Chapter 10

10.1

dx
J= u = a1 + a2s + a3s2
ds
x = a1 + a2s + a3s2
x1 = a1 + a2(– 1) + a3 (– 1)2 (1)
x2 = a1 + a2 (1) + a3 (1)2 (2)
(1) – (2) gives
x2 x1
x1 – x2 = – 2a2, a2 = (3)
2
x3 = a1 + a2(0) + a3(0)
a1 = x3 (4)
(3) and (4) into (1)
x2 x1 x1 x2 2 x3
a3 = x1 – x3 + =
2 2
x2 x1 x1 x2 2 x3 2
x = x3 + s + s (5)
2 2
dx x1 x2
J= = + (x1 + x2 – 2x3)s (6)
ds 2
x x2
Now x3 = 1 for x3 at s = 0
2
and x2 – x1 = L
L
J= + [x1 + x2 – (x1 + x2)]s
2
L
J=
2
10.2 Using Equation (10.1.1 b)
For Figure (a)
(x1 + x2 ) 2
(a) s = [x – ]
2 x2 x1

At A x = xA = 15 in.

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whole or in part.
 (10 + 20) 2
s = [15 – ]
2 20 10

2
s = (15 – 15) =0
10
(b) By Equation (10.1.5)
1 0 1 0
N1 = = 0.5, N2 = = 0.5
2 2

u1 0.005
(c) uA = N1 N2 0.5 0.5 0
u2 0.005

1 1 0.005
(d) x 0.0010
10 10 0.005
By Equation (10.1.1 b)
For Figure (b)
(a) At A XA = 7 in.
5 10 2
s= 7–
2 10 5
2
s = [7 – 7.5]
5
s = – 0.2
(b) By Equation (10.1.5)
1 ( 0.2)
N1 = = 0.6
2
1 (0.2)
N2 = = 0.4
2

0.005
(c) uA = 0.6 0.4 0.001 in.
0.005

1 1 0.005
(d) x 0.002
5 5 0.005
10.3 Using Equation (10.1.1 b)
Figure (a)
(a) x = xA = 50 mm
20 60 2
s = 50
2 60 20
2
s = [50 – 40]
40

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 s = 0.5
1 0.5 1 1 0.5 3
(b) N1 = = , N2 = =
2 4 2 4
0.10
(c) uA = 1/ 4 3/ 4 0.175 mm
0.20
1 1 0.10
(d) x 0.0025
40 40 0.20
For Figure (b)
10 30 2
(a) s= 20
2 30 10

2
s = [20 – 20]
20
s= 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
(b) N1 = = , N2 = =
2 2 2 2

0.05
(c) uA = 1/ 2 1/ 2 0.075 mm
0.10

1 1 0.05
(d) x 0.0025
20 20 0.10
10.4

(1) u = a1 + a2 s + a3 s2 + a4 s3 (A)
x = a1 + a2 s + a3 s2 + a4 s3 (B)
x1 = a1 + a2(–1) + a3(–1)2 + a4(–1)3 (1)
2 3
1 1 1
x2 = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 (2)
2 2 2
2 3
1 1 1
x3 = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 (3)
2 2 2
x4 = a1 + a2(1) + a3(1)2 + a4(1)3 (4)
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 (1) + (4) x1 + x4 = 2a1 + 2a3 (5)
a3
(2) + (3) x2 + x3 = 2a1 + (6)
2
(5) – (6) gives
a3
x1 + x4 – (x2 + x3) = 2a1 + 2a3 – 2a1
2
2
or a3 = (x1 + x4 – x2 – x3) (7)
3
(7) into (5)
2
x1 + x4 = 2a1 + 2 (x1 + x4 – x2 – x3)
3
1 x1 x4 4 x2 x3
3 3
or a1 = (8)
2
(1) – (4) x1 – x4 = – 2a2 – 2a4 (9)
a4
(2) – (3) x2 – x3 = – a2 – (10)
4
(9) – 2 (10) gives
3a4
x1 – x4 – 2(x2 – x3) =
2
2
a4 = [2(x2 – x3) – (x1 – x4)] (11)
3
(11) into (9) yields
1 x1 x4 8 x2 x3
3 3
a2 = (12)
2
Substituting (7), (8), (11) and (12) into (B)
4( x2 x3 ) x1 x4 x1 x4 8 x2 x3 s
x=
6 6

