® NARAY ANA) 45¢ GROUP OF SCHOOLS EXCELLENCE BRIDGE PROGRAMME VII GOING TO VIII== WiiGoing to vi — Bridge Programme MATHEMATICS FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS I. Solve the following: 1. 849= 2. -84+9= 3. -8-9 4. -94+8= 5S. -89+98 6. -89-98 7. -98489= 8. -786+786 9. -985+689 10, -985-689=__ 11. -689+985 12. 689-985 = 13. 985-689 14. 2345+6789 15. 2345-6789 16. 1006-627 = 17. 25x5 18, 25+5=_ 19. 2019+0= 20. 0+2019= 21. 2019-0= 22. 0-2019 23. 0x2019= 24. 20190 25. 2019+0 26. 0+2019= 27. 2019+1= 28. 14+2019= 29. 2019-1= 30. 1-2019 31. 1x2019=____ 32. 2019x1= 33. 201941 34. 1+2019 35. 2019+2019= 36. 2019-2019=__ 37. 2019x2019 = 38. 2019+2019=___ BODMAS RULE 1, 1-24+3= 2. 1x2+3= 3. 1x2-3 4 + 5. 1+2-3=__ 6. 7 142x3+4= 8. 9 142-3=___ 10. tien 2x 3 same 12. 13. 1-2+3=____ 14. 15. 1x2+3+4= 16. 17. 1+2-3x4 18. 19. 1x2+344-5= 20. mum tc COVil Going to vi. | —_ === _ Bridge Programme a RULE OF BRACKETS 1. 44(5+6)= 2. -44(5+6)= 3. 4-(5+6)= 4. 4-(5-6)= 5. (4-5)+6= 6. 7 8, ~(4-5)-6= (4-5)-(-5-4)= Ga) Co (4-5)+(-S-4)=__ 10. 1-{(2+3)+(4-5)} 11, -1-{-(2+3)-(4-s)}=_ 12, -1-{-(2-3)-(4-5)}=____ KNOWLEDGE OF DIFFERENT NUMBERS What is a Prime number? Give an example. What is a Composite number? Give an example. What is an even number? Give an example. What is an odd number? Give an example. : What are twin primes? Give an example. What is relatively prime? Give an example. What are coprimes? Give an example. What are Natural numbers? Give an example. What are Whole numbers? Give an example. SPPNAKaAwODEL Write 4 consecutive numbers of x. Sum of two odd numbers is always even. State True or False. Give reason. Sum of two even numbers is always even. State True or False. Give reason. Sum of an odd number and an even number is always odd. State True or False. Ss 12. 13. Give reason. 14. 1 is an odd number. State True or False. 1 is a prime number. State True or False. 15. Find all the integers between ~6 and 6. 16.‘VU Going to Vit ———— Bridge Programme PROPERTIES OF MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS Is a + b= b + a? Give reason. Is a~ b= b~a ? Give reason. Isa x b = bX a? Give reason. Isa + b= b+ a? Give reason, 1 2, 3 4 Ss Is a + (b+ c) = (a + b) + c? Give reason. Is a - (b~c) = (a - b) ~c ? Give reason. Is a x (bX c) = (a x b) x c ? Give reason. Isa x (b +c) = (a + b) xc ? Give reason. Is a x (b~c) = (ab) x c ? Give reason. eer 10. Isa+(b*c) = (a+b) +c ? Give reason, 11, Isax(b +c) = (ax b) + (ac) ? Give reason, 12, Isa x (b~c) = (ax b)-(a * c) ? Give reason, DIVISION RULE 1, The division rule is Dividend = Divisor Quotient, Remainder 2. Find the quotient when dividend =7128 and divisor = 27. 3. Find the divisor when dividend = 3201, quotient = 94, and remainder = 5. 4. Find the dividend when quotient = 85, divisor = 79, and remainder = 4. 5. A number when divided by 32 gives the quotient 270. Find the number. 6. Find the dividend if divisor = 99, quotient =125, and remainder =20. 7. A number when divided by 13 gives the quotient 109. find the number. 8. Division of multinomial p(x) by another multinomial q(x) is possible only if degree of p(x) > degree of q(x) DIVISIBILITY TESTS Is 23456 divisible by 2 ? State reason. Is 23456 divisible by 3 ? State reason. Is 23456 divisible by 4 ? State reason. Is 23456 divisible by 5 ? State reason. Is 23456 divisible by 6 ? State reason. Is 23456 divisible by 8 ? State reason. Is 23456 divisible by 9 ? State reason. Is 23456 divisible by 11 ? State reason. 6,488 is divisible by a3 b.7 8 dol. am ma gro a 2 Pn=== __ Bridge Programme VII Going to vin S 10. 3,528 is Nor divisible by a7 ar ao dol ] 11. Which one of the following numbers is divisible by 7? a.5,990 b. 5,992 ©. §,994 d. 5,996 12. 785345 is divisible by all b.5 ca d.6 13. Is 10824 divisible by 11 1. Yes 2. No 14. Which digit makes this statement true? 397,5_7 is divisible by 3?. al b.3 ©. 