Design of Water Networks

References :
1. P.K. Swamee and A.K. Sharma, "Design of Water Supply Pipe
Networks", 2008.
2. E.W. Steel and T.J. McGhee, " Water Supply and Sewerage” , 1988.
3. M.C. Potter, D.C. Wiggert and B.H. Ramada, " Mechanics of Fluids", 4th
edition, 2012.

Topics
 Review on Losses in Pipes
 Introduction, Flow Hydraulics and Network Analysis
 Pipe Network Analysis, Pipe Network Geometry
 Analysis of Branched Networks
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 Analysis of Looped Networks
 Hardy Cross, Newton-Raphson Method, Linear Theory Method
 Essential Parameters for Network Sizing
 Water Transmission Lines
 Pipe Lines on a Topography With Large Elevation Difference
 Choice Between Gravity and Pumping Systems
 Water Distribution Mains
 Sewer
 Flow in Sewers
 Examples of design Sewer Systems
 Design of a Storm Sewer System
 Plumbing Systems

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• Demand of Water in Building
• Types of Plumbing Fixtures Used in Residences
• Estimating Water Demand
• Hunter’s method, Demand at Individual Water Outlets
• Examples of Calculation Hot , Cold, and Total Water demand
in Building
• Static Head, Dynamic head
• Friction Head Loss
• Examples on Design Pipes in Building
• Different Applications on Design Water lines Systems

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1- Review on Losses in Pipes
Head loss in pipes
The pipe flow is analyzed by using the continuity equation and the
equation of motion ( Energy Eq. )
Q= D V

+ℎ + = +ℎ + +ℎ
2 2

E.L

H.G.L

4
1-1 : Surface Resistance – hf-

The head loss on account of surface resistance is given by the Darcy–Weisbach

equation
L V
h =f
D 2g
f = coefficient of surface resistance (friction factor)
or h =
The coefficient , f depends on the Reynolds Number, Re and height of roughness
= =
where υ is kinematic viscosity of fluid that can be obtained using the equation given
by Swamee (2004)
.
υ = 1.792 ∗ 10 1+ .
25
T is water temp. in ○ C.
For laminar flow Re ≤ 2000 , Re is given by the Hagen Poiseuille Eq.

f=
5
For turbulent flow Re ≥ 4000 Colebrook (1938) found f :

∈ 2.51
= 1.325 +
3.7

No information is available about estimating f and Re laying in the range between

2000 and 4000. Swamee (1993) gave the following equation for f valid in the
laminar flow , turbulent flow, and the transition in between them:
.
64 ∈ 5.74 2500
= + 9.5 + . −
3.7

For turbulent flow, the above equation can be written as:

∈ 5.74
= 1.325 + .
3.7

∈ Ʋ .
Or = 1.325 + 4.618
. 6
 Moody chart or Moody diagram
Is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates the Darcy-Weisbach friction
factor f , Reynolds number Re and relative roughness for fully developed
flow in circular pipe.

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 Average Roughness Heights - ∈-
The coefficient of surface resistance for turbulent flow depends on the average
height of roughness projection, ∈, of the pipe wall. The average roughness of
pipe wall for commercial pipes is listed in Table 1. Readers are advised to
check these values with their local pipe manufacturers.

Table 1: Average Roughness Heights ∈

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1-2: Form Resistance (Minor Losses) – hm-
The form-resistance losses are due to bends, elbows, valves, enlargers, reducers,
and so forth. Unevenness of inside pipe surface on account of imperfect
workmanship also causes form loss. A form loss develops at a pipe junction where
many pipelines meet. Similarly, form loss is also created at the junction of pipeline
and service connection. Form loss is expressed in the following form:

hm = Kf = Kf
Kf = form-loss coefficient ,
1- For bend pipe, Swamee (1990) found the Eq.
.
= 0.0733 + 0.923 .

2- For elbows = 0.442 .

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3- For sluice valve = 0.15 + 1.91

e = the depth obstructing flow in pipe

4- For rotary valve

.
= 133

= valve closure angle in radians

10
4- Transition

A- For gradual transition contraction

/
= 0.315
= 2 tan-1

Head loss in transition is ℎ =

Or ℎ =

B- For gradual transition expansion

. . .
. .
= 1+ .

r = expansion ratio D2/D1

= 2 tan-1

ℎ =
11
C- For abrupt expansion

Kf = 1, ℎ =

D- For abrupt contraction

.
= 0.5 1 − ,ℎ =

5- For pipe entrance

.
= 0.5 1 + 36 , hm = K f = Kf

R = radius of entrance transition,

for sharp entrance Kf =0.5
6- For pipe outlet (confusor)

= 4.5 − 3.5 , hm = Kf = Kf
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Example 1
As shown in figure, a discharge of 0.1 m3/s flows through a CI pipe main of 1000 m in
length having a pipe diameter 0.3 m. A sluice valve of 0.3 m. (Kf = 0.15) size is placed
close to point B. The elevations of points A and B are 10 m. and 5 m. respectively.
Assume water temperature at 20 oC. Calculate the following:
1. Terminal pressure h2 at point B and head loss in the pipe if the terminal pressure h1
at point A is 25 m.
2. The discharge in the pipe if the head loss is 10 m.
3. The CI gravity main diameter if the head loss in the pipe is 10 m. and a discharge of
0.1 m3/s flows in the pipe.

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 .
1- υ = 1.792 ∗ 10 1+ = 1.012 × 10 m2/s
4 4 × 0.1
= = = = 419381
Ʋ Ʋ × 1.012 × 10 × 0.3
.
64 ∈ 5.74 2500
= + 9.5 + . −
3.7
f = 0.0197

ℎ =ℎ + − − +
0.0197 × 1000 8 × 0.1
ℎ = 25 + 10 − 5 − 0.15 +
0.3 × 9.81 × 0.3
ℎ = 30 − 6.714 = 23.286
Where h2 = 23.286 m and hL= 6.714 m

2- For ℎ = +
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 . × ×
10 = 0.15 + (Assume f= 0.0197)
. × . × .

Q= 0.122 /
.
∈ Ʋ
= 1.325 + 4.618
3.7
.
0.00025 1.012 × 10 × 0.3
= 1.325 + 4.618
3.7 × 0.3 0.122
= 0.01957 , So Q = 0.122 /

3- For ℎ = + , first try Assume f=0.01957

. × × .
10 = 0.15 + → D = 0.2766 m
× . ×
∈ Ʋ .
For checking, = 1.325 + 4.618
.

∴ f = 0.01998 15
So, second try Assume f = 0.01998
For ℎ = +
. × × .
10 = 0.15 + → D = 0.2778 m
× . ×
∈ Ʋ .
For checking, = 1.325 + 4.618
.
→ =0.019967

So, third try Assume f = 0.019967

For ℎ = +
. × × .
10 = 0.15 + → D = 0.2778 m
× . ×
∈ Ʋ .
For checking, = 1.325 + 4.618
.

=0.019967 → = 0.2778 m
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