4 x1 x4 x2 x3 8 x2 x3 4 x1 x4 s3
+ s2 + (13)
6 6
Combine like x1, x2, x3 and x4 coefficients
2 3 2 2 s 1 4 3 2 2 4 2
x= s s x1 s s s x2
3 3 6 6 3 3 3 3
4 3 2 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 s 1
+ s – s s x3 s s x4 (14)
3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6
By (14) then

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 x1
x2
{x} = [N1 N2 N3 N4]
x3
x4
2 3 2 2 s 1
N1 = s s
3 3 6 6
4 3 2 2 4 2
N2 = s s s
3 3 3 3
4 3 2 2 4 2
N3 = s s s
3 3 3 3
2 3 2 2 s 1
N4 = s s
3 3 6 6
u1
2 4 1 2 4 4 2 4 4
2s s 4s s 4s s u2
du 3 6 3 3 3 3
(2) =
ds 4 1 u3
2s2 s
3 6 u4
Differentiating (13)
dx 4 1 4 4
= 2s 2 s x1 + 4s 2 s x2
ds 3 6 3 3
4 4 4 1
+ 4s 2 s x3 + 2s 2 s x4
3 3 3 6
Simplifying
4 1
= 2s2 (x4 – x1) + s(x4 + x1) – (x4 – x1)
3 6
4 4
– 4s2 (x3 – x2) – s (x3 + x2) + (x3 – x2)
3 3
8 x x1 1 L 8 x3 x2 4 L
= 2s2 L + s 4 – L – 4s2 – s
3 2 6 2 3 2 3 2
8 L 8 2
= 2s2 L + s xc – – 2s2 L – s xc + L
3 6 3 3
dx L
=
ds 2
Now
du
du ds du
= dx
and = x= [B] {d}
dx ds dx

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 u1
2 2 2 2 u2
12s 8s 1 12s 4s 4 12s 4s 4 12s 8s 1
x = 3L 3L
3L 2 2
3L u3
u4

12s 2 8s 1 12s 2 4s 4 12s 2 4s 4 12s 2 8s 1

[B] = 3L 3L
3L 2 2
3L

10.5 For Figure (a)

(a) Using Equation (10.5.6)
20 10 10 20 2 15 2
x = xA = 13 = 15 + s + s
2 2

0s2 + 5s + 2 = 0
2
s= = – 0.4
5
s( s – 1) 0.4 ( 0.4 1)
(b) N1 = =
2 2
= 0.28
s ( s 1) 0.4 ( 0.4 1)
N2 = =
2 2
= – 0.12
N3 = 1 – s2 = 1 – (– 0.4)2
= 0.84
N’s = 0.28 – 0.12 + 0.84 = 1
(c) u = a1 + a2 s + a3 s2
u1 = 0.006 = a1 + a2(– 1) + a3(– 1)2
u3 = 0 = a1 + a2(0) + a3(0)
u2 = – 0.006 = a1 + a2(1) + a3(1)2
a3 = 0, a2 = – 0.006, a1 = 0
u = – 0.006s and s = – 0.4 at xA = 13
u = – 0.006 (– 0.4) = 0.0024 in. at A
2s – 1 2s 1 4s
(d) x = u1 + u2 – u3
L L L
2s – 1 2s 1
x = (0.006) + (– 0.006) = 0
L L
– 0.012
x = (L = 10 in.)
L
in.
x = – 0.0012
in.
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 10.6 For Figure (a)
(a) Using Equation (10.5.6)
2 0 0 2 2 (1) 2
x = xA = 1.5 = 1 + s s
2 2
1.5 = 1 + s + 0s2
s – 0.5 = 0
s = 0.5

s s –1 s s –1 0.5 0.5 1
(b) N1 = =
2 2 2
= – 0.125
s s 1 0.5 0.5 1
N2 = =
2 2
= 0.375
N3 = 1 – s2 = 1 – 0.52
= 0.75
N ’s = – 0.125 + 0.375 + 0.75
= 1.0

(c) By Eq. (10.5.11)

u2 u
uA u3 (0.5) 1 (0.5)
2 2
u1 u2
(0.5) 2 (0.5) 2
2 2
2u 3
(0.5) 2
2
0.002
0.001 (0.5) 0
2
0.002
0 (0.5) 2
2
2(0.001)
(0.5) 2
2
u A 0.0015 mm
(d) By Eq. (10.5.14)

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 2(0.5) 1
x ( )(0)
2
2(0.5) 1
( )(0.002)
2
4(0.5)
( )(0.001)
2
0.001
10.8

