SCIENCE 10 REVIEWER

Male Reproductive System

 Produces and transports sperm cells

 Urethra- the tube that passes through the

penis to the outside of the body which
carries urine and sperm

 Penis- a soft, tubular organ that hangs front

of the body and is the external sexual organ
of the male which through which the sperm
are delivered into the female’s body

 Testes – made up of coiled tubules in which

the sperm are produced.

-produces the male sex hormone—

The glands and ducts of the reproductive
testosterone.
system
 Epididymis- a coiled J shaped tube located
 Vas deferens- about 18 inches (45 cm) long
on back of each testicle
and loop over the bladder
 Urethra- valve within the urethra prevents
the mixing of urine and sperm

The sperm cell

 Unique structure located in the testis.

 Fertilizes the egg
 Testes-epididymis (temporarily stored)-vas
deferens-prostate glands and seminal
vesicles (semen)-urethra- penis

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries

 small and almond-shaped organs.

 Vas deferens- the tube that receives sperm  produces estrogen and progesterone
from the epididymis of each testicle.  during puberty, ovaries usually produce and
release ripened egg every 28 days. This
 Scrotum- pouch of skin that hangs from the
process is called ovulation
penis which houses the testes and protects
the sperm by keeping the temperature of
the testes slightly lower than the normal
body temperature in order for the sperm to
survive
Fallopian tubes • Vulva- the external genitalia which
includes the ff parts:
 two very fine tubes which extended from
each ovary into the uterus. • Labia minora- small lips covered with
 To contain egg until fertilization takes place modified skin
and to provide passage leading the sperm to
• Labia majora- large lips covered with
the egg and fertilized egg to the uterus
pubic hair.
Uterus or womb
• Clitoris- small almond-shaped erectile
 hollow muscular, pear shaped organ located tissue located below the junction of two
between the two ovaries. minora.
 Uterus or womb-hollow muscular, pear
shaped organ located between the two
ovaries. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 Uterus or womb-hollow muscular, pear
 Also called monthly period is the monthly
shaped organ located between the two
shedding of the lining of the uterus
ovaries.
Follicular Phase (1-5 days)
Cervix
 During menstruation, it breaks down the
 a narrow structure within an inch long canal
endometrium
connecting the lower end of the uterus to
the upper portion of vagina Ovulation

Vagina or birth canal  In the ovary, the follicle matures and

rebuilds the endometrium. (6-13 days)
 hollow tube leading from the cervix to the
 Secondary oocyte is released from the
outside of the body.
ovary. (14 days)
 the wall is elastic which allows it to expand
during childbirth and sexual intercourse Luteal Phase (15-28 days)

 Formation of the corpus luteum;

endometrium thickens and develops

Hormones

 Regulate the function of a specific organ of

the body.
 Regulating and complex chemical
substances secreted by the endocrine
glands that are carried through the blood
stream to the target organ in many areas of
the body.
Progesterone
 Maintains the uterus lining
Testosterone
 Regulates the development of the male sex
organs in embryo.
 Controls sex drive and secondary sex
characteristics at puberty
HOMEOSTASIS
 Responsible in the regulation and
maintenance of the internal environment of
the body.
 Regulates body temperature, fluids, salts,
acids, gases, and nutrients that helps
supports human life.

Estrogen

 It controls sex drive and regulates the

development of female secondary sex
characteristics at puberty.

The hormones controlling the female

reproductive system include

 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

causes the pituitary gland in the brain to
make and secrete the hormones luteinizing
hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones
 Control system to reduce or minimize any
cause the testicles to make testosterone. In
changes or conditions of the body, which
women, they cause the ovaries to make
keeps the whole body stem stable.
estrogen and progesterone.
The male does not have a positive feedback
 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) mechanism and is acylical. GnRH in a pulsatile
manner by neurons with cell bodies in
Females- stimulates the maturation of egg cell
hypothalamus.
in the ovary and estrogen production

Males- Stimulates sperm production

 leutenizing hormone (LH)
In females, it stimulates ovulation, maturation
of egg cell, and progesterone production;
whereas in males, it stimulates sperm and
testosterone production
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system is your body’s decision and
communication center.
Hypothalamus
 It is connected to the pituitary gland by
blood vessels to regulate body temperature,
blood pressure, and use of water.
 The hypothalamus makes Gonodotropin-
releasing hormone (GnRH) which controls
the release of other hormones from your
pituitary gland.
The Central Nervous System (CNS) o Holds memory stage and retrieval

