbery Cases
 The identification in an armed robbery case often relates
to the tactics and style of the robbery. Robbery has been
categorized as having three styles:
o The ambush – is the least planned of all and is
based on the element of surprise
o The selective raid – involves a minimum of
planning but some casing of the robbery scene
o The planned operation – is carefully structured
and the robbery group examines all aspects of the
situation, plans for all foreseeable contingencies.
 Crime Partnership in a Robbery Group
 Crime partners in a robbery group form a loose
partnership, providing the skills for the various task
necessary to carry out different types of robberies. They
participate in the planning of robberies as well as the basic
decision as to whether or not a certain target can be
successfully robbed.
 Crime partners usually are associates from spontaneous
play groups in the underworld. Investigators assigned a
single robbery or series of robberies to investigate should
search for “link-up” “connect-up” which will indicate the
operations of a group.
 Types of Robbers
 Amateurs
o motivated by greed, want, the desire for a thrill, or
need for self-testing.
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 Professionals
o are described as those persons who worked at
robbery as a trade making it their living and having
no other means of income.
o Technique Commonly Employed by Robbers
 Means of Entry
 The means of entry differs in various burglaries and are
related to the skill of a robber. The various known means
of entry are:
o The open door or window entry – the robber/s
roams residence areas, apartments, and hotels
looking for open doors or windows.
o The jimmy entry – the robber/s forces a door or
window with an iron tool such as a tire iron,
screwdriver, or small crowbar or box opener.
o The celluloid entry – the burglar forces open a
door spring lock with a small piece of celluloid.
o The stopover or human fly entry – the burglar is
an aerialist, the stopover robber steps from a fire
escape, balcony or other building to a nearby
window. The “human fly” robber can progress
upward or downward or the sides of a building to a
selected point of entry.
o Roof entry – the burglar breaks into a premises
through a skylight or air conditioning duct or the roof
or by cutting a hole in the roof of a building or
residential home.
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o The hide –in entry – the burglar hides in a

commercial premises until all employees have left
and then breaks out with the stolen property.
o The cut-in entry – the robber uses tools of various
kinds to cut through the floor, ceiling, or wall of a
store or office to another store or office
o Hit and run – the robber breaks a window of a
ground floor store and takes property from a window
or nearby portions of the premises, and flees before
police can be alerted to the crime.
o Key entry – the robber uses a key – the key may
be given to him by an informant (finger-man) it may
be stolen or the burglar may obtain a duplicate or
master key by various means.
 Methods of Safe breaking
 Punching
o In this manner of entry a sledge hammer and a drift
punch are used to knock the combination dial from
the safe and to drive the spindle back into the safe.
This makes the release mechanism of the lock
accessible and allows the safe to be opened.
 Pulling
o A device similar to a gear or wheel puller is used to
pull the dial or spindle completely out of the safe
door and thus allow the safe to be opened.
 Peeling
o This means of entry involves the prying off the
outer surfaces of the safe door so that the locking
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mechanism of the safe is exposed and can be pried

open, allowing entry to the safe.
 Drilling
o One or more holes are drilled in the door of the safe
to expose the lock mechanism allowing the safe-
breaker to align the lock tumblers manually and
open the door of the safe.
 Ripping
o This is a battering of the top, bottom or sides of a
safe with a chisel or other metal cutter, such as a
ripping bar the hydraulic ramming device used in a
body and fender shop.
 Burning
o Use of oxygen/acetylene torch.
 Blasting
o Use of explosives
 Carrying away.
o Investigative Techniques in Robbery Cases
 The investigator must initiate similar preliminary steps upon
reaching the crime scene (discuss earlier or this note)
 Determine the point of entrance and point of exit by the
perpetrator.
 Determine the value of stolen articles
 The full and detailed description of the stolen articles.
 Gather physical evidence.
 Determine the modus operandi of the perpetrator as it would give
leads in the identification and arrest of the suspect.
 Full and detailed description of a get-away vehicle if any, or
vessel, boat in cases of piracy.
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 Coordinate with other law enforcement agencies

 Exploit investigative leads (discuss earlier on this note)
 Written testimony of the complainant witnesses.
 Accumulate clues and traces at the scene of a crime which will
serve to identify the offender.
 Develop informants in the local underworld who are aware of the
activity of robbery, particularly the activity of the semi-skilled and
amateur groups (usually the addict robber)
 Conduct a surveillance of likely fences and uncover and trace
back stolen property from its receiver to the robber.
 Conduct surveillance of known burglars to ascertain if they are
presently committing robbery
 Accumulate information on various types of robber, the known
and newcomers, whether they are in or out of prison, whether they
are active
 Be alert on a modified modus operandi
 In cases homicide is committed; follow the pattern of homicide
investigation.
REFERENCES:
a. Villaluz, J., (2014), Instructional module on special crime investigation, Quezon
b. Sta. Ana, H. (2016), Special crime investigation, Quezon City: Chapterhouse
Publishing
c. Guevara, Ricardo M. (2014), Special crime investigation, 2nd, Quezon City:
d. Sabino-Diangson, Ruby Grace D. (2015), Legal Medicine, Quezon City:
e. Taylor, Jane, (2015), Forensic Odontology: Principles and Practice, 1st, John
Wiley & Sons
f. Santiago, Miriam Defensor, (2015), Penal code annotated: book 2, Manila: Rex
Book Store
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LET’S CHECK
Activity 1. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Encircle the correct answer.
1. It is the process which involves the search, collection, handling, preservation and
documentation of physical evidence to include the identification and interview of
witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene.
A. Interview C. Crime Scene Investigation
B. Instrumentation D. Evaluation of Report
2. In a crime investigation, what should be considered as priority?