{F} = [K] {d} (A)

where by Equation (10.5.22)
4.67 0.667 –5.33
AE
[K] = 4.67 –5.33 (1)
L
Symmetry 10.67
By Equation (10.5.9) for N ’s and using Equation (10.1.21)
1 kN L
{fs} = [ N s ]T {T } dx , {T} = 2 , dx = ds
–1 m 2
s( s – 1)
2
1 s( s 1) kN L
{fs} = 2 ds (2)
–1 2 m 2
1 – s2

Upon integrating Equation (2)

1
s3 s2
–
6 4 –1

3 2 1
s s 4
{fs} = – (2) (3)
6 4 –1
2
1
s3
s–
3 –1

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 1 4
3 3
1 4
{fs} = (4) kN (4)
3 3
4 16
3 3
Using Equations (4) and (1) in (A) and applying boundary condition u1 = 0,
4
3 2.393 – 2.732 u2
= 104 (5)
16 – 2.732 5.468 u3
3
Solving (5) for u2 and u3
u2 = 3.885 10–4 m, u3 = 2.916 10–4 m (6)
Stress in bar
E = 205 109
At s = – 1 or x = 0
0
2 (–1) – 1 2 (–1) 1 – 4 (–1) N
1= E 3.885 10–4 , 1 (3.987 107 )
4 4 4 m2
2.916 10–4 ||
39.87 MPa
At s = 1 or x = L

0
2 1–1 2 1 –4
2= E 3.885 10 –4 , 2 = (– 4.357 104) Pa
4 4 4
2.916 10–4
= – 0.04357 MPa
Note small number compared to stress at fixed end.

10.9
1
x= [(1 – s) (1 – t) x1 + (1 + s) (1 – t) x2 + (1 + s) (1 + t) x3
4
+ (1 – s) (1 + t) x4]
1
y= [(1 – s) (1 – t) y1 + (1 + s) (1 – t) y2 + (1 + s) (1 + t) y3 + (1 – s)
4
(1 + t) y4]

x y
s s
[J] = y
Equation (10.2.10)
x
t t

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 x 1
= [– x1 + t x1 + x2 – t x2 + x3 + t x3 – x4 – t x4]
s 4
x 1
= [– x1 + s x1 – x2 – s x2 + x3 + s x3 + x4 – s x4]
t 4
y 1
= [– y1 + t y1 + y2 – t y2 + y3 + t y3 – y4 – t y4]
s 4
y 1
= [– y1 + s y1 – y2 – s y2 + y3 + s y3 + y4 – s y4]
t 4
J11 J12
[J] =
J 21 J 22
where
1
J11 = (– x1 + t x1 + x2 – t x2 + x3 + t x3 – x4 – t x4)
4
1
J12 = (– y1 + t y1 + y2 – t y2 + y3 + t y3 – y4 – t y4)
4
1
J21 = (– x1 + s x1 – x2 – s x2 + x3 + s x3 + x4 – s x4)
4
1
J22 = (– y1 + s y1 – y2 – s y2 + y3 + s y3 + y4 – s y4)
4
Find determinate | J |
| J | = J11 J22 – J21 J12
Multiplying and collecting terms
1
|J|= [2x1y2 – 2t x1y2 + 2t x1y3 – 2s x1y3 + 2s x1y4 – 2x1y4 – 2x2y1 + 2t x2y3
16
+ 2x2y3 + 2s x2y3 – 2s x2y4 – 2t x2y4 + 2s x3y1 – 2t x3y1 – 2x3y2 – 2s x3y2
+ 2x3y4 + 2t x3y4 + 2x4y1 – 2s x4y1 + 2s x4y2 + 2x4y2 + 2t x4y2 – 2x4y3
– 2t x4y3]
Factor out xi’s
1
|J|= [x1 (y2 – ty2 + ty3 – sy3 + sy4 – y4)
8
+ x2 (– y1 + t y1 + y3 + s y3 – s y4 – t y4) + x3 (s y1 – t y1 – y2 – s y2 + y4 + t y4)
+ x4 (y1 – s y1 + s y2 + t y2 – y3 – t y3)]
y2 t y2 ty3 s y3 s y4 y4
1 y1 t y1 y3 s y3 s y4 t y4
|J|= [x1 x2 x3 x4]
8 s y1 t y1 y2 s y2 y4 t y4
y1 s y1 s y2 t y2 y3 t y3