 Consists of the brain and spinal cord Midbrain

 Receives and processes all of the
o Connects the forebrain and hindbrain
information from all parts of the body
Hindbrain
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
o Holds the cerebrum, pons and medulla
 Connects the CNS to the organs and limbs
oblongata
by relaying information through the nerves.
Cerebrum

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN o for coordination, movement, posture and
balance
Forebrain
Pons
o Contains the cerebrum, thalamus,
hypothalamus, and hippocampus o Involves motor control and sensory analysis

Cerebrum Medulla Oblongata

o Center of Intelligence and thinking: thought o Controls automatic functions

and action Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Frontal Lobe  PNS is further divided into two more
o Associated with movement, orientation and divisions, SNS (Somatic Nervous System)
the recognition and perception of stimuli. and Autonomic Nervous System.

Occipital Lobe Somatic Nervous System

o Associated with visual processing  SNS regulates the activities that are under
conscious control. Includes all the nerves
Temporal Lobe controlling the muscular system and
o Associated with perception and recognition external sensory receptors, refers to the
external organs, the eyes, ears, nose, skin
of auditory stimuli, memory and speech.
and tongue.
Thalamus
Autonomic Nervous System
o Relays motor and sensory signal to the
 is a component of the peripheral nervous
cerebrum
system that regulates involuntary
Hypothalamus physiologic processes including heart rate,
blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and
o Regulates the sleep wake cycle
sexual arousal.
Amygdala

o Controls emotions such as fear and

aggression
PROTEINSYNTHESIS
Hippocampus

 A DNA is double-stranded while RNA is
single-stranded
 The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose while that
in RNA is ribose.
 c. The nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine
(A), guanine (G), thymine (T) and cytosine
(C). In RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine
and uracil.
Why does DNA replicate?
 To produce a copy of the genetic material
that will be transferred to new cells during
mitosis or to new gametes during meiosis
 In order for a cell to manufacture these
proteins, specific genes within its DNA must
first be transcribed into molecules of mRNA;
then, these transcripts must be translated
into chains of amino acids, which later fold
into fully functional proteins.
How does a mRNA molecule carry information
from DNA?
 The messenger RNA carries the information
of the gene in the DNA through the DNA-
dependent RNA synthesis or transcription.
In eukaryotes, the mRNA moves from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm, where the
information is translated into proteins with
the help of ribosomes.
1. As translation begins, mRNA binds to a
ribosome in which the ribosomal RNA is
found. Then, tRNA molecules, each carrying
a specific amino acid, attract the ribosome.
The tRNA anticodon pairs with the first
mRNA (start) codon AUG, to form the
initiation complex. The two molecules
temporarily join together.
2. Usually, the first codon on mRNA is AUG,
which codes for the amino acid methionine.
AUG signals the start of protein synthesis.
Then, the ribosome slides along the mRNA
to the next codon.
3. A new tRNA molecule carrying an amino
acid pairs with the second mRNA codon.
4. When the first and second amino acids are
in place, an enzyme joins them by forming a
peptide bond between them.
5. As the process continues, a chain of amino
acids is formed until the ribosome reaches a
stop codon (e.g., UAA, UGA, UAG) on the
mRNA strand. The polypeptide chain is
released and protein synthesis is complete.
Figure 7 summarizes the translation
process.
MUTATIONS
Are changes made to an organism’s genetic
material.
Changes may be due to errors in replication,
error during transcription, radiation, viruses and
many other things.
TYPE OF MUTATIONS  The body produces thick and sticky mucus
that can clog the lungs and obstruct the
Point Mutations
pancreas.
 Large category of mutations describe a
change in single nucleotide of DNA, that
Substitution
causes that DNA to be different from the
normal type gene sequence.  Bases are swapped for different ones
Insertion
 Extra base pair is added to a sequence of
bases.

Beta Thalassemia
 Blood disorder that reduces the production
of hemoglobin.

Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made

during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation,
exposure to chemicals called mutagens or infected by
viruses. Germ line mutations occur in the eggs and
sperm and can be passed on to offspring, while somatic
mutations occur in body cells and are not passed on.

