Chapter 9

9.1
(a)

[k] = 2 r A [ B ] T [D] [ B ]
ri = 0, zi = 0, r j = 2, zj = 0, rm = 0, zm = 2

i = rj zm – zj rm = 2.2 – 0 = 4
j = rm zi – zm ri = 0.0 – 2.0 = 0
m = ri zj – zi rj = 0.0 – 0.2 = 0
i = zj – zm = 0 – 2 = – 2
j = zm – zi = 2 – 0 = 2
1 2
m = zi – zj = 0 – 0 = 0 r = (2)
3 3
1 2
i = rm – rj = 0 – 2 = – 2 z = (2)
3 3
1
j = ri – rm = 0 – 0 = 0 A= (2) (2) = 2
2
m = rj – ri = 2 – 0 = 2

2 0 2 0 0 0
1 0 2 0 0 0 2
[B] =
4 2 0 2 0 2 0
2 2 0 2 2 0

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whole or in part.
 0.75 0.25 0.25 0
15 106 0.25 0.75 0.25 0
[D] =
(1 0.25)(1 0.5) 0.25 0.25 0.75 0
0 0 0 0.25

–1 0 1 – 0.5
– 0.5 –1.5 – 0.5 – 0.5
15 10 6 2 1 2 0
[ B ]T [D] =
2.5 0 0 0 0.5
0.5 0.5 1.5 0.5
0.5 1.5 0.5 0

5 1 0 1 1 0
1 4 2 1 2 3
0 2 8 0 4 2
[k] = 12.556 106
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 2 4 1 4 1
0 3 2 0 1 3
(b)

Figure 9.1b

ri = 0, zi = 0, rj = 2, zj = 0, rm = 2, zm = 2
i = 4, j = 0, m =0
i = – 2, j = 2, m =0
i = 0, j = – 2, m =2
2 2
r = 2 = 1.333, z = , A = 2
3 3

2 0 2 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 2 0 2
[B] =
4 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 2 2 2 2 0

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whole or in part.
 0.75 0.25 0.25 0
15 106 0.25 0.75 0.25 0
[D] = 0.5
(1 0.25) 1 2 0.25 0.25 0.75 0
0 0 0 0.25
–1.25 – 0.25 0.25 0
0 0 0 – 0.5
15 106 1.75 0.75 1.25 – 0.5
[ B ] T [D] =
2.5 – 0.5 –1.5 – 0.5 0.5
0.25 0.25 0.75 0.5
0.5 1.5 0.5 0

2.75 0 – 2.25 0.5 0.25 –0.5

0 1 1 –1 –1 0
– 2.25 1 5.75 – 2.5 0.25 1.5
[k] = 25.1325 106
0.5 –1 – 2.5 4 0.5 –3
0.25 –1 0.25 0.5 1.75 0.5
– 0.5 0 1.5 –3 0.5 3

lb
(c) E = 15 106 v = 0.25 (Mathcad used here)
in.2
Triangle coordinate definition
0 in. r 0
i= This defines an array variable
0 in. z 1
x coordinate is the top
y coordinate is the bottom
2 in.
j= Area of triangle
0 in.
1
base height
2
1 in. 1
m= A= (jr – ir) (mz – iz) A = 2 in.2
2 in. 2
Develop stiffness matrix
i = jr mz – jz mr i= 4 in.2 i = jz – mz i = – 2 in. i = mr – jr i = – 1 in.
j = mr iz – mz ir j=0 j = mz – iz j = 2 in. j = ir – mr j = – 1 in.

m = ir jz – iz jr m=0 m = iz – jz m = 0 in. m = jr – ir m = 2 in.

Evaluate [B] at centroid of element

ir jr mr iz jz mz
rbar = zbar = rbar = 1 in. zbar = 0.667 in.
3 3

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 i 0 j 0
1 0 i 1 0 j
[Bi] = i zbar
[Bj] = j zbar
2A i
rbar i rbar
0 2A j
rbar j rbar
0
i i j j

m 0
1 0 m
[Bm] = m zbar
2A rbar
m
m rbar
0

m m

B augment( Bi , B j , Bm )
Gradient matrix at centroid of element
0.5 0 0.5 0 0 0
0 0.25 0 0.25 0 0.5 1
[ B]
0.3333 0 0.3333 0 0.3333 0 in.
0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 0
1 v v v 0
Axisymmetric
E v 1 v v 0
[D] = stress
(1 v )(1 2v ) v v 1 v 0
1 2v constitutive matrix
0 0 0 2

