Biología

1.- NUTRITION: set of processes that allows living beings obtain the matter and energy to perform the
vital functions. Involuntary
FEEDING: it is the process by which humans obtain food from the environment. VOLUNTARY ACTION
MODIFIABLE ACTION
NUTRIENTS: They are substances contained into food which are essential to live
FOOD: It provides us with the nutrients our body needs to grow and to carry out the vital functions.

2.- NUTRIENTS: Organic (only in living things: only in living things) and inorganic (in living things and
non-living things : minerals salt and water)

3.- SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES ( crystalline, soluble and with sweet flavour): Monosaccharides the most
simple carbohydrate, DISACCHARIDES: formed by the bonding of two monosaccharides that are
separated by our body (digestion process) to be used as monosaccharides
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES (not sweet, not crystalline): They are formed by the bonding of many
molecules of simple carbohydrates. They have to be broken down to be used by our cells.

4.- FATS (Full of energy): Saturated fats: animal origin, Unsaturated fats: plant origin
MEMBRANE LIPIDS: they form part of cell membranes and organelles
LIPIDS WITH REGULATORY FUNCTION: Some vitamins and hormones are made up of some types of
lipids

5.- PROTEINS: Functions: Form structures, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, defend our body, muscle
contraction, regulate biochemical processes
We only have 20 different amino acids but 11 of them can be produced by our body, the remaining have
to be obtained from the food we eat (they cannot be synthesised by our body) (ESSENTIAL AMINO
ACIDS)
6.- MINERALS SALTS: Functions: Inorganic substances, structural function, regulatory function, more tan
20 different minerals are essential to control our metabolism and form structures.

7.- WATER: Functions: act as a solvent, is essential for metabolic reactions, work as a transport medium,
regulates body temperature
8.- DAILY WATER BALANCE: Total water output per day averages 2.5 litres. This must be balanced
with water input.

9.- Functions: varied chemical substances, needs small quantities, regulatory function
Classification: fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K), water-soluble vitamins (B,C)

10.- DEFICIENCY DISEASES: A lack of vitamins

11.- NUTRITIONAL NEEDS: Structural needs: we need proteins to grow Providing energy: we need
carbohydrates and lipids in order to do sports Regulatory and structural needs
Measures: Gram of fat 9 kcal, gram of carbohydrates 3.75 kcal, gram of proteins 4kcal

12.- BASAL METABOLISM: Basal metabolism rate (BMR): It is the minimum amount of energy our
body needs in total rest, to perform the vital functions.

13.- FACTORS THAT AFFECT BMR: Age, muscle mass, body size, gender, drugs, genetics, hormonal
factors, diet, physical activity, environmental factors

14.- DIET: Quantity of food that someone intakes daily

15.- CHARACTERISTICS OF BALANCED DIET: Eat a variety of different foods, Have several meals each
day, Eat fresh vegetables and fruits, Avoid convenience food, Include unsaturated fats and reduce rich in
saturated fats and cholesterol, Eat fibre-rich foods daily

16.- FOOD WHEEL: GROUP I: These foods are rich in carbohydrates. (grain products, potatoes and
sugar), GROUP II: These foods are rich in lipids. (butter and oil), GROUP III: These foods are rich in
proteins (meat, eggs, fish, legumes and nuts), GROUP IV: These foods are rich in proteins and calcium
(milk and dairy products), GROUP V: These foods are rich in vitamins and minerals (leafy greens and
vegetables), GROUP VI: These foods are rich in vitamins and minerals (fruits)
 FOOD CONSUMPTION

1.- ADDITIVES: Natural: substances found naturally, such as beetroot juice which we use to colour
foodstuffs, NATURAL IDENTICAL: Synthesized copies of substances that exist in nature, such as ethyl
acetate, Artificial: Synthesized substances that do not exist in nature, such us vanilla or ethyl maltol

2.- FOOD CONSUMPTION: Malnutrition: It occurs when someone does not have enough food to eat,
Deficiency related diseases: Lack of nutrients because people cut out certain foods from their diet o
because they don’t have access to this food, Obesity: it is caused by an excess in the intake of energy-
providing food,

FUNCIONES: CARBOHYDRATES: Give energy, structural function, LIPIDS: Energy, structural function,
regulate function, PROTEINS: Structural nutrient, antibodies, transport oxygen, VITAMINS: Chemical
substances, regulate function, MINERAL SALTS: Structural function, regulatory function