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 y1 (0) y2 1 t y3 t s y4 (s 1)
1 y1 1 t y2 (0) y3 (0) y4 1 t
|J|= [x1 x2 x3 x4]
8 y1 s t y2 1 s y3 (0) y4 1 t
y1 1 s y2 s t y3 1 t y4 (0)
0 1 t t s s 1 y1
1 1 t 0 s 1 s t y2
|J|= [x1 x2 x3 x4]
8 s t 1 s 0 1 t y3
1 s s t 1 t 0 y4
10.10
x y
s s
[J] = y
x
t t

x and y from Problem 10.9

x 1 1 1 1
= (– 1) (1 – t) x1 + (1 – t) x2 + (1 + t) x3 + (– 1) (1 + t) x4
s 4 4 4 4
= N1,s x1 + N2,s x2 + N3,s x3 + N4,s x4
x 1 1 1 1
= (– 1) (1 – s) x1 + (– 1) (1 + s) x2 + (1 + s) x3 + (1 – s) x4
t 4 4 4 4
= N1,t x1 + N2,t x2 + N3,t x3 + N4,t x4
y 1 1 1 1
= (– 1) (1 – t)y1 + (1 – t)y2 + (1 + t)y3 + (– 1) (1 + t)y4
s 4 4 4 4
= N1,s y1 + N2,s y2 + N3,s y3 + N4,s y4
y 1 1 1 1
= (– 1) (1 – s)y1 + (– 1) (1 + s)y2 + (1 + s)y3 + (1 – s)y4
t 4 4 4 4
= N1,t y1 + N2,t y2 + N3,t y3 + N4,t y4
x1 y1
N1, s N 2, s N 3, s N 4, s x2 y2
[J] =
N1, t N 2, t N 3, t N 4, t x3 y3
x4 y4
10.11 (a)
x y
s s x1 2, x2 2
[J] = y
x x3 2, x4 2
t t

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 x 1 1 1 1
= (–1)(1 – t)(–2) + (1 – t)(2) + (1 + t)(2) + (–1)(1 + t)(–2) = 2
s 4 4 4 4
x 1 1 1
= (– 1) (1 – s) (– 2) + (– 1) (1 + s) (2) + (1 + s) (2)
t 4 4 4
1
+ (1 – s) (– 2) = 0
4
y1 = 1, y2 = –1
y3 = 1, y4 = 1
y 1 1 1
= (–1) (1 – t) (–1) + (1 – t) (–1) + (1 + t) (1)
s 4 4 4
1
+ (–1) (1 + t) (1) = 0
4
y 1 1 1
= (–1) (1 – s) (–1) + (–1) (1 + s) (–1) + (1 + s) (1)
t 4 4 4
1
+ (1 – s) (1) = 1
4
2 0
|[J] | = = 2–0= 2
0 1
By Equation (10.2.22)
0 1 t t s s 1 1
1 t 1 0 s 1 s t 1
|[J] | = [–2 2 2 –2] (A)
8 s t s 1 0 t 1 1
1 s s t t 1 0 1

Simplifying by multiplying the matrices in Equation (A) yields

| [ J ] | = 2 also
A
and | [J] | = as
4
A = 4 × 2 = 8 (area of element)
8
= |[J] | = =2
4
10.12
By Equation (10.2.18)
1
[B(s, t)] = [B1] [B2] [B3] [B4]
[J ]
By Equation (10.2.3)
1
x= [(1 – s) (1 – t) x1 + (1 + s) (1 – t) x2 + (1 + s) (1 + t) x3 + (1 – s)
4
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 (1 + t) x4] (1)
1
y= [(1 – s) (1 – t) y1 + (1 + s) (1 – t) y2 + (1 + s) (1 + t) y3 + (1 – s)
4
(1 + t) y4]
By Equation (10.2.16)
y () y ()
t s s t
0
1 x () x ()
[D’] = 0 s t t s
(2)
[J ]
x () x () y () y ()
s t t s t s s t