A. Fleeing suspects
B. Secure the crime scene
C. Physical evidence
D. Emergency first
3. Baby is less than three day old. He is a child of X by his paramour Y. B is killed by
X to prevent his discovery by X’s legitimate wife, Z. The crime committed by X is -
A. homicide C. murder
B. infanticide D. parricide
4. A planned coordinated legal search by competent law enforcer to locate physical

evidence or witnesses to a crime investigation:
A. Crime scene search
B. Scene of the crime operations
C. Intelligence
D. Buy bust operation
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5. This is principally due to the fact that the voluntary contraction of the muscle during
life does not stop after death but is continuous with the act of such rigidity –
A. putrefaction C. rigor mortis
B. cadaveric spasm D. all of these
6. It refers to state of the body which there is complete, persistent and continuous
cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart and lungs which maintain life and
health.
A. Apparent death
B. Cellular death
C. Molecular death
D. Somatic death
7. It refers to the cooling of the body due to the cessation of the metabolic process
inside the body after death.
A. Rigor Mortis C. Algor Mortis
B. Putrefaction D. Post-mortem Rigidity
8. This is a comprehensive study of a dead body, performed by a trained physician

employing recognized dissection procedure and techniques.
A. embalming
B. autopsy
C. medical operation
D. post-mortem examination
9. A discoloration of the body after death when blood tends to pool in the blood
vessels of the most dependent portions of the body and starts 20 to 30 minutes af ter
death and is completed by 12 hours.
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A.rigor mortis
B.Primary flaccidity
C. maceration
D. Livor mortis
10. The primary purpose of a medico-legal autopsy is the determination of:

A. the cause of death C. the body, the organ and its wounds
B. the wounds and result of death D. the degree of certainty to the causes of death
11. Republic Act 9262 can also be committed by women.

A. True C. Partially true
B. False D. Partially False
12. It refers to the recruitment, transportation, transfer or harboring, or receipt of

persons with or without the victim's consent or knowledge, within or across national
borders by means of threat or use of force, or other forms of coercion.
A. Trafficking in Person C. Trafficked
B. Trafficker D. Victim
13. One of the tactics of robbers which involves a minimum of planning but some
casing of the robbery scene.
A. Ambush C. Selective Raid
B. Planned operation D. Hijacking
14. It include any person, firm, organization, association, or corporation or

partnership and other organization who which commits the act of fencing
A. Fence C. Fencer
B. Fancy D. Financier
15. Also known as Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974

a. PD 533 c. PD 532
b. RA 533 d. RA 532
16. The acronym IACAT stand for ________.

a. International Agency Control Against Trafficking
b. Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking
c. International Accounts in Controlling Against Trafficking
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d. Inter-Agency Courtesy Against Transnational Crimes
17. A type of robber which is motivated by greed, want, desire for a thrill, or need for
self-testing.
a. Amateur c. Professional
b. Criminaloid d. Petty thief
18. It is an order prescribed in the Anti-VAWC Act to prevent further abuse of or

violence against a woman and her child. It also provides them relief from said abuse
or violence.
a. Protection order c. Temporary Restraining Order
b. Subpoena d. Certificate of Desistance
19. The seizure of any person for ransom, extortion or other unlawful purposes, or the
taking away of the property of another by means of violence against or intimidation of
persons or force upon things of other unlawful means committed by any person or any
Philippine highway
a. Highway robbery c. Fencing
b. Robbery d. Cattle rustling
20. It is the taking away by any means, methods or scheme, without the consent of
the owner/raiser, of any of the livestock animals.
a. Highway robbery c. Fencing
b. Robbery d. Cattle rustling
LET’S ANALYZE!
Activity 1. Essay Writing. Write your insights about the following question.
1. Differentiate Post-Mortem Examination and Autopsy
2. Differentiate Cause of death and Manner of death. Provide examples.
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3. Differentiate acute from chronic poisoning.
4. What is the difference between Robbery and Estafa?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. What are the acts that will constitute a violation of RA 9262? Provide at least one
example.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
IN A NUTSHELL.
Activity 1. Discuss the chronological post-mortem changes in the body right after
death. You may add the approximate time of when these changes occur.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Scene of the Crime Post-Mortem

First Responder Algor Mortis
Operation Examination
Autopsy Rigor Mortis Livor Mortis Cadaveric Spasm
Homicide
Forensic Pathology Death Somatic Death
Investigation
State of
Putrefaction Mummification Molecular Death Suspended
Animation
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO d. Understand the Salient

Provisions of RA 9208 and Fundamentals of Police
Reports
Metalanguage
For you to demonstrate ULO d, you will need to have an operational
to refer to the previous definitions found in ULOa, b, c section.
 ACTS- It involves the recruitment, obtaining, hiring, providing, offering,
transportation, transfer, maintaining, harboring, or receipt of persons withor
without the victim's consent or knowledge, within or across national borders
 MEANS- It is committed by use of threat, or use of force, or other forms or
coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of position, taking
advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over
another person
 PURPOSE- It is done for the purpose of exploitation or the prostitution of
others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery,
involuntary servitude or the removal or sale of organs.
 POLICE REPORT- is a chronological description of an event that occurred at
any particular time and location. It may also be described as an account of an
inquiry or an official declaration of facts.
 RA 9208- it refers to the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
For the 8-9 weeks of this course, topics presented from this chapter were taken
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 SALIENT FEATURES OF RA 9208 (AS AMEDED BY RA 10364)

