SENG42283 – Mobile

Networks
Introduction

Sadeepa Sepala
sadeepa.sepala@gmail.com
Mobile Networks - Introduction
A cellular network or mobile network is a
communication network where the link to and from end
nodes is wireless.
-Wikipedia

The uniqueness of wireless networks is their ability to provide

dynamic network connectivity for users, devices, services, and
applications without being tethered to any wired hardware. As
such, wireless technology is expected to cater to different
types of mobility characteristics.

Types of mobility :
● Pedestrian Mobility
● Marine and Submarine Mobility
● Earthbound Vehicular Mobility
● Aerial Mobility
● Medium-based Mobility (different kinds of intervening
strata)
● Outer Space Mobility
Mobile Networks - Introduction
Evolution of Wireless Communication

Started as a replacement to the wired telephone

• Early generations offered voice and limited data
• Current third and fourth generation systems
- Voice
- Texting
- Social networking
- Mobile apps
- Mobile Web
- Mobile commerce
- Video streaming

● Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in

1896
– Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in
analog signal
– Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean

● 1960’s Wireless Networks are Evolved

Mobile Networks - Introduction
Evolution of Wireless Communication
● 1973, Martin Cooper of Motorola invented first mobile phone
handset

● 1983, First Analog cellular service, AMPS (Advanced Mobile

phone Service)

● 1991, First GSM (Global System for mobile Communications)

- Used Digital communication with TDMA, FDMA and Circuit
Switched digitized voice

○ 2.5G, GPRS, Packet Switch Data over GSM networks

● 2000 - 3G, Packet switching for both voice and data

○ WiMax, LTE

● 2010 4G – LTE Advanced, WiMAX 4G

● 2020 5G
Mobile Networks - Introduction
Evolution of Wireless Communication

● Upto 2G systems main focus was on voice

communication. From 3G focus changed more in
to data communication and converged services.
Mobile Networks - Introduction
Evolution of Wireless Communication
Mobile Networks - Introduction

● Wireless connectivity is a great way to turn an

stationary computing system to a Mobile
computing system.

● Portable devices allows users to carry their

computing system easily

● Mobile Applications facilitates access computing

systems on the way.

● Mobile user, mobile device, mobile application and

mobile network together made the mobile
computing.
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Future Trends:

● LTE-Advanced and gigabit Wi-Fi now being deployed

● Machine-to-machine communications
– The “Internet of Things”
– Devices interact with each other
○ Healthcare, disaster recovery, energy savings, security and
surveillance, environmental awareness, education,
manufacturing and many others

– Information dissemination
○ Data mining and decision support

– Automated adaptation and control

○ Home sensors collaborate with home appliances, HVAC
systems, lighting systems, electric vehicle charging stations,
and utility companies.
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Mobile Network Challenges:

● Bandwidth Limitations and variations

● Coveraged/Connectivity problems
● Varying Disturbances from the surroundings

● Device Limitations
● Limited Processing Capability, Memory/Storage,
Power/Battery, user interface capabilities etc…
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Analog signal - signal intensity varies continuously

over time. No breaks or discontinuities in the signal

Digital signal - signal intensity only in discrete levels

Periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern

that repeats over time
s(t +T ) = s(t )
where T is the period of the signal

Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern

that doesn't repeat over time
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Spectrum - Range of frequencies (Electromagnetic

waves)
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Propagation - Wave os signal travel from one place

to other

Multipath Propagation - Signals traveling between

same two points in different paths
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Fading - variation of the attenuation of a signal with

various variables. These variables include time,
geographical position, and radio frequency.
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Modulation - Modulation is the

process of encoding information
from a message source in a way
that is suitable for transmission.

Analog Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Digital Modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Bipolar PSK (BPSK)
Quadrature Modulation QAM, QPSK etc..
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Digital Modulation
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication
Concepts:

Digital Modulation
-Quadrature Modulation
QAM, QPSK etc..
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Mulitplexing - A way of sending multiple signals or

streams of information over a communications link at
the same time in the form of a single, complex signal.
When the signal reaches its destination, a process called
demultiplexing, recovers the separate signals and
outputs them to individual lines.
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Multiple Access - A technique that lets multiple mobile

users share the allotted spectrum in the most effective
manner.
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Spread Spectrum - Signal is intentionally spread over

large spectrum (Basis of CDMA)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Duplex - A bidirectional communication system that

allows both end nodes to send and receive
communication data or signals simultaneously or one at
a time.
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Communication Concepts:

Circuit Switched - Circuit switching is defined as the

method of switching which is used for establishing a
dedicated communication path between the sender and
the receiver (connection oriented)

Packet Switched - Packet switching is defined as the

connectionless network where the messages are divided
and grouped together and this is known as a packet.
Each packet is routed from the source to the destination
as individual packets. The actual data in these packets
are carried by the payload. When the packet arrives at
the destination, it is the responsibility of the destination
to put these packets in the right order
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Cellular Concept:

● Initial deployment of wireless networks has dated back to 1924

with one base station providing a city-wide coverage. Although
achieving very good coverage, the network can only host a few
users simultaneously.
● The cellular concept has introduced smaller cells operating with a
channel, which is a split of the allocated spectrum.
Mobile Networks - Introduction

Cellular Concept:
Thank You !