1.If the albedo of a planet increases from 0.70 to 0.

85, what percentage change in the

total scattered power occurs?

2.Two containers, A and B, each initially contain 100 g of a substance at 20°C.

Container A contains water, while Container B contains ethanol. The same amount of
thermal energy is added to both containers. Assuming the specific heat capacity of
water is 4.18 kJ/kg K and that of ethanol is 2.44 kJ/kg K, what can be said about the
final temperatures of both containers?
3. In a sealed container, the volume of an ideal gas is halved while keeping the
temperature constant. Which statement best describes the change in the pressure of
the gas?

4. A fixed amount of an ideal gas in a container undergoes a process where its pressure
is doubled while keeping the temperature constant. How does this change affect the
volume and the internal energy of the gas?
• The volume is halved, and the internal energy decreases.
• The volume remains constant, and the internal energy increases.
• The volume is doubled, and the internal energy remains constant.
• The volume is halved, and the internal energy remains constant.

5. A sealed container of volume V contains N molecules of an ideal gas at a Kelvin

temperature T. If the volume of the container is halved while the number of gas molecules
is doubled, and the gas reaches a new Kelvin temperature T', which equation best
describes the relationship between the original pressure P and the new pressure P' of the
gas?
• P' = 2P(T'/T)
• P' = 4P(T'/T)
• P' = 1/2P(T'/T)
• P' = P(T'/T)
6. Two sealed containers, A and B, are filled with the same ideal gas. Container A is kept
at temperature T₁ and volume V₁. Container B, which has twice the volume of container
A, is kept at temperature T₂. If the pressure in both containers is the same, what is the
relationship between T₁ and T₂?
• T₁ = 2T₂
• T₁ = T₂/2
• T₁ = T₂
• T₁ = 4T₂
7. Consider two containers, X and Y, each holding 30 g of different isotopes. Container X

has 15 g of carbon-12 ( ), and container Y has 15 g of nitrogen-14 ( ). What is the

ratio of the number of moles of carbon-12 to the number of moles of nitrogen-14?
• 0.86
• 1.00
• 1.17
• 2.00

8. The apparent brightness of Star A is observed to be one-fourth that of Star B at the

same distance. If their luminosities are L1 for Star A and L2 for Star B respectively, which
statement correctly compares their luminosities?
• L1 is four times L2 .
• L2 is four times L1 .
• L1 equals L2 .
• L1 is half of L2 .

9. A black body radiator emits electromagnetic radiation with a peak wavelength of λ. If

the peak wavelength of the radiation emitted by another black body radiator is 0.5λ,
according to Wien's displacement law, how does the temperature of the second black
body compare to that of the first one?
• The temperature of the second black body is double that of the first.
• The temperature of the second black body is half that of the first.
• The temperature of the second black body is four times that of the first.
• The temperatures of both black bodies are the same.

10. Consider two containers, X and Y, each initially filled with water at different
temperatures. Container X contains 2 kg of water at 25°C, while Container Y contains 1
kg of water at 40°C. Both containers are cooled at a constant rate in identical
environmental conditions. Assuming the specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 kJ/kg·K,
which container's water will reach the freezing point first?
• Container X, because it contains more water.
• Container Y, because it contains less water.
• Container X, because it starts at a lower temperature.
• Container Y, because it starts at a higher temperature.

11. A star's luminosity is found to be four times that of another star with the same surface
area. How does their surface temperature ratio T₁/T₂ compare, assuming they are both
black bodies?
 • 2
• 1.19
• 1.41
• 4

12. A metal rod of mass m and specific heat capacity C is initially at a high temperature
Trod . It is then placed in a container of water with mass M, specific heat capacity c, and
initial temperature T water , where T water<T rod. Assuming no heat is lost to the
surroundings, which of the following factors will determine how close the final equilibrium
temperature of the system will be to Trod ?
• The ratio of the mass of the metal rod to the mass of the water.
• The difference in specific heat capacities of the metal rod and water.
• The initial temperature difference between the metal rod and the water.
• The absolute value of T rod and T water.

13. Consider a substance undergoing a phase change from a solid to a liquid. Three
quantities of the substance are:

I. Potential energy between particles

II. Vibrational kinetic energy of particles

III. Density of the substance

Which quantities are greater for the substance in the liquid phase compared to the solid
phase?
• I and II only
• I and III only
• II and III only
• I, II, and III

14. Two identical containers, P and Q, are each filled with the same mass of water, initially
at 20°C. Thermal energy is added to both containers. Container P's temperature is
increased to 50°C, while container Q is heated to a temperature that is twice the increase
in temperature of container P. Assuming the specific heat capacity of water remains
constant, what can be concluded about the thermal energy added to both containers?
• More thermal energy is added to container P.
• More thermal energy is added to container Q.
 • The thermal energy added to both containers is the same.
• The thermal energy added is proportional to the volume of water in each
container.