o What is Trafficking in Persons (TIP)?
 Trafficking in persons is an illegal act and is considered a
violation of human rights. It has three (3) inter-related and
interdependent elements for a situation to be considered
trafficking in persons:
 Acts
o It involves the recruitment, obtaining, hiring,
providing, offering, transportation, transfer,
maintaining, harboring, or receipt of persons withor
without the victim's consent or knowledge, within
or across national borders;
 Means
o It is committed by use of threat, or use of force, or
other forms or coercion, abduction, fraud,
deception, abuse of power or of position, taking
advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or the
giving or receiving of payments or benefits to
achieve the consent of a person having control
over another person; and
 Purpose
o It is done for the purpose of exploitation or the
prostitution of others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery,
involuntary servitude or the removal or sale of
organs.
o The recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harboring, adoption or receipt of a child for the
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purpose of exploitation or when the adoption is

induced by any form of consideration for exploitative
purposes shall also be considered as "trafficking in
persons" even if it does not involve any of the
means mentioned above.
o What are the acts punishable under the Anti-TIP law?
 Acts of Trafficking in Persons
 includes all acts committed by any natural or juridical
person where all the three elements of TIP (acts, means,
purpose) are present.
 Some examples are:
o recruitment, hiring, offering, transferring,
harboring or receiving any person for the purpose
of prostitution, pornography, or sexual exploitation,
under the pretext of domestic or overseas
employment or apprenticeship;
o undertaking or organizing tours and travel plans
consisting of tourism packages or activities for the
purpose of utilizing and offering persons for
prostitution, pornography or sexual exploitation;
o maintaining or hiring a person to engage in
prostitution or pornography;
o adopting persons by any form of consideration for
exploitative purposes; and
o recruitment, hiring, adopting, transporting,
obtaining, harboring, offering, receiving or
abducting a person, by means of threat or use of
force, fraud, deceit, violence, coercion, or
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intimidation for the purpose of removal or sale of

organs of said person.
 What is the Penalty for Acts of TIP?
o Any person found guilty of acts of TIP shall be
penalized with imprisonment of 20 years and a fine
of not less than 1 million but not more than 2
million pesos.
 Acts that Promote Trafficking in Persons
 includes all acts that encourages or facilitates TIP such as:
 knowingly using or allowing the use of any house or
establishment for promoting TIP
 facilitating the use of tampered or fake documents to
evade government regulatory and pre-departure
requirements
 production, publication, broadcast and distribution,
including use of ICT for propaganda materials that
promote TIP
 assisting in the conduct of misrepresentation or fraud in
securing clearances and necessary exit documents from
government, and facilitating exit/entry of persons
possessing tampered or fraudulent travel documents for
promoting TIP;
 preventing a trafficked person from seeking redress
from appropriate agencies by confiscating or destroying
his/her passport, travel or personal documents;
 tampering with or destroying of evidence, or influencing
or attempting to influence witnesses in an investigation
or prosecution of a TIP case;
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 destroying, concealing, removing, confiscating or

possessing travel and/or working documents of any
person in order to maintain the labor or services of that
person; and
 using one's office to impede the investigation, prosecution
or execution of lawful orders in a case.
 What is the Penalty for Acts Promoting of TIP?
o Any person found guilty of acts that promote TIP
shall be penalized with imprisonment of 15 years
and a fine of not less than 500 thousand but not
more than 1 million pesos.
 Use of Trafficked Persons
 any person who buys or engages the services of trafficked
persons for prostitution shall be penalized with
imprisonment ranging from six (6) years to forty (40) years
and fine ranging from 50 thousand to 5 million pesos.
 In addition to imprisonment and fine, an offender who
is a foreigner shall be immediately deported and
permanently barred from entering the country after
serving jail terms, while an offender who is a public
official shall be dismissed from service and suffer
perpetual absolute disqualification to hold public office.
 Qualified Trafficking in Persons
 the act will be considered as qualified TIP when:
o the trafficked person is a child;
o there is adoption under RA 8043 (Inter-Country
Adoption Act) and said adoption is for the purpose
of prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation,
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forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or delft

bondage;
o the crime is committed by a syndicate or is large
scale;
o the offender is a spouse, ascendant, parent,
sibling, guardian or a person who exercises
authority over the trafficked person;
o the offense is committed by a public official or
employee;
o the trafficked person is recruited to engage in
prostitution with any member of the military or
law enforcement agencies;
o the offender is a member of the military or law
enforcement agencies; the trafficked person died,
became insane, suffered mutilation, or got infected
with HIV/AIDS;
o the offender commits one or more acts of TIP over
a period of 60 or more days; and
o the offender directs or through another manages
the trafficking victim in carrying out the exploitative
purpose of trafficking .
 What is the Penalty for Qualified TIP?
o Qualified trafficking shall be penalized by life
imprisonment and a fine of not less than 2 million
but not more than 5 million pesos.
 Attempted Trafficking in Persons
 where there ore acts to initiate the commission of a
trafficking offense but the offender failed to or did not
execute all the elements of the crime, by accident or by
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reason of some cause other than voluntary desist once,