Let
y 1
a= = [y1(s – 1) + y2(– 1 – s) + y3(1 + s) + y4(1 – s)]
t 4
y 1
b= = [y1(t – 1) + y2(1 – t) + y3(1 + t) + y4(– 1 – t)]
s 4
x 1
c= = [x1(t – 1) + x2(1 – t) + x3(1 + t) + x4(– 1 – t)]
s 4
x 1
d= = [x1(s – 1) + x2(– 1 – s) + x3(1 + s) + x4(1 – s)]
t 4
By Equation (10.3.5)
1 s 1 t 1 s 1 t
N1 = , N2 =
4 4
1 s 1 t 1 s 1 t
N3 = , N4 =
4 4
N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0
[N] =
0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4
Let
Ni Ni
Ni, s = , Ni, t =
s t
Now
[B] = [D [N]
Using [D from Equation (2) above, we obtain

a s
b t
0 1 s 1 t
1 4
0 0
[B] = 0 c t
d s 1 s 1 t
[J ] 0 4
c t
d s
a s
b t

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 col (1) col (2) cos(7) cos(8)
a ( t 1) b ( s 1) a (1 t ) b (1 s )
1 4 4
0 4 4
0
[B] = c ( s 1) d ( t 1) c (1 s ) d ( 1 t)
[J ] 0 4 4
0 4 4
c ( s 1) d ( t 1) a ( t 1) b ( s 1) c (1 s ) d ( 1 t) a( 1 t) b (1 s )
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

By Equation (10.2.19)
1
[B] = =[[B1] [B2] [B3] [B4]]
[J ]

where the submatrices are

a Ni, s b N i ,t 0
[Bi] = 0 c Ni, t d Ni,s
c Ni, t d Ni,s a Ni,s b N i ,t

where, for instance

N1 t 1
N1,s =
s 4
N1 s 1
N1,t =
t 4
etc.

10.13

1 L
{fs} = [Ns]T {T} h ds
1 2

At t= 1

f s3s
T
f s 3t 1 N3 0 N4 0 ps L
= h ds
fs 4s 1 0 N3 0 N4 pt 2
f s 4t

ps = 0, pt = p
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whole or in part.
 0
1 N3 p L
{fs} = h ds
1 0 2
N4 p

0
(1 s ) (1 t )
1 4
p L
{fs} = h ds
1 0 2
(1 s ) (1 t )
4
p t 1

1 f s 3s 0
0
pLh
ps ps 2 f s 3t
2 4 Lh 2
=
0 2 f s 4s 0
2
ps
–
ps pLh
2 4 1 f s 4t
2
10.14
(a)

1 L
{ fs} = [Ns ]T {T} h dt
1 2
L = 5 in., pt = 4000 psi, ps = 0
1 s 1 s
N3 = and N4 = for t = 1
2 2
f s3s N3 0
f s 3t 1 0 N3 ps 0 L
= h dt
fs 4s 1 N
4 0 pt 4000 2
f s 4t 0 N4

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whole or in part.
 0
1 1 s
0
5
4000 0.1 dt
= 1 2 2 1000
lb
0 0
1 1 s
4000 0.1 5
dt 1000
1 2 2

(b)

f s1s f s1s N1 0
f s1t f s1t 1 0 N1 ps 0 L
= h dt
f s4s f s4s 1 N4 0 pt 250 t 250 2
f s 4t f s 4t 0 N4

1 t 1 t
fs1s = fs4s = 0 N1 = , N4 = for s = – 1
2 2
1 1 t 5
fs1t = (– 250 t + 250) (0.1) dt
1 2 2
= 83.33 lb
1 1 t 5
fs4t = (– 250 t + 250) (0.1) dt
1 2 2
= 41.67 lb
10.15
1 s
(a) cos ds Use Table 10.1 (3 Gauss Points)
1 2
3
si s s s
I= Wi cos = W1 cos 1 + W2 cos 2 + W3 cos 3
i 1 2 2 2 2

5 0.7746 8 5 0.7746
= cos + cos (0) + cos
9 2 9 9 2
I = 1.9176 (Analytical I = 1.9176)
(2 Gauss Points)

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 0.57735
I (cos( ))
2
0.57735
1.0(cos( ))
2
1.9172

(2 Newton-Cotes Points)
1 1
I 2( yo y1 )
2 2
1 1
2( (0.87758) (0.87758))
2 2
1.7552
That is
1
1 s s 1 1
cos ds = 2 sin = 2 sin – 2 sin
1 2 2 1 2 2

1
= 4 sin = 4(0.47)
2
= 1.9176
1
(b) s 2 ds (3 Gauss Points)
1

3
I= Wi si2 = W1 s12 + W2 s22 + W3 s32
i =1

5 8 5
= (0.7746)2 + (0)2 + (– 0.7746)2
9 9 9
I = 0.667 (Analytical I = 0.667)
1 5 8 5
(c) s4 ds = (0.7746)4 + (0)4 + (– 0.7746)4
1 9 9 9
= 0.400 (3 Gauss Points)
(3 Newton-Cotes Points)

