Marxism
-Is a social, political, and economic philosophy
named after Karl Marx. It examines the effect
of capitalism on labor, productivity, and
economic development and argues for a worker
revolution to overturn capitalism in favor of
communism.
Karl Marx
-Karl Marx (1818-1883) wrote the Communist
Manifesto (1848) that shows the basic struggle
between classes and recommends action
against the 'specter' of capitalism.
Communist Manifesto
-is a political pamphlet written by Karl Marx
with the assistance of Friedrich Engels to serve
as the platform of communist league.
Friedrich Engels
-a German social scientist, author, political
theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist
theory, together with Karl Marx. He wrote Das
Kapital. He organized Marx's notes on the
“Theories of Surplus Value,”
Communism
-Political theory advocating class war and
leading to a society in which all property is
publicly owned and workers are paid base on
their needs and abilities.
Capitalism
-An Economic and Political system in which
country’s trade and industry are controlled by
private owners for profit.
Class Conflict
-It refers to the conflict between different
classes in a community that is composed of
different social or economic positions and
opposing interests
Socio Economic Status
-It refers to a person’s standing with regards to
his/her access to resources, monetary
capability, income status, occupation, and living
situation.
2 types of people according to Karl Marx
Proletariat
is consisting of the working or labor class.
Bourgeoisie
is consisting of the management class; those
who own the means of production
Factors of Social Inequality
1. Exploitation
-treating workers unfairly in order to benefit
from their work
2. Alienation
-a person’s feeling of disconnection from a
group whether friends, family, or wider society
3. Means of Production
-term describes land, labor, and capital that can
be used to produce products.
Historical Development of Marxism
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-A period of major industrialization and
innovation during 19th century.
- agrarian economy shifted to a manufacturing
economy.
Types of Society base on Economy
1. Hunting and Gathering Society
2. Pastoral Society
3. Horticultural Society
4. Industrial Society
3 LEVELS OF CULTURE MODEL
1. Infrastructure- population, basic
biological need, and resources (labor,
equipment, technology, etc.).
2. Structure- pattern of organization
(government, education, production
regulation, etc.).
3. Superstructure- social institutions (law,
religion, politics, art, science,
superstition, values, emotions,
traditions, etc.)
Symbolic Interactionism Self-Looking Glass Theory

-interpretations of meaning that affect the -a theory states that a persons develops their
interaction between individuals. This theory self-image based on the responses of others as
analyzes society by addressing the subjective well as their perception of how others see and
meanings that people impose on objects, judge them.
events, and behaviors
Charles Cooley
HERBERT BLUMER
-proponent of SELF LOOKING GLASS THEORY
-an American sociologist, set out three basic
premises of the perspective on Symbolic
Interactionism.

a. "Humans act toward things based on the

meanings they ascribe to those things."

b. "The meaning of such things is derived from,

or arises out of, the social interaction that one
has with others and the society."

c. "These meanings are handled in, and

modified through, an interpretative process
used by the person in dealing with the things
he/she encounters."

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

-He is the one who argued that “people's selves

are social products, but that these selves are
also purposive and creative
 -theorized three levels of consciousness and
three personality structure

LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

a. Preconscious mind
- It stores all the thoughts of which you

could bring into consciousness fairly

easily if you wanted to; thoughts that

can be easily recalled without special

techniques.

b. Conscious mind
-It contains those thoughts of which
you are currently aware.

c. Unconscious mind
-The material that we have no
immediate access to, and we cannot
bring into consciousness. It includes
repressed feelings, hidden memories,
habits, thoughts, desires, and
reactions.

TYPES of PERSONALITY

a. ID
-known as Pleasure principle; It is
concerned only with satisfying
personal desires
b. Ego
-Known as Reality principle; The center
of reason, reality-testing,
and common sense.
c. Super ego
-Known as Moral principle; Bids the
psychic apparatus to pursue
idealistic goals and perfection.

Psychoanalysis

-is defined as a set of psychological theories and Rational Choice

therapeutic techniques that have their origin in -It is the view that people behave as
they do because they believe that
the work and theories of Sigmund Freud.
performing their chosen actions has
-This refers to the framework for more benefits than costs. That is,
people make
understanding the impact of the rational choices based on their goals,
and those choices govern their
unconscious on thoughts, feelings,
behavior.
and behavior.
CONCEPTS OF RATIONAL CHOICE
Sigmund Freud  UTILIZATION AND
MAXIMIZATION
-Proponent of Psychoanalysis Theory
  -individuals seek to get highest
satisfaction from their economic
decision
 STRUCTURE PREFERENCE
 -Letting us to choose depending on
our needs or wants not sacrificing
quality over expense
 DECISIONS UNDER
UNCERTAINITY
 -Decisions under uncertainty or
based on predictions.
FEMINIST THEORY
-aims to understand and challenge gender
inequality in various aspects of society
-It covers a wide range of topics, such as
discrimination, objectification, oppression,
patriarchy and stereotyping.
FEMINISM
-A belief that men and women deserve equality
in all opportunities, treatment, respect and
social rights
TYPES OF FEMINISM
LIBERAL FEMINISM
 Women are rational beings
 -seek equality through legal reforms
SOCIALIST FEMINISM
 Gender inequality is attributed to
capitalist economic system
 Women oppression happens not only in
gender but also in race, religion and
education
RADICAL FEMINISM
 Extreme type of feminism
 Aims to dismantle patriarchy
 Focus on culture change and seek
reforms through revolution
MOVEMENTS OF FEMINISM
1ST WAVE
 19th and early 20th centuries
 focused on the legal issues
concerning women
 women advocated their rights to
choose their own profession
2ND WAVE
 1960's up to the 1980's
focused on civil rights
 addressed sexual equality and
reproductive rights
 called for the abolishment of
objectification of women
3RD WAVE
late 90's up to the present
 gender vs. sex
 eradication on the concept of rape
culture
 recognized the symbols of feminism
INSTITUTIONALISM
-This is an approach that emphasizes the role of
institutions. Also, it stresses the usefulness of
established institutions, often at the expense of
the individual

CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTITUTION

1. STRUCTURE-Who shape the institutions

2. STABILITY- involves activities,
preparations and training conducted in
an institution
3. LEGITIMACY- requirement of an
institution
4. SHARED VALUES-common goal/purpose
of an institution

CATEGORIES OF INSTITUTION

• Formal Institutions - include the written

constitution, laws, policies, rights and
regulations enforced by official
authorities.

• Informal Institutions - are (the usually

unwritten) social norms, customs or
traditions that shape thought and
behavior

Isomorphic

- a concept developed by Paul DiMaggio

and Walter Powell, is the similarity of
the systems and processes of
institutions. This similarity can be
through imitation among institutions or
through independent development of
systems and processes.