such overt acts shall be deemed as an attempt to commit
on act of TIP.
 In cases where the victim is a child, any of the following
acts shall also be deemed as attempted TIP:
o facilitating the travel of a child who travels alone to
a foreign country or territory without valid reason
and without the required clearance or permit from
the DSWD, or a written permit or justification from
the child's parent or legal guardian;
o executing, for a consideration, an affidavit of
consent or a written consent for adoption;
o recruiting a woman to bear a child for the purpose
of selling the child;
o simulating a birth for the purpose of selling the
child; and
o soliciting a child and acquiring the custody thereof
through any means, for the purpose of selling the
child.
 What is the Penalty for Attempted TIP?
o Any person found guilty of committing attempted
TIP shall be penalized with imprisonment of 15
years and a fine of not less 'than 500 thousand but
not more than 1 million pesos.
o What Protection is Given to Trafficked Persons?
 Legal Protection
 Free Legal Assistance
 Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
 Witness Protection Program
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 Victim Compensation Program

o Who May File a Complaint Against TIP?
 The trafficked person or the offended party
 Spouse
 Parents or legal guardians
 Siblings
 Children
 Any person who has personal knowledge of the offense
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 REPORT WRITING
o What is a Police Report?
 is a chronological description of an event that occurred at any
particular time and location. It may also be described as an
account of an inquiry or an official declaration of facts.
o Classification of Police Reports
 Informal reports
 it is usually a letter or memorandum, or any of one of the
many prescribed in day-to-day police operations. It could
contain many items of administrative importance. Many
police reports may be placed in this category.
 Formal reports
 this suggests the full-dress treatment, including cover, title
page, letter of transmittal, introduction, summary sheet,
text, conclusions, recommendations, appendices, index
and bibliography.
o Classifications of Police reports according to purpose:
 Performance report
 contains information as to the status of an activity or
operation.
 Fact-finding report
 involves the gathering and presentation of data in a logical
order, without attempt to draw conclusions.
 Technical report
 presents data on a specialized subject.
 Problem-determining report
 attempts to find out the causes of a problem or to find out
whether a problem really exists.
 Problem-solution report
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 analyzes the thought processes that lie behind the

solution of a particular problem. It may include all of the
elements found in the other types of reports, including
presentation of data collected, discussion of possible
solutions to the problem, and an identification of the best
solution.
o Categories of Police reports:
 Operational reports
 include those relating to the reporting of police incidents,
investigations, arrests, identification of persons, and
miscellaneous reports necessary to the conduct of routine
operations.
 Internal reports
 relate to the reporting necessary to the management of
police organization and include financial reports, personnel
reports, purchase reports, equipment report, property
maintenance reports, and general correspondence.
 Technical report
 present data on a specialized subject, but usually related
to completed staff work, and add to the specific knowledge
necessary to proper police management.
 Summary of information
 furnish intelligence information necessary to the solution
of crimes, accidents and police administrative problems. It
keeps executive and legislative authority, and the general
public informed of the problems, progress, and needs of
the police organization.
o Types of Police reports:
 Spot report
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 is done after an important incident takes place in a certain

area at a given time. It is done within 24 hours in order to
inform the immediate chief because of the principle of
command responsibility. It is done using the memo form or
the radiographic form.
 Special report
 is done either because one feel he has some reporting to
do, or a lower police unit is obligated based on directives.
 Paragraphing a Special report:
o Problem
 it answers the question, what is the report all
about?
o Rationale
 this presents details, explanations or
specifications regarding the problem.
o Action
 it give the reader the idea of what to do after
reading the report.
 Progress report
 this is a follow-up report to a report previously sent or it
could be an accomplishment report which may be
analytical in nature and may be comparatively longer.
 Investigation report
 it is a report that is classified as Confidential and follows
the following parts: AUTHORITY, MATTERS
INVESTIGATED, FACTS OF THE CASE, DISCUSSION,
CONCLUSIONS, and RECOMMENDATIONS.
 Beat Inspection report
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 this I submitted by the beat supervisor after inspecting

those on the beat.
 After Patrol report
 is submitted by the personnel on patrol immediately after
their tour of duty.
 Situation report
 this relates the present condition of a place or unit and
could be submitted daily, hourly or as the need arises.
o What are the Characteristics of Good Police Reports?
 Clarity
 the writer is duty-bound to serve his readers by letting them
understand easily what he is trying to get across. If the
writer is misunderstood, he expects to receive a different
response or answer: hence, he has to use clear and
appropriate words.
 Avoid impressive expressions
o Big Words Simple Words
Ennui boredom, restlessness
Seminal original, creative, of the semen
Officious meddlesome
Paragon ideal
 Avoid an unwitting language transfer

o “Kumain tayo sa labas”
 Wrong: Let’s eat outside.
 Correct: Let’s eat out.
o “Fortnightly”
 every two weeks
o “Score/s”
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 20 years
 Avoid illiteracy – misuse of the English word
o “A man robbed the bank.”
 (generic – the robber is identified only as a
man)
o “The man robbed the bank”
 (specific – the robber could be identified by
name or could be identified if face to face
with the witness)
 Accuracy
 Police communications should conform exactly to the truth
or to a standard. They should be without error, precise,
exact, and correct.
 Accuracy has something to do on how the sentences in the
paragraphs are written.
 Avoid putting a period to end your sentence if the
thought is incomplete.
o Example: On or about 3:15 o’clock in the afternoon
on March 30, 2020 inside Room S602, University of
the Cordilleras, Gov. Pack Rd., Baguio City, Juan
Tamad y Talaga, 21 years old, married, an
instructor at the University of Baguio, Baguio City,
together with Primitiva “Tibatiba” Pedro and Ben
Tuma y Tumbling, two of his criminology students.
Primo Pepito, the witness, said that…
 Take note, a period should not be placed
after the word students because the set of
words before it is a phrase that does not relay
a complete idea.
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 The comma should be placed instead of the