1.8 107 0.6 107 0.6 107 0

7 7 7
0.6 10 1.8 10 0.6 10 0 lb
[D] =
0.6 10 7
0.6 10 7
1.8 10 7
0 in.2

0 0 0 0.6 107

[k] = 2 rbar A [B]T [D] [B] Axisymmetric element stiffness matrix

1.225 108 2.513 107 – 5.341 107 1.257 107 6.283 10 6 1.257 107
2.513 107 6.597 107 1.257 107 9.425 106 5.027 10 7 5.655 107
– 5.341 107 1.257 107 2.231 108 5.027 107 5.655 10 7 6.283 107 lb
k 0.5 x
1.257 10 7
9.425 10 6
5.027 10 7
6.597 10 7
2.513 10 7
5.655 10 7 in.
6 7 7 7 7
6.283 10 5.027 10 5.655 10 2.513 10 8.796 10 2.513 107
1.257 107 5.655 107 6.283 107 5.655 107 2.513 10 7 1.131 108

9.2

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whole or in part.
 N1 0
0 N1
pr
{fs} = [ N s ]T ds = s N2 0
p0 z
s pz h 2 rdz
0 N2 0
N3 0 Evaluated
@ r b
0 N3 z z

1 1
Now Ni = ( i + ir + i z), Nj = ( j + jr + j z)
2A 2A
1
Nm = ( m + mr + m z)
2A

ri = 0, rj = b, rm = b, zi = 0, zj = 0, zm = h

i = rj zm – zj rm = bh – 0b = bh, j = rm zi – zm ri = 0

i = zj – zm = 0 – h = – h, j = zm – zi = h – 0 = h

i = rm – rj = b – b = 0, j = ri – m =0–b=–b

m = ri zj – zi rj = 0, m = zi – zj = 0 – 0 = 0

m = rj – ri = b – 0 = b
So the shape functions evaluated at r = b and z = z
1
Ni = (bh + (– h) b + 0 z) = 0
bh

1 1
Nj = (0 + h b + (– b)z) = (hb – bz)
bh bh

1 1
Nm = (0 + 0 b + b z) = (bz)
bh bh

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 0 0
0 0
1
h bh
( hb bz ) 0 p0 z
{fs} = 1
h 2 rdz
0
0 (hb bz )
bh 0
1
bh
(bz ) 0
1
0 bh
(bz )

0 0
h
0 0
p0bz 2 p0bz 2 p0bz 3
2 b h p0bz – h 2 2 3h
= dz =
bh 0
0 h 0
p0bz 2 p0bz 3
h 3h 0
0 0

0 f s1r 0
0 f s1z 0
p0 bh 2 p0 h
2 6 f s 2r 6
= = 2 b
h 0 fs2z 0
p0 bh 2 f s 3r p0 h
3 3
f s3z
0 0
9.3

RB
ZB
2 rA RB
Equation to be evaluated is {fB} =
3 ZB
RB
ZB

2
r = 4+2 r = 5.333 in.
3
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whole or in part.
 lb
ZB = 0.283
in.3
2 0.283 lb
2 rev. rad 1 min in.3
RB = ω r = 20 2 [5.333 in.]
min rev 60 s 32.2 12 lb3
in.

lb
RB = 0.01712
in.3
2 rA 2
= (5.333 in.) (2 in. ) = 22.34 in.3
3 3
So
fB1r = (22.34) (0.01712) = 0.382 lb
fB1z = (–22.34) (0.283) = – 6.32 lb
fB2r = (22.34) (0.01712) = 0.382 lb
fB3z = (– 22.34) (0.283) = – 6.32 lb
fB3r = (22.34) (0.01712) = 0.382 lb
fB3z = (– 22.34) (0.283) = – 6.32 lb
9.4
(a) Element Figure 9.4 a
The equation to be evaluated is { } = [D] [B} {d}
ri = 0, zi = 0, rj = 2, zj = 0, rm = 1, zm = 3
i = 6, j = 0, m = 0, i = – 3, j = 3, m = 0,
i = – 1, j = – 1, m =2
1
r = 1, z = 1, A = (3) (2) = 3 in.2
2

3 0 3 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 2
B =
6 2 0 2 0 0 0
1 3 1 3 2 0