439
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whole or in part.
 1 4 1
I 2( y o y1 y2 )
6 6 6
yo ( 1) 4 1
y1 0
y2 (1) 4 1
1 1
I 2( (1) (1))
6 6
0.6667
1 cos s 5 cos 0.7746 8 cos 0 5 cos 0.7746
(d) ds = = 2.873
11 s 2
9 1 0.77462 9 1 02 9 1 0.7746 2
(Exact is 3.86)
1 5 8 5
(e) s3 ds = (0.7746)3 + (0)3 + (– 0.7746)3 = 0
1 9 9 9
1 5 8 5
(f) s cos s ds = (0.7746) cos (0.7746) + (0) cos (0) + (– 0.7746) cos (– 0.7746)
1 9 9 9

= 0.30756 + 0 – 0.30756
= 0
(g)
Two Gauss points
1
(4s 2 s)ds
1

I 4( 0.57735)
2( 0.57735)
(0.57735)
4 2(0.57735)
2.6755
Exact is 2.7051
Two Newton-Cotes Sampling Points
1 1
I 2( y0 y1 )
2 2
y0 4( 1) 2( 1) 2.25
y1 4(1) 2(1) 2
1 1
I 2( (2.25) (2))
2 2
4.25

440
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whole or in part.
 Three Gauss Points
x1 x3 0.77460, x2 0,W1 W3 0.5555,W2 0.8888
0.7746
(4 2( 0.7746))0.5555
(40 2(0))0.8888 (40.7746 2(0.7746))0.5555
2.7045
Three Newton-Cotes Sampling Points
1 4 1
I 2( y0 y1 y2 )
6 6 6
y0 4 1 2( 1) 2.25
y1 4(0) 0 1
y2 41 2(1) 2
1 4 1
I 2( (2.25) (1) (2))
6 6 6
2.75
Comparing Results:
In all cases, the Gaussian Quadrature Method is more accurate than the Newton-Cotes
Method. Using 2 Gauss Points was more accurate than using 3 Newton-Cotes Sampling
Points in all cases. This is as expected. The text says that “Gaussian Quadrature is more
accurate with fewer sampling points.” Also, for N sampling points, the highest order
polynomial the Newton-Cotes Method can evaluate exactly is N - 1, whereas for the
Gaussian Quadrature Method, it is 2N - 1.

10.16

[k] = [B]T (s1, t1) [D] [B] (s1, t1) | [J ] (s1, t1) | h W1 W1
+ [B]T (s2, t1) [D] [B] (s2, t1) | [J ] (s2, t1) | h W2 W1
+ [B]T (s1, t2) [D] [B] (s1, t2) | [J ] (s1, t2) | h W1 W2
+ [B]T (s2, t2) [D] [B] (s2, t2) | [J ] (s2, t2) | h W2 W2
where
s1 = – 0.5773, s2 = 0.5773

441
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whole or in part.
 t1 = – 0.5773, t2 = 0.5773
Using computer program
(a)

ENTER THE GAUSS POINTS S AND T FOR POINT 1

–0.57735, –0.57735
ENTER THE WEIGHT FOR POINT 1
1.0
ENTER THE NODAL VALUES X AND Y FOR POINT 1
3.0, 2.0
ENTER THE GAUSS POINTS S AND T FOR POINT 2
0.57735, –0.57735
ENTER THE WEIGHT FOR POINT 2
1.0
ENTER THE NODAL VALUES X AND Y FOR POINT 2
5.0, 2.0
ENTER THE GAUSS POINTS S AND T FOR POINT 3
0.57735, 0.57735
ENTER THE WEIGHT FOR POINT 3
1.0
ENTER THE NODAL VALUES X AND Y FOR POINT 3
5.0, 4.0
ENTER THE GAUSS POINTS S AND T FOR POINT 4
–0.57734, 0.57734
ENTER THE WEIGHT FOR POINT 4
1.0
ENTER THE NODAL VALUES X AND Y FOR POINT 4
3.0, 4.0
ENTER THE VALUE FOR YOUNGS MODULUS
30000000.0
ENTER THE VALUE FOR POISSONS RATIO
0.25
ENTER THE VALUE FOR THE THICKNESS, h
1.0
442
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whole or in part.
 THE GAUSS VALUES S AND T AND WEIGHTS ARE
POINT S T WEIGHT
1 –5.773500E–001 –5.773500E–001 1.0000000
2 5.773500E–001 –5.773500E–001 1.0000000
3 5.773500E–001 5.773500E–001 1.0000000
4 –5.773400E–001 5.773400E–001 1.0000000
THE NODAL COORDINATE VALUES ARE
NODE X Y
1 3.0000000 2.0000000
2 5.0000000 2.0000000
3 5.0000000 4.0000000
4 3.0000000 4.0000000
THE ELEMENT PARAMETERS ARE
YOUNGS POISSON’S THICKNESS
MODULUS RATIO
30000000.0000000 2.500000E–001 1.0000000

DO YOU WISH TO VIEW THE VALUES OF J (Y/N)?

