Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kirchoffs
Kirchoffs
Circuits
EQUIPMENT
(5) Resistors:
(1) Universal Circuit Board R1 = 10 Ω Resistor
(2) D-Cell Batteries (1.5 V) R2 = 12 Ω Resistor
(2) Battery Holders R3 = 15 Ω Resistor
(4) Alligator Clips R4 = 18 Ω Resistor
(1) DMM R5 = 22 Ω Resistor
1
2 Experiment 17: Kirchhoff ’s Laws for Circuits
ΣVi = 0 (17.2) Write and equation relating the currents to each other
using the junction rule,. Then write equations for two
To calculate magnitudes of current and voltage in a different loops in terms of electric potential difference.
circuit like Fig. 17.2, you will need to write three equa-
tions, making use of both the loop and junction rules. For example, the equation for the currents in the top
This results in three equations with three unknowns. center junction in Fig 17.2:
For this experiment, you will measure εi and Ri , then i 1 = i2 + i 3 (17.3)
solve for the three currents, Ii .
And an equation for the loop consisting of
One might be able to guess the direction of current ε1 , R1 , R2 , andR3 in Fig 17.2 is:
flow in a circuit, given a circuit such as the one in this ε1 − R1 i 1 − R2 i 3 − R3 i 1 = 0 (17.4)
experiment. However, as long as the current direction
chosen at the beginning is used consistently through- Write a similar equation for the loop consisting of
out the calculation, the calculation will be correct. For ε2 , R4 , R5 , andR2 , then solve this system of three equa-
the purposes of this experiment, all currents will be as- tions for the currents we predict through the three am-
sumed to be in the direction shown in Fig 17.2. If any meters.
Prelab 17: Kirchhoff ’s Laws for Circuits 3
Name:
2. Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 17.2 and the Equipment list on Page 1. Use Kirchhoff’s Current Law and
Voltage Law to solve for the theoretical currents, i1 , i2 , andi3 .
In performing the experiment, measured values will be used for the emfs and resistances. For the pre-lab, use the
nominal values as stated in the Equipment list.
Theory: The two basic laws that are most useful in analyzing circuits are Kirchoff’s laws for current and voltage.
• Kirchoff ’s Current Law (The Junction Rule) states that at any junction of a circuit, the sum of currents
entering the junction equals the sum of currents leaving the junction. This follows from the principle of charge
conservation. ΣIin = ΣIout
• Kirchoff ’s Voltage Law (The Loop Rule) states that around any closed loop in a circuit, the algebraic sum of
all potential differences is equal to zero. ΣVi = 0
The following sign convention is observed when adding together potential differences:
1. Use Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law to find the missing voltage differences in the following circuits. For these circuits,
current flows clockwise and potential difference is measured clockwise. (4 pts)
2. Below are two nodes in different circuits. Each has four currents flowing either in or out of it. For each, use
Kirchhoff’s Current Law to fill in the value of the missing current. [Note each sign (+/−) and direction] (4 pts)
5
R1 = 10 Ω R2 = 12 Ω R3 = 15 Ω R4
R4 = 18 Ω R5 = 22 Ω R5
Tolerance
Gold 5%
8. Record these equations on the last page. You must
Silver 10%
solve them by hand, but may use a calculator to ver-
ify. (No Band) 20%
6
I1 (A1 )
I2 (A2 )
I3 (A3 )
11. Compare the measured values of current with the calculated values. If they are
not approximately equal, check your calculations or retest the circuit. (6 pts)
12. Reconnect the batteries and measure the electric potential across each element Left Loop:
of the circuit. Record your answers in the table. V1 is the voltage across R1 ,
and so on. Sign and direction are crucial; measure based on the hypothetical ε1
directions of current you chose at the beginning. Refer to the diagram in the
prelab material and follow your TAs guidance. (14 pts) V1
13. Do the currents measured verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law? How? If not, what V2
could have caused the discrepancy? (10 pts)
V3
ΣV
Right Loop:
ε2
V4
V5
V2
14. Do the voltages measured verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law? How? Explain pos-
sible causes for any non-zero loop sums. (10 pts) ΣV
Perimeter Loop:
ε1
V1
ε2
V4
V5
V3
ΣV
7
Record the equations from step 7 here. Solve them by hand. (24 pts)