0.75 0.25 0.25 0

15 106 0.25 0.75 0.25 0
[D] =
(1 0.25)(1 0.5) 0.25 0.25 0.75 0
0 0 0 0.25

r 0.75 0.25 0.25 0

z 15 106 0.25 0.75 0.25 0 1
=
(1.25)(0.5) 0.25 0.25 0.75 0 6
rz 0 0 0 0.25

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 1
3 0 3 0 0 0 2
0 1 0 1 0 2 5
10–4
2 0 2 0 0 0 3
1 3 1 3 2 0 0
0

r r 2.58
z z 0.54
= 104 psi
2.58
rz rz 0.54
(b) Element Figure 9.4b
ri = 1, zi = 0, rj = 3, zj = 0, rm = 3, zm = 3
i = 9, j = – 3, m = 0, i = – 3, j = 3, m =0
i = 0, j = – 2, m =2
r = 2.333, zm = 1.00, A = 3

3 0 3 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 2 0 2
B =
6 0.858 0 1.14 0 0.512 0
0 3 2 3 2 0

0.0001
0.75 0.25 0.25 0 0.0002
15 106 0.25 0.75 0.25 0
D = , d = 0.0003
(1 0.25)(1 0.5) 0.25 0.25 0.75 0
0
0 0 0 0.25
0

{ } = [D] B {d}

r 3514
z 85.7
= psi
2143
rz 700

(c) u1 = 0.0001 in. w1 = 0.0002 in.

u2 = 0.0005 in. w2 = 0.0003 in.
u3 = 0.0 in. w3 = 0.0 in.

404
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whole or in part.
 u1
w1 r
4.8 103
u2 z 0.6 103 lb
d= , = [D] [B] {d} =
w2 0.6 10 4 in.2
u3 rz 0.45 103
w3

9.5 By Equation (9.1.35)

zm 1 j j rj jz 0 pr
{fsi} = 2 rj dz
zj 2A 0 j j rj jz pz

Now
j = rm zi – ri zm = rj zj – ri zm Since rj = rm
j = zm – zj j = ri – rj zi = zm
1
A= (rj – ri) (zm – zj)
2
zm 2 rj pr [rj z j ri zm ( zm z j )r j (ri rj ) z
{fsj} = dz
zj 2A pz [ r j z j ri zm ( zm z j )r j (ri rj ) z
Integrating, we obtain
( zm2 z 2j )
Pr (rj z j ri zm ) ( zm zj) r j ( zm z j )2 (ri rj )
2 rj 2
{fsj} =
2A ( zm2 z 2j )
Pz (rj z j ri zm ) ( zm zj) r j ( zm z j )2 (ri rj ) 2

Factoring out zm – zj and simplifying

rj z j ri zm rj z j ri zm
2 rj ( zm z j ) pr 2 2 2 2
{fsj}=
2A pz
– rj z j
–
r j zm rj z j ri zm
2 2 2 2

2 rj ( zm zj) pr [ 12 ( zm z j )( rj ri )
=
2A pz [ 12 ( zm z j )( rj ri )

2 r j ( zm z j ) pr A
=
2A pz A

2 r j ( zm zj)
{fsj} =
2
9.6 (a)

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whole or in part.
 i = 50 (50) – (0) (0) = 2500 mm2
i = – 50 mm, i = – 50 mm
j = 50 mm, j = 0 mm
m = 0 mm, m = 50 mm

50 0 50 0 0 0
1 0 50 0 0 0 50 1
B =
2(1250) 50 0 50 0 50 0 mm
50 50 0 50 50 0

0.75 0.25 0.25 0

9
105 10 0.25 0.75 0.25 0 N
[D] = 2
(1.25)(0.5) 0.25 0.25 0.75 0 m
0 0 0 0.25

25 12.5 50 0 12.5 12.5

105 109 0 37.5 25 0 12.5 37.5
[D] B =
1250(1.25) 25 12.5 50 0 37.5 12.5
12.5 12.5 0 12.5 12.5 0
[k] = 2 r A [ B ] T [D] [ B ]

2 (0.01667 m)(1250)(105 109 ) 10 6

= [ B ] T [D] [ B ]
(1250)(1.25)

Multiplying [ B ] T times [D] [ B ] , we obtain

3125 625 0 625 625 0

2500 1250 625 1250 1875
5000 0 2500 1250 N
[k] = 3.5195 106
625 625 0 m
2500 625
Symmetry 1875
9.6 (b)