period.
 Avoid starting your sentence with a coordinating
conjunction (but, and, nor, or, for, so, yet).
o Wrong: Armed with a warrant of arrest, PEMS Juan
Tamad, the police investigator, went to the house of
the suspect. But he did not find any person inside
the house.
o Correct: Armed with a warrant of arrest, PEMS
Juan Tamad, the police investigator, went to the
house of the suspect, but he did not find any person
inside the house.
 The subject and the predicate of the sentence should
agree with each other.
o Wrong: Every day, the chief of police go to the
police station with two of his trusted police officers.
o Correct: Every day, the chief of police goes to the
police station with two of his trusted police officers.
 Use the correct tense of the verb.
o Wrong: Last year, Pat Don Juan asked the help of
PCOL PEPE PEPITO and stayed at the training
center to finished his leadership training, so that he
can applied for promotion.
o Correct: Last year, Pat Don Juan asked the help of
PCOL PEPE PEPITO and stayed at the training
center to finish his leadership training, so that he
can apply for promotion.
 Avoid Shift in voice within a sentence.
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o Wrong: The arresting officers arrested the suspect

at the crime scene (active), and he is informed of
his constitutional rights. (passive)
o Correct: The arresting officers arrested the suspect
at the crime scene, and informed him of his
constitutional rights.
o Active Voice: Miss Paga eats bananas.
o Passive Voice: The bananas are eaten by Miss
Paga.
 Avoid dangling modifiers. A dangling modifier is one
that has nothing to modify because what is ought to
modify is not clearly stated in the context.
o Wrong: While taking the statement of the suspect,
the light switched off.
o Correct: While taking the statement of the suspect,
PCpl Pepita Edong switched off the light.
 Avoid shift in the tense of the verb. In police technical
report writing, consistency in the tense of the verb
used is also very important.
o Wrong: The chief of police was instructing his
subordinates of what to do, and he is asked by
some patrolmen to be more considerate.
o Correct: The chief of police was instructing his
subordinates of what to do, and he was asked by
some patrolmen to be more considerate.
 Avoid shift in person.
o Wrong: Pat Juan Tamad will attend the seminar if
his wife will allow him.
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o Correct: Pat Juan Tamad will attend the seminar if

he will be allowed by his wife.
 Maintain the antecedent-pronoun agreement.
o Wrong: The provincial director likes to play with his
dog when they are newly bathed.
o Correct :The provincial director likes to play with his
dog when it is newly bathed.
 Use the exact or appropriate word that serves your
purpose.
o Sin- violation of religious law
o Vice- habitual degrading or corrupting behavior
o Crime- violation of man’s law
o Felony- punishable by the RPC
 Use numbers properly.
o In general technical report writing, single numbers
are written in words and for double numbers from
10 and above, the numbers are written instead of
the words. In police technical report writing,
however, the practice of writing the number in words
first then putting the number in open-close
parenthesis makes it more accurate.
o Wrong: 10 police officers escaped from the ambush
this morning.
o Correct: Ten (10) police officers escaped from the
ambush this morning.
 The ranks and names of police commissioned officers
(from Police Lieutenant to Police General) are all
capitalized. For police non-commissioned officers
(Patrolman - Police Executive Master Sergeant), the
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beginning letters of their ranks and names are

capitalized. The PNP and the military do not place a
period after their middle initial.
o POLICE MAJOR NANDREF B YAO
o POLICE COLONEL DEO N JUAN, JR.
o Police Corporal Simplicio Pepito
o PEMS Don F Bravado
 Use the proper punctuations. Try to remove all the
punctuations in a paragraph and read it again. There
is one thing sure: you cannot understand it.
o Wrong: PEMS Pedro Penduko did not have a
warrant of arrest. He arrested the suspect.
o Correct: PEMS Pedro Penduko did not have a
warrant of arrest; he arrested the suspect.
 Brevity
 saying much in fewer words
 Avoid redundancies
o completely eliminated
o protest against
o controversial issue
o qualified expert
o definite decision
o razed to the ground
o For recreational purposes
o reason why
o future plans
o Strangled to death
 Avoid padded phrases
WORDY BRIEF
At a period of time when when
At this present writing now
Due to the fact that for
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In compliance with your as requested, or on

request request
Or pursuant to your
request
In a number of cases some cases
In relation to toward
 Specificity
 giving life to a sentence by using particulars that call up
shape, texture, color and movement. Concretize abstract
words.
 Example:, in your report you stated “Juan Tamad stoned
Culassa Petro to death.”
o Here, there could be many questions to be
asked by the reader:
 How did Juan stone Culassa?
 What kind of stone?
 What is the size, weight, color and texture of
the stone?
 Persons also, whether suspect, victim or witness, should
be described to be specific.
 Remember, in our country, we have people of the same
names.
 Timeliness
 just like a spot report that should be submitted within
twenty-four (24) hours, any other police report should be
submitted on time in order to serve its purpose.
 A report that could no longer be used because it was not
submitted on time is useless. In the police organization,
punctuality is very important that is why compliances to
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police correspondence usually have target dates of

submission.
 Security
 most police reports are either classified as Restricted,
Confidential, Secret or Top Secret. The purpose is to
secure the given information from unauthorized access;
hence, the security classification of the document should
be placed on top and below of the document, and police
personnel are prohibited from divulging classified
information to unauthorized people meaning they have a
lower security clearance or none at all.
 A PNP member with a security clearance of Top Secret
can access all classified information, but somebody with a
security clearance of Secret cannot access Top Secret
information.
 Impartiality
 the report should be based on facts and not the opinions
of the writer. The writer should then be always objective
and avoid bias in presenting his reports.
 Completeness
 simple reports do not need all 5 Ws and 1 H, but as much
as possible, the writer should use at least the 5 Ws and 1
H.
 The writer should be aware that the reader, after reading
the report should have no question hanging in his mind
because all the necessary information he needs to know
are provided in the report
o The 5 W’s and 1 H of Police Reports
 Who
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 The who question identifies a person. In police