15. Given that Star X has a radius of 8.0× m and its distance from Planet Y is 2×
m, with a surface temperature of 6000 K. Star X can be considered as a black body.
What is the approximate intensity of the radiation incident on the upper atmosphere of
Planet Y?
• 1400 W/m²
• 1500 W/m²
• 1600 W/m²
• 1200 W/m²

16. The albedo of the Earth's atmosphere is 0.30. Given the intensity of solar radiation
incident on Earth's upper atmosphere is approximately 1400 W/m², what is the average
intensity over the entire surface of Earth?
• 245 W/m²
• 300 W/m²
• 400 W/m²
• 350 W/m²

17. A mass of 0.25 kg of pasta at -15°C is added to 1.0 kg boiling water at 100°C. What
is the approximate equilibrium temperature of the pasta and water mixture, assuming
negligible other heat transfers? The specific heat capacities of pasta and water are 1.5
kJ/kg K and 4.2 kJ/kg K, respectively.
• 80°C
• 85°C
• 90°C
• 95°C

18. A monoatomic ideal gas expands adiabatically from point A, where the pressure is
300 kPa, to point B, where the volume increases to 1.25 times the initial volume at A.
What is the pressure at point B?
 • 240 kPa
• 300 kPa
• 375 kPa
• 480 kPa

19. Two bodies of identical material and shape emit radiation, as shown in the graph,
where both have the same peak wavelength. Which of the following statements about the
temperatures of both bodies is true?

• The body with the higher intensity peak radiates at a higher temperature.
• The body with the lower intensity peak radiates at a higher temperature.
• The temperatures of both bodies must be different since the intensities are
different.
• The temperatures of both bodies are the same.
20. The diagram represents the energy balance of a planet, where the atmosphere and
surface reflect certain portions of the incident solar radiation 'I', Assuming the
greenhouse effect is negligible, calculate the albedo of the planet.
 • 0.08
• 0.15
• 0.22
• 0.07

21. Refer to following the graph of radiation intensity against wavelength for a black body.
Which of the following estimates for the temperature is most consistent with the
information provided by the graph?
 • 1300 K
• 1500 K
• 1700 K
• 1900 K

22. If the Earth is assumed to be a perfect black body, with the solar radiation intensity at
its upper atmosphere being 1361 W/m² and an albedo of 0.31, what is the estimated
average temperature of the Earth?
• 250 K
• 275 K
• 300 K
• 325 K

23. Star A and Star B appear to have the same apparent brightness when viewed from
Earth. However, Star B is twice as far from Earth as Star A. If the luminosity of Star A is
L, what is the luminosity of Star B in terms of L?
• L/2
• L
• 2L
• 4L
24. In the context of the greenhouse effect, how does the resonance model contribute to
the understanding of heat retention in the Earth's atmosphere?
• It explains the uniform warming effect by the equal distribution of infrared
photons in all atmospheric layers.
 • It describes the reflection of infrared radiation off the atmospheric particles,
reducing the overall warming effect.
• It accounts for the specific frequencies of infrared radiation that are absorbed and
re-emitted by greenhouse gas molecules.
• It suggests that all atmospheric gases resonate at the same frequency, leading to
a cumulative warming effect.

25. What happens to the pressure exerted by an ideal gas in a sealed container if
the average translational speed of the molecules is doubled?
• The pressure remains the same.
• The pressure is halved.
• The pressure doubles.
• The pressure quadruples.

26. If a monatomic ideal gas is compressed to half its initial volume while the temperature
is held constant, how does the average speed of the gas molecules change?
• It remains the same.

• It increases by a factor of .

• It decreases by a factor of .
• It doubles.

27. The initial temperature of a fixed amount of an ideal gas is X kelvin (K) at a constant
volume. The initial pressure of the gas is Y MPa. If the final pressure of the gas is Z
MPa, what is the final temperature of the gas?

28 In a thermodynamic process, a certain amount of an ideal gas performs work on its

surroundings. Assuming no heat is added to the gas, which of the following is a true
statement about the gas particles?
• Their total momentum increases.
• Their kinetic energy remains constant.
• Their average kinetic energy decreases.
 • Their potential energy increases.

29. Given the ideal gas law, what condition is necessary for an ideal gas to approximate
a real gas?
• High temperature and high pressure.
• Low temperature and low pressure.
• High temperature and low pressure.
• Low temperature and high pressure.

30. What is the temperature of an ideal gas with molecules having an average kinetic
energy of 2 eV?
2,577 K
3,865 K
7,730 K
15,460 K