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whole or in part.
 A = 1800 mm2

i = – 60 mm, j = 60 mm, m =0

i = 0, j = – 60 mm, m = 60 mm
T
[k] = 2 r A B [D] B

60 0 60 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 60 0 60 1
B =
2(1800) 30 0 30 0 30 0 mm
0 60 60 60 60 0

[D] as in 9.6 (a)

37.5 0 52.5 15 7.5 15

105 109 7.5 0 22.5 45 7.5 45
[D] [ B ] =
1.25(1800) 7.5 0 37.5 15 22.5 15
0 15 15 15 15 0

2 (0.04 m)(1800 )(105 109 ) T

[k] = [ B ] [ D][ B ]
(1.25)(1800)(2)(1800 )

2475 0 2025 450 225 450

900 900 900 900 0
5175 2250 225 1350
[k] = 5.865 106
3600 450 2700
1575 450
Symmetry 2700
(c)

407
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whole or in part.
 ri = 0 zi = 0
rj = 0.002 zj = 0
rm = 0.001 zm = 0.002
1 1 0.002
A= (rj – ri) (zm – zi), E = 105 109, z = 0.002, r = , v = 0.25
2 3 2
i = rj zm – zj rm j = rm zi – zm ri m = ri zj – zi rj
i = zj – zm j = zm – zi m = zi – zj
i = rm – rj j = ri – rm m = rj – ri

i 0 j 0 m 0
1 0 i 0 j 0 m
[B] = z jz z
2A i
i
i
0 j
j 0 m
m
m
0
r r r r r r

i i j j m m

1 v v v 0
E v 1 v v 0
[D] =
(1 v) (1 2v) v v 1 v 0
1 2v
0 0 0 2

[k] = 2 r A [B]T [D] [B]

8.577 108 1.759 108 3.738 108 8.796 107 4.398 10 7 8.796 107
1.759 108 4.618 108 8.796 107 6.597 107 3.519 108 3.958 108
3.738 108 8.796 107 1.561 109 3.519 108 3.958 108 4.398 108
k 0.5 x
8.796 107 6.597 107 3.519 108 4.618 108 1.759 108 3.958 108
4.398 107 3.519 108 3.958 108 1.759 108 6.158 108 1.759 108
8.796 107 3.958 108 4.398 108 3.958 108 1.759 108 7.917 108

9.7 (a)

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whole or in part.
 From Problem 9.6 (a), we have [D] [ B ]

{ } = [D] [ B ] {d}

0.05
r 25 12.5 50 0 12.5 12.5 0.03
3
z
= 105 10 MPa 0 37.5 25 0 12.5 37.5 0.01
(1250)(1.25) 25 12.5 50 0 37.5 12.5 0.01
rz 12.5 12.5 0 12.5 12.5 0 0
0
75.6
= 58.8 MPa
92.4
58.8

(b)

From Problem 9.6 (b), we have [D] B

0.05
r 37.5 0 52.5 15 7.5 15 0.03 72.8
3 50.4
z
= 105 10 7.5 0 22.5 45 7.5 45 0.01 = MPa
(1800)(1.25) 7.5 0 37.5 15 22.5 15 0.01 39.2
rz 0 15 15 15 15 0 0 39.2
0
9.8 No, not in general, as the axisymmetric elements are rings, not plane quadrilaterals or
triangles. So axisymmetric nodes are actually nodal circles whereas plane stress elements
have node points.

409
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whole or in part.
 9.9 No, the element circumferential strain is a function of r and z (see Equation (9.1.15).

9.10 Make ur = 0 for all nodes acting on the axis of symmetry.

9.11 How would you evaluate circumferential strain at r = 0?

From text Equation (9.1.15)

a1 a z
= + a2 + 3 (1)
r r

r = a2 (2)
Also from text Equation (9.1.1e)

u
= (3)
r

u
r = (4)
r

u= r (5)

Substituting (1) into (5)

a1 a3 z
u= a2 r = a1 + a2r + a3z (6)
r r

Partial of (6) with reference to r

u
= a2 Compare to (2) (7)
r

r 0
= r = a2 as stated in problem statement

9.12 What will be the stresses r and at r = 0?

From Equation (9.1.2)

E a2 a6 a2
r = || || ||
(1 v )(1 2v )
r (1 v ) z (v) (v)

E
= (a2 a2v a6v a2v )
(1 v)(1 2v)

E
r = (a2 + a6 v)
(1 v)(1 2v)