Genetic Disorders
Deletion
 Caused by an abnormality in the genetic
 Extra base pair is deleted from a sequence make up of an Individual.
 Can be caused by a chromosomal
Cystic Fibrosis abnormality
 Hereditary disease that affects the lungs
and digestive system
CRI-DU-CHAT SYNDROME
 Also known as 5p- syndrome, is a
chromosomal condition that results when a
piece of chromosome 5 is missing.
 Affected Individuals have distinctive facial
features, including widely set eyes
(hypertelorism), low-set ears, a small jaw
and a rounded face.

PATAU SYNDROME
 Trisomy 13
 The extra genetic material disrupts normal
development, causing multiple and complex
organ defects.

DOWN SYNDROME
 Trisomy 21
 Chromosomal condition that is associated
with intellectual disability, a characteristic
facial appearance, and weak muscle tone
(hypotonia) in infancy.

Jacobsen Syndrome

 A condition cause by a loss of genetic

material from chromosome 11
 Affected individuals have delayed
development, including the development of
speech and motor skills (such as sitting,
standing and walking)

EDWARDS SYNDROME

Trisomy 18

Chromosomal conditions associated with

abnormalities in many parts of the body.
Individuals with trisomy 18 often have slow
growth before birth (intrauterine growth
retardation) and a low birth weight.
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
 Results from the presence of one extra copy
of the X chromosome in each cell (47,XXY).
Extra copies of genes on the X chromosome
interfere with male sexual development,
often preventing the testes from functioning
normally and reducing the levels of
testosterone.

TURNER SYNDROME
 Results when one normal X chromosome is
present in a female’s cells and the other sex
chromosome is missing or structurally
altered. The missing genetic material affects
development before and after birth. EVOLUTION
 The change in inherited traits over
successive generations in populations of
organisms.
 This allowed organisms to adapt and survive
in their environment.
EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION
1. Fossil records
2. Comparative Anatomy
3. Embryonic Development
4. Genetic Information
Fossil Records
 Fossil Records are traces of organisms that
lived in the past and were preserved by
natural process or catastrophic events
 Fossils document the existence of now-
extinct past species that are related to
present-day species
Imprints
 Are shallow external molds left by animal or
play tissues with little or no organic
materials present.
Compressions
 Compression fossils are animal or plant
tissues preserved in sedimentary rock and is
formed with more organic material.
The ages of the fossils are determined by:
1. Relative dating
The age of rock compared to the other rock
layers
2. Radiometric Dating
Method used to determine the age of rocks
using the decay of radioactive isotopes of
Carbon-14 which is present in rocks when the
organism died.
Comparative Anatomy
 Study of similarities and differences in the
structures of different species.
 Types of structures: Homologous structures,
analogous structures, vestigial structures.
Homologous Structure
 Body parts of organisms that may perform
different functions but are of the same
origin

Vestigial Structures
 Body parts that are useless or left from a
previous ancestor in which they were useful

Analogous Structure
Embryonic Development
 Body parts of the organisms that may
perform the same function but are of the  The portion of the life cycle that begins just
different origins. after fertilization.
Genetic Information
 Small mutations or changes in the DNA
eventually lead to the evolution of new
species
BIODIVERSITY
 Biodiversity is the biological variety and
variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a
measure of variation at the genetic, species
and ecosystem level.
 also called biological diversity, the
variety of life found in a place on Earth or,
often, the total variety of life on Earth. A
common measure of this variety, called
species richness, is the count of species in
an area.
High Biodiversity
 it is evenly distributed, more diverse, stable
and, has more chance of survival.
Low Biodiversity
 it is not evenly distributed, less diverse, not
stable and, has less chance of survival
Structural Adaptations
 the way some plants have adapted to life in
dry, hot deserts. Plants called succulents
have adapted to this climate by storing
water in their short, thick stems and leaves.
Behavioral Adaptations
 Seasonal migration
 ● Ex. Gray whales (Eschrichtius
robustus) migrate thousands of
kilometers every year as they swim from
the cold Arctic Ocean in summer to the
warm waters off the coast of Mexico to
winter. Grey whale calves are born in
the warm southern water, and then
travel in groups called pods to the
nutrient-rich waters of the Arctic.
Habitat
 Adaptations often develop in response to a
change in the organisms’ habitat.
Speciation
 Sometimes, an adaptation or set of
adaptations develops that splits one species
into two. This process is known as
speciation.
 Speciation is how a new kind of plant or
animal species is created. Speciation occurs
when a group within a species separates
from other members of its species and
develops its own unique characteristics.
Coadaptation
 Organisms sometimes adapt with and to
other organisms. This is called coadaptation.