communication, if we refer to one person, then we should
refer to him alone, and not to any other person.
 The following answers the who question:
o Who was the victim?
o Who was the suspect?
o Who were the witnesses?
o Who saw, heard, smelled or tasted anything
relevant to the crime?
o Whom did the suspect talk to?
o Whom did the victim talk to?
o Who helped the suspect commit the crime?
o Who processed the crime scene?
o Who was the evidence custodian?
o With whom the suspect was last seen?
o With whom the victim was last seen?
 What
 The weakness of some police officers is that they tend to
name the specific crime that was committed, even with just
a few pieces of information they had gathered. The police
officer’s duty is just to gather all necessary data, submit the
case to the Prosecutor’s Office, and the Prosecutor’s
Office will be the one to tell the police officer of what crime
actually happened.
 The following answers the What question:
o What property was stolen, lost or found?
o What type of property was attacked?
o What type of evidence was found at the crime
scene?
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o What type of weapon used in the crime?

o What tool or machine was used in the crime?
o What did the suspect do after committing the crime?
o What defense did the victim offer after being
attacked?
o What did the witnesses observe about the crime?
o What was done to the pieces of evidence gathered?
o What was done to the victim?
o What was done at the crime scene?
o What did the suspect say during, before or after the
crime?
o What was the relationship between the victim and
the suspect?
o What was the color of the suspect’s clothes?
o What was the victim doing when he was attacked
by the suspect?
o What word or words did the suspect tell after
committing the crime?
 Where
o This question answers the geographical location of
the crime scene, person, property or evidence.
 The following answers the where question:
o Where was the crime committed?
o Where was the piece of evidence discovered?
o Where did the suspect hide the weapon he used?
o Where was the victim found?
o Where was the suspect seen during the crime?
o Where were the tools used in the crime?
o Where was the exit of the suspect?
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o Where was the entrance of the suspect?

o Where did the suspect hide after committing the
crime?
o Where were the hangouts of the suspect?
o Where was the piece of evidence stored?
o Where did the suspect pass through?
o Where is the place of residence of the suspect?
o Where is the place of birth of the victim?
o Where were the witnesses when the suspect
attacked the victim?
o Where did the suspect run to after committing the
crime?
 When
 This includes the date and time the crime was committed,
pieces of evidence discovered, victim found, suspect
apprehended, etc.
 The following answers the When question:
o When was the crime committed?
o When was the crime discovered?
o When was the victim found?
o When did the victim see, hear, smell, touch, or taste
something unusual?
o When was the piece of evidence recovered?
o When was the police informed of the crime?
o When did the police arrive to the crime scene?
o When did the suspect plan to commit the crime?
o When did the victim know that he was robbed?
o When was the crime scene cordoned?
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o When was the crime scene turned over to the

SOCO
o When was the victim last seen?
o When was the suspect seen with the victim?
o When was the last time the suspect was charged of
an offense?
o When did the suspect know that the police are
looking for him?
o When did the suspect apologize to the victim?
 Why
 The Why question answers the motive of the perpetrator
committing the crime.
 The following answers the Why question:
o Why did the suspect commit the crime?
o Why did the suspect choose to use certain tools or
weapons?
o Why did the person report the crime to the police?
o Why did the suspect, himself, report the crime to the
police?
o Why did the victim go the place where he was
attacked?
o Why did not the victim defend himself?
o Why did not the victim ask help from bystanders?
o Why did the suspect choose the place to commit the
crime?
o Why did the suspect choose the time to commit the
crime?
o Why were the witnesses hesitant to give their
testimony?
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o Why were the pieces of evidence destroyed?

o Why were the pieces of evidence absent from the
crime scene?
o Why did not the police arrive on time to the crime
scene?
 How
 The How question answers the manner the crime was
committed. It is necessary that the police officer should use
adverbs so that the reader could imagine and understand
exactly how the crime was committed.
 The following answers the How question:
o How did the suspect commit the crime?
o How did the suspect go to the crime scene?
o How did the suspect leave the crime scene?
o How did the witness observe the crime?
o How did the victim know about the plan of the
suspect to attack him?
o How much money was taken from the bank?
o How often do the suspects loiter around the pawn
shop?
o How long was the bolo that was used in the crime?
o How much did the suspect give to witness for him
not to testify in court?
o How long did the suspects stay inside the bank
before they declared the bank robbery?
o Police Blotter
 What is a Police Blotter?
 It is a record of daily events occurring within the territory
and jurisdiction of a given police unit or command. It
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contains material details concerning the event for legal and

statistical purposes.
 the police blotter shall be a record book with hard cover
and shall be 12 inches by 16 inches in size.
 Writing a police blotter entry
 before deciding to write reported information inside the
police blotter, police officers, especially rookies or those
who are not used to recording information inside police
blotters, should get a piece of paper, jot down all 5 Ws and
1 H, answer them all, and then construct the paragraph.
 Afterward, the immediate supervisor should check it before
it is finally written into the police blotter in order to minimize
errors because he could be equally held accountable to the
police blotter entry, together with the police officer who
made the blotter entry.
 Procedures in making entries into the Police blotter:
 All entries into the police blotter shall be handwritten in clear,
concise and simple manner but must answer as far as
practicable the 5 Ws and 1 H.
 Only facts are entered into the blotter.
 No erasures shall be made on the entries. Corrections are made
by drawing a horizontal line across such word or phrase and
initialed by the police officer making the correction.
 A ball pen or pen with blue, black or blue-black ink is used for
making the entries.
 Misrepresentation in the blotter or any attempt to suppress any
information is punishable criminally and administratively.
 All entries must be legibly written in longhand and consecutively
numbered.
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 Every page of the blotter shall be consecutively and