410
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whole or in part.
 a2 a6 a2
E
=
(1 v)(1 2v)
r (v ) z (v) (1 v )

E
= ( a2v a6v a2 – a2v )
(1 v)(1 2v)

E
= (a2 + a6 v)
(1 v)(1 2v)

at r = 0, = r

9.13
lb
Axisymmetric model pressure load of 13.26
in.2

Plane stress with a thickness of 18.85 inches

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whole or in part.
 9.14 von Mises stresses (with filleted corners)

412
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whole or in part.
 9.15

413
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whole or in part.
 Note: Without the arc (inside radius), we have a 90° re-entrant corner where stress is approaching
infinity. We have a singularity in the linear-elastic solution based on linear theory of elasticity.
Therefore, we need the arc as in good practice or elastic-plastic model where an upper bound on the
corner stress is the yield strength of the material.

9.18

414
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9.19

Figure 1 Thick walled open-ended cylinder

Theoretical Solution for hoop stress at inner radius

q = 35 106 a = 1.5 b = 1.2 r = 1.2

qb2 a 2 r 2
=
r 2 a 2 – b2

= 1.594 108 Pa

415
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whole or in part.
 Autodesk Results Theoretical Results
Hoop Stress 159.5 MPa 159.4MPa
Maximum Principal Stress 159.5 MPa -
Minimum Principal Stress –35 MPa -
Deflection in y-direction 0.93mm -

The Autodesk results for hoop stress and the theoretical solution for hoop stress are very
close which proves that the Algor model is correct. The pipe has a very minimum internal
and external deflection, less than 1mm on the inner radius. The stresses are also manageable
at 159 MPa.

9.20 A steel cylindrical pressure vessel with flat plate end caps is shown in the figure with
vertical axis of symmetry. Addition of thickened sections helps to reduce stress
concentrations in the corners. Analyze the design and identify the most critically stressed
regions. Note that inside sharp re-entrant corners produce infinite stress concentration zones,
so refining the mesh in these regions will not help you get a better answer unless you use an
inelastic theory or place small fillet radii there. Recommend any design changes in your
report. Let the pressure inside be 1000 kPa.
503 elements and 645 nodes. Stresses are highest at sharp corners and the middle of the top
and bottom of the pressure vessel. The design is acceptable as the von Mises stresses do not
reach the yield strength of the material.

9.22

416
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whole or in part.
 The recommended head shape of the hemispherical ends versus the ellipsoidal ends would
be the hemispherical ends due to a lower stress concentration at the transition between the
head and the cylindrical body.
9.23 According to the von Mises stress analysis, the average stress through the glass is around 15
of the tensile strength of the glass. If the maximum force used with this syringe is 45 N, the
design should be fine. However, if 45 N is the normal operating force which may increase, I
417
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whole or in part.
 would recommend analyzing this again with a safety factor of 4 (180 N force) to make sure
it will still be under 5 MPa. As for the maximum principal stresses, they are well below the
tensile strength of the glass and do not appear to be an issue.

N
Another analysis with a safety factor of 4 (28.64789 radian ) reveals that this syringe is still
within the tensile strength of glass in all areas. With this information, I would conclude that
the syringe design is indeed safe with this material specification.
9.25 Steel hole punch

418
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 9.27 a)

419
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whole or in part.
 420
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whole or in part.
 ρs = 7.36 X 10-4 a=1 b=4 r=1
υs = 0.29 υa = 0.33 ρaw = 0.0975 g = 386
aw
ρa = ρa = 2.526 X 10-4
g

b) What speed can the steel flywheel tolerate before yielding based on the maximum
distortional energy theory (MDET)?
Sys = 65300 Sya = 40000

Sys
s
(3 s) b2 (1 3 s) 2
s a 2 b2 a 2 r
8 r2 3 s
ωs = 2.579 X 103 rad/s
60
ωsrpm = ωs· ωsrpm = 2.463 X 104 rpm
2
Maximum speed of disk for steel to have hoop stress reach yield
stress

c) Maximum rpm of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 to reach yield:

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whole or in part.
 Sya
a
(3 a) b2 (1 3 a) 2
a a 2 b2 a 2 r
8 r2 3 a

ωa = 3.427 X 103
60
ωarpm = ωa· ωarpm = 3.272 X 104 rpm
2
Max speed of disk for aluminum alloy 6061-T6 to reach yield

422
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