THE VALUES OF I J I ARE
THE VALUE OF J 1
1.0000000
THE VALUE OF J 2
1.0000000
THE VALUE OF J 3
1.0000000
THE VALUE OF J 4
1.0000000
DO YOU WITH TO VIEW THE B MATRIX (Y/N)?
THE B MATRIX VALUES ARE ([B] 3 8)
–1.0566 E–1 0 1.0566 E–1 0 0
–3.943 E–1
0
–1.0566 E–1
– 3.943 E–1 –1.0566 E–1 –1.0566 E–1 1.0566 E–1
3.943 E–1 0 –3.943 E–1 0
0 1.0566 E–1 0 3.943E–1 1.0566 E–1
3.943 E–1 3.943 E–1 –3.943 E–1
} = one row of the 3 8 [B]
DO YOU WISH TO VIEW THE D MATRIX (Y/N)?
THE VALUES OF THE D MATRIX ARE
32000000.0000000 8000000.0000000 0.0000000
8000000.0000000 32000000.0000000 0.0000000
0.0000000 0.0000000 12000000.0000000
DO YOU WISH TO VIEW THE K MATRIX (Y/N)?
THE K MATRIX VALUES ARE

14666660.0000000 5000015.0000000 –8666672.0000000 –1000005.0000000

443
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whole or in part.
 5000015.0000000
–8666672.0000000
–1000005.0000000
–7333369.0000000
–4999981.0000000
1333383.0000000
999970.6000000
14666610.0000000 1000001.0000000 1333353.0000000
1000001.0000000 14666690.0000000 –5000011.0000000
1333353.0000000 –5000011.0000000 14666690.0000000
–4999991.0000000 1333353.0000000 1000001.0000000
–7333369.0000000 –1000005.0000000 –8666672.0000000
–1000025.0000000 –7333369.0000000 5000015.0000000
–8666592.0000000 5000015.0000000 –7333369.0000000

–7333369.0000000 –4999981.0000000 1333383.0000000 999970.6000000

–4999991.0000000 –7333369.0000000 –1000025.0000000 –8666592.0000000
1333353.0000000 –1000005.0000000 –7333369.0000000 5000015.0000000
1000001.0000000 –8666672.0000000 5000015.0000000 –7333369.0000000
14666610.0000000 5000015.0000000 –8666592.0000000 –1000025.0000000
5000015.0000000 14666660.0000000 999970.6000000 1333383.0000000
–8666592.0000000 999970.6000000 14666580.0000000 –4999961.0000000
–1000025.0000000 1333383.0000000 –4999961.0000000 14666580.0000000
(b)

THE K MATRIX VALUES ARE

8-1 Column 8-2
14990860.0000000 3483641.0000000
3483641.0000000 13670480.0000000
–11385300.0000000 370145.5000000
–1626729.0000000 –565783.1000000
–4661870.0000000 –4327808.0000000
–4309764.0000000 –5451907.0000000
1056312.0000000 474022.0000000
2452853.0000000 –7652789.0000000
8-3 8-4
–11385300.0000000 –1626729.0000000
370145.6000000 –565783.1000000
19631590.0000000 –6267461.0000000
–6267461.0000000 14127760.0000000
4403077.0000000 2237624.0000000
222705.5000000 –5114752.0000000
–12649370.0000000 5656566.0000000
5674610.0000000 –8447218.0000000
8-5 8-6
–4661870.0000000 –4309764.0000000
–4327808.0000000 –5451907.0000000

444
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whole or in part.
 4403076.0000000 222705.4000000
2237624.0000000 –5114752.0000000
11571920.0000000 3807131.0000000
3807131.0000000 11105380.0000000
–11313130.0000000 279927.3000000
–1716948.0000000 –538717.6000000
8-7 8-8
1056312.0000000 2452853.0000000
474021.9000000 –7652789.0000000
–12649370.0000000 5674610.0000000
5656566.0000000 –8447218.0000000
–11313130.0000000 –1716948.0000000
279927.4000000 –538717.6000000
22906180.0000000 –6410515.0000000
–6410515.0000000 16638720.0000000
10.18
1
[B (s, t)] = [B1] [B2] [B3] [B4] [B5] [B6] [B7] [B8]
[J ]

