1.

Context of British Colonial Rule: The massacre occurred in the backdrop of British colonial rule
in India, characterized by exploitation, discrimination, and suppression of civil liberties.
2. Rowlatt Act: The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919, which allowed for indefinite detention
without trial, sparked widespread protests across India, contributing to the atmosphere of
unrest.
3. Protest Gathering: On April 13, 1919, thousands of unarmed civilians, including men, women,
and children, gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to peacefully protest against the
Rowlatt Act and demand the release of two arrested leaders.
4. Brigadier General Reginald Dyer: Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, with a contingent of British
Indian Army troops, arrived at Jallianwala Bagh and ordered his troops to open fire on the
crowd without warning.
5. Indiscriminate Firing: Troops under Dyer's command fired indiscriminately into the crowd for
about ten minutes, trapping the people within the enclosed space of the garden.
6. Casualties: Official estimates put the number of deaths at around 400, with over 1,000
wounded, though some sources suggest the casualties were much higher.
7. Consequences: The massacre shocked India and the world, leading to widespread condemnation
of British colonial rule and Brigadier General Dyer's actions.
8. Impact on the Independence Movement: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre fueled outrage and
galvanized support for the Indian independence movement, leading to a stronger resolve among
Indians to resist colonial oppression.
9. Role in National Consciousness: The massacre remains a symbol of British colonial brutality
and the sacrifices made by those who fought for India's independence, serving as a somber
reminder of the cost of freedom.
10. International Response: The massacre received international attention and condemnation,
prompting renewed scrutiny of British colonial policies in India.