chronologically filled up. No line or space shall be left blank
between any two entries.
 Any development of the case to be reflected in the blotter shall
be a new entry at the time and day it was reported. A reference
to the previous entry number of the case should be made.
 During every shift, the duty sergeant under the supervision of
the duty officer or complaint desk officer shall make the actual
entries on the blotter and at the end of their tour of duty, both
shall sign the police blotter.
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REFERENCES:
a. Villaluz, J., (2014), Instructional module on special crime investigation, Quezon
b. Sta. Ana, H. (2016), Special crime investigation, Quezon City: Chapterhouse
Publishing
c. Guevara, Ricardo M. (2014), Special crime investigation, 2nd, Quezon City:
d. Padduyao, F. (2021), Technical report writing and presentation. Wiseman’s
Books Trading, Inc.
e. RA 9208, as Amended by RA 10364. Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking.
Retrieved from https://iacat.gov.ph/?page_id=23 on August 20 2019.
f. Sabino-Diangson, Ruby Grace D. (2015), Legal Medicine, Quezon City:
g. Taylor, Jane, (2015), Forensic Odontology: Principles and Practice, 1st, John
Wiley & Sons
h. Santiago, Miriam Defensor, (2015), Penal code annotated: book 2, Manila: Rex
Book Store
LET’S CHECK!
Activity 1. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The police blotter shall be a record book with hard cover and shall be ______
in size.
a. 12 inches by 16 inches
b. 11 inches by 14 inches
c. 8 inches by 16 inches
d. 10 inches by 20 inches
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2. The writer should be aware that the reader should have no questions after
reading the report because all of the required information is supplied in the
report.
a. Completeness
b. Timeliness
c. Security
d. Impartiality
3. This refers to the habitual degrading or corrupting behavior?
a. Virtue
b. Crime
c. Felony
d. Vice
4. Generally, it refers to a chronological account of an event that occurred at a
certain time and place?
a. Police report
b. Spot Report
c. Progress Report
d. Formal Report
5. The following are elements of trafficking in person, EXCEPT?
a. Acts
b. Means
c. Motive
d. Purpose
6. Adopting persons by any form of consideration for exploitative purposes is
considered_________ under RA 9208?
a. Acts of Trafficking in Persons
b. Acts that Promote Trafficking in Persons
c. Qualified Trafficking in Persons
d. Attempted Trafficking in Persons
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7. It is word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence?
a. impressive expressions
b. unwitting language transfer
c. coordinating conjunction
d. Dangling modifier
8. The following person can file a complaint against TIP, EXCEPT?
a. The trafficked person or the offended party
b. Spouse
c. Parents or legal guardians
d. The human trafficker
9. It is submitted by the personnel on patrol immediately after their tour of duty?
a. Investigation report
b. Beat Inspection report
c. After Patrol report
d. Situation report
10. When the TIP offense is committed by a public official or employee, it I
considered as_______ under the RA 9208?
a. Acts of Trafficking in Persons
b. Acts that Promote Trafficking in Persons
c. Qualified Trafficking in Persons
d. Attempted Trafficking in Persons
LET’S ANALYZE!
Activity 1. Change the underlined phrase to make the statement correct.
Example: Juan and Petra has many equipment’s in his farm.
Answer: have many equipment in their___________________
1. Juan, one of the new recruit were acquainted of the school’s rules and
regulations.
______________________________________________________________
2. Yesterday, the instructors, together with the dean, advice there students to go
home.
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______________________________________________________________
3. Juana Tamad was one of the working student. But they were able to finish BS
Nursing.
______________________________________________________________
4. The chief, as well as the personels, know how to arrest the top most wanted
person.
______________________________________________________________
5. Last week, the dean pass by and appraise us to prepare for the driving lesson.
______________________________________________________________
6. Neither Juan, my uncle, or her wives eat unripe bananas, apples and oranges.
______________________________________________________________
7. Pepita told me that he runs the 100-meter ran from Burnham Park to Igorot
Garden.
______________________________________________________________
8. Jose greeted Juana, her instructors, and she was given 10 kilograms of fresh
bananas.
______________________________________________________________
9. When you eat bananas, one should washed it thoroughly in order to get rid of
germs.
______________________________________________________________
10. Did PSI Petra Juan, the most decorated policemen, arrested the suspect
yesterday?
______________________________________________________________
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IN A NUTSHELL
Activity 1. You are required to write a reflection on everything you’ve discuss ULOd.
You can also discuss how the topic will help you in your future profession.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Police Report Progress Report Police Blotter Acts
Spot Report RA 9208 Means Purpose
Inter-Agency
Trafficking in
Final Report Dangling Modifier Council Against
Person
Trafficking
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Q&A LIST. This section allows you to list down all emerging questions or issues. This
Q&A portion will help you to understand the concepts and essential knowledge that
this course offers.
Do you have and questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Final Written Exam for Lecture