1 1
N1, s = (1 – t) (s + t + 1) – (1 – s) (1 – t)
4 4
1 1
N2, s = (1 – t) (s – t – 1) + (1 + s) (1 – t)
4 4
1 1
N3, s = (1 + t) (s + t – 1) – (1 + s) (1 + t)
4 4
1 1
N4, s = (1 + t) (s – t + 1) – (1 – s) (1 + t)
4 4
N5, s = (t – 1)s
1
N6, s = (1 – t2)
2
N7, s = – (1 + t)s
1 2
N8, s = (t – 1)
2
1 1
N 1, t = (1 – s) (s + t + 1) + (1 – s) (t – 1)
4 4
1 1
N 2, t = (1 + s) (t + 1 – s) – (1 + s) (1 – t)
4 4
1 1
N 3, t = (1 + s) (s + t – 1) + (1 + s) (1 + t)
4 4
1 1
N 4, t = (1 – s) (– s + t – 1) + (1 – s) (1 + t)
4 4
445
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whole or in part.
 1
N 5, t = (1 + s) (s – 1)
2
N6, t = – (1 + s) t
1
N 7, t = (1 – s2)
2
N8, t = (s – 1) t

x y y x
|[J] | =
s t s t

= [N1, s x1 + N2, s x2 + … + N8, s x8]

[N1, t y1 + N2, t y2 + … + N8, t y8]

– [N1, s y1 + N2, s y2 + … + N8, s y8]

[N1, t x1 + N2, t x2 + … + N8, t x8]

a Ni , s b Ni ,t 0
[Bi] = 0 c Ni ,t d Ni , s
c Ni ,t d Ni , s a Ni , s b Ni ,t
where

y
a= = N1, t y1 + N2, t y2 + … + N8, t y8
t

y
b= = N1, s y1 + N2, s y2 + … + N8, s y8
s

x
c= = N1, s x1 + N2, s x2 + … + N8, s x8
s

x
d= = N1, t x1 + N2, t x2 + … + N8, t x8
t

10.21 The 2-pt rule works as we have a 2nd order in s for the integrand see Equation (10.6.19) and
for integrand of order 2n – 1 = 2 2 – 1 = 3 we get exact solution.

10.22 Compare the Q4 and Q6 elements. What property makes the Q6 element better in modeling
beam bending? What is the weakness of the Q6 element that is not inherent in the Q4
element?

The Q4 element does not have complete polynomial displacement functions. The Q4 does not
include the x2 and y2 terms (or s2 and t2 terms) and does not include the bubble modes (g
terms in Eq. (10.5.27)). The Q6 includes the quadratic terms as bubble modes that describe
the state of constant curvature and hence yields better answers for modeling beam bending
type problems.

446
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whole or in part.
 The Q4 element insures compatibility as there are four a’s in each global coordinate relation
defining the element geometric shape to the local coordinates as seen by Eq. (10.2.2) or
analogously the displacement functions u and v. Having four generalized unknown degrees of
freedom for u and for v allows enforcement of displacement compatibility at each of the four
nodes.

The Q6 element has compatibility issues because the g1-g4 degrees of freedom are internal
and not nodal degrees of freedom and are then not connected to other elements. There is then
the possibility that the edges of two adjacent elements may have different curvatures, and
thus the displacement field along a common edge may be incompatible. That is why the
element is called incompatible. See also Figure 10-17. This incompatibility is thought to be a
weakness of the Q6 element that is not inherent in the Q4 element. However, for beam
bending type problems, the Q6 element yields better results.

10.23 Compare the Q4 and Q8 elements. What makes the Q8 a better element to model beam
bending?

The Q8 element uses higher order displacement functions (incomplete cubic as the x3 and y3
terms are missing). These are shown by Eq. (10.5.28) for the element geometry shape, and
hence for the higher order shape functions as well. Using the higher order displacement
functions yields more accurate results with fewer elements than the Q4 element in many
cases and definitely for models using material properties that are constant and that have
simple loading.

The Q4 element uses incomplete quadratic displacement functions (the x2 and y2 terms are
missing), as seen by Eq. (10.2.2) for the element geometric shape equations that are
analogous to the form of the displacement functions.

447
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whole or in part.
 448
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whole or in part.