Since this is a board examination course, you are required to the Multiple-Choice Final
Examination inside the University as required by the policy. Accordingly, this is non-
negotiable for all licensure-based programs. You will be informed ahead of the
schedule.
Lastly, for any concerns or issues arising from this module, feel free to contact the course
administrator, program head or dean using the contact details provided in this material.
COURSE SCHEDULE-LECTURE. This section calendars all the activities and

exercises, including readings and lectures, as well as time for making assignments and
doing other requirements, in a programmed schedule by days and weeks, to help the
students in SDL pacing, regardless of mode of delivery.
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Activity Date Where to submit

Big Picture A: Let’s Check Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture A: Let’s Do This Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture A: In a Nutshell Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture B: Let’s Check Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture B: Let’s Do This Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture B: In a Nutshell Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture C: Let’s Check Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture C: Let’s Do This Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture C: In a Nutshell Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture D: Let’s Check Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture D: Let’s Do This Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Big Picture D: In a Nutshell Activities TBA Blackboard LMS
Q&A List TBA Blackboard LMS
Final Exam TBA Blackboard LMS
Online Code of Conduct
(1) All teachers/Course Facilitators and students are expected to abide by an

honor code of conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise self-
management and self-regulation.
(2) Faculty members are guided by utmost professional conduct as learning

facilitators in holding OBD and DED conduct. Any breach and violation shall be
dealt with properly under existing guidelines, specifically on social media
conduct (OPM 21.15) and personnel discipline (OPM 21.11).
(3) All students are likewise guided by professional conduct as learners in

attending OBD or DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with
properly under existing guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student Discipline)
in the Student Handbook.
(4) Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the University’s
Core Values, specifically in the adherence to intellectual honesty and integrity;
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academic excellence by giving due diligence in virtual class participation in all

lectures and activities, as well as fidelity in doing and submitting performance
tasks and assignments; personal discipline in complying with all deadlines; and
observance of data privacy.
(5) Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly.
The University shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and
penalize plagiarism.
(6) All borrowed materials uploaded by the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be

properly acknowledged and cited; the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be
professionally and personally responsible for all the materials uploaded in the
online classes or published in SIM/SDL manuals.
(7) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall devote time to handle OBD or DED

courses and shall honestly exercise due assessment of student performance.
(8) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall never engage in quarrels with students

online. While contentions intellectual discussions are allowed, the
teachers/Course Facilitators shall take the higher ground in facilitating and
moderating these discussions. Foul, lewd, vulgar and discriminatory languages
are absolutely prohibited.
(9) Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do

assignments, unless collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students
shall not resort to dishonesty to improve the result of their assessments (e.g.
examinations, assignments).
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(10) Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account.
Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to
others to further academic fraudulence online.
(11) By handling OBD or DED courses, teachers/Course Facilitators agree and

abide by all the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the
requirements and protocols in handling online courses.
(12) By enrolling in OBD or DED courses, students agree and abide by all the
provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and
protocols in handling online courses.
Course prepared by:
JOEMAR B, CERVANTES_______
Course reviewed by:
ROBERTO R. MAGBOJOS, Ph.D.___________

Program Head, College of Criminal Justice Education
Approved by:
CARMELITA B. CHAVEZ, Ph.D.______

Dean, College of Criminal Justice Education
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Sim Cri 223 Special Crime Investigation With Legal Medicine Joemar Cervantes

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THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Criminal Justice Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CRI 223- Special Crime Investigation with Legal Medicine

Name of Teacher: JOEMAR B. CERVANTES, RCrim

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

Let’s Analyze 103

Course Outline: CRI 223: SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL

Course Coordinator : JOEMAR B. CERVANTES

Self-Instructional Module Policies

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact

This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is

Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd,

Since this course is included in the licensure

To ensure honesty and authenticity, all

Please note that academic dishonesty such as

The score for an assessment item submitted after

However, if the late submission of assessment

Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2)

You should request in writing addressed to the

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

Course discussions/exercises – 30%

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

Preferred Referencing All outputs in this course which requires the

You are required to create a umindanao email

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

Dr. Carmelita B. Chavez

Contact Details of the Dr. Roberto R. Magbojos

Online Tutorial Registration You are required to undergo a tutorial on this

A specific tutorial time for this course by registering

Help Desk Contact ccje@umindanao.edu.ph

Library Contact library@umindanao.edu.ph

CRI 223 – see/download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS

CC’s Voice: Hello prospective criminologists! Welcome to this

CO: Before the actual practice of your professions, you

a. Explain the legality and technicality in the conduct of custodial investigation of

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Explain the legality and

 ARREST – It is the taking of a person into custody in order that he may be

 INVESTIGATION-It is the process of inquiring, eliciting, soliciting and getting

 RULES AND LAWS IN FUNDAMENTAL OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

the criminal investigator who performs these critical tasks in the

includes invitation to a person who is being investigated in

 Once the hypothesis is developed, the investigator has

o The right to be informed of such rights – In

stood. The Court overturned her conviction, however, and

Miranda’s constitutional rights were not violated in

obtained after he had requested and been denied the

words, as the deception test was not “sufficiently

 On January 19, 1953 it was formally christened as the Criminal

 From then on, CIS was renamed Criminal Investigation Service

allowed it to function as a division under the Department of Justice

of Executive Order No. 94, issued on 4 October 1947, by then

crimes and other offenses against the laws of the Philippines,

 SCENE OF CRIME OPERATIONS

documentation/recording and collection of physical evidences at

 KINDS OF CRIME SCENE SKETCHING

 It is a permanent record of the size and distance relationship of the

 Rectangular coordinates. (Measurements at right angles

 CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

 Take an overlapping shot of the immediate scene from four different