8 do 15. Is 29,572,345 divisible by 3? 1.Yes 2.No FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS 1. Write the fraction 91/10 as decimal. a. 0.91 b.91.0 ©. 91.10 4.9.1 2. Write the fraction 91/100 as decimal. a.91.0 b..910 ©. 91.10 4.0.91 3. Write the fraction 7 644/ 1000 as decimal. a. 7644 b. 7.644 ©. 76.44 4.764.4 4. Write the decimal 0.5 as fraction. a. 3/2 b. 10/5 ©. 1/2 4.9/5 5. Write the decimal 0.982 as fraction. a. 491/500 b. 910/500 c.9110/500 4.91/500 6. Write the decimal 6.181861 as fraction. a.6181861/10 b. 6181861/100 c. 6181861/1000 d.6181861/1000000 7. Write the mixed fraction 615 decimals. a. 6.18 b.618 c. 61.8 4.6180 8. Write the mixed fraction oe as decimals. a. 958.79 b. 95879 c. 95.879 4. 9.5879 9. Write the mixed fraction 7 as decimals. a. 7.4705882 b.7.47058824 —-c. 74705.8824 —d. 747.058824 Ngeemee Mi Ratng to vie a — — Hieldge Progr — ee GIMPLIFICATIONS ; i a ava . . 9% 4 4 ad 5. ef a P 7 Ang 4 120 a 1 0 deae 4 a 10, 165 a 12, . 2 13, 1-5» 14 » 18, +93 ON 41.24 12.9.4 129.4 41,294 1234.5 20. 0.456 + 10 = a 21. 0,456 + 100 = 22. 0.456 + 1000 = 23. 0.456 - 10 = 24, 0.456 - 100 = 25. 0.456 ~ 1000 = _ 26. 0.456 * 10» 27. 0.456 * 100 = __ 28, 0.456 « 1000 = 29. 7.89 + 10 =_ 30, 7.89 4100 =___ 31. 7.89 + 1000 = 32. 0.1 * 0.2 =__ Bind #114 = 4: Ol Bile 35. 24.8 + B 36. 7.8 4 0.3 ei, Was 12! = 38. 1.24 1.21 40, nx +2 = 2x? Why? Gum OD 39, xtxeVII Going to vin — Bridge Programme ee PRIME FACTORISATION 1. Express 4g 8 a product of prime factors. 2. Express 128 as a product of prime factors. 3. In which of the following expressions, prime factorisation has been done: (a) 24=2% 3 x 4 (0) 70-2 x 5x 7 () S6=1 x 7x2x2%9 (d) 54= 2x 3x9 MULTIPLES 1. Write the next four multiples of each of the following. (9) 278 16, 2452 tel?) 24064 (©) 20-520, 40,60, 80, | 2. What will be the 7th multiple of the following? (a) 16 (b) 18 (9) 17 (a) 12 Is 144 a multiple of 9 ? Give reasons. Find the fifth multiple of 14. What are the 3, 5%, and 7® multiples of 15 > Write the multiples of 6 and 12 up to the 8th place. Then find their common multiples. Write the least non-zero multiple of 18. Write all multiples of 8 which lie between 39 and 70, 2A w Pad 9. The hundredth multiple of 50 is : 10. Match the items in column 1 with the items in column 2: Column 1 Column 2 i) 35 ( ) a) Multiple of 8 ii) 15 (i) b) Multiple of 7 iii) 16 ( ) ©) Multiple of 20 iv) 20 ( d) Multiple of 30 ( ) ) €) Multiple of 50 v) 25wee VACCINE ceemteeeemenmeenens Bridge Programme = —— FACTORS LW Find the factors of the following: (a) 12 (oa () 108 (a) 64 {e) 90 ( 144 2. Is 9 a factor of the following numbers? {a) 2079 (b) 3865 (c) 3402 (a) 9963 (e)3321 3. Is 4 @ factor of the following numbers ? (a) 4079 (b) 8865 (©) 2402 (a) 6963 4 is 5a factor of the following numbers ? (a) 4070 (6) 8865 () 2402 (a) 6963 S. The highest factor of 24 is ___ LCM Find the LCM of the following : 1 265 2. 08,12 = 3. 2, 2014 = _ neon 5. 4,8, and 12= eas 7. 24,3648 = ex ajaiee, 9. 100,200,300 = HCF 1. Find the HCF of the following numbers: (a) 18,48 (0) 27,63 (c) 36,84 (4) 30,42 _—_(e) 70,105,175 ( 91, 112,49 2. HCF x LOM =. IPR‘ CONCEPT . 2 1. The reciprocal of a is__. 2. The reciprocal of 5 is__. 3. The reciprocal of 0.4 is__. 4. The reciprocal of 4 is__. 1 5. Reciprocal of 25 ? 2 1 5 8 2 a) -25 y> 99 a5 6. Every number has a reciprocal except a)3 b)0 2 ao uum C(t== Bridge Programme — 1 ADDITIVE AND MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE AND IDENTITY 1. Additive inverse of 2 2. Multiplicative inwerse of 3/5 is__ 3. The additive inverse of x’ is__. { 4. Multiplicative inverse of 12 is__. 5. -326 is the additive inverse of ___ i 6. 1 is the multiplicative inverse of __ 7. The sum of a number and its additive inverse is__ 8. 16/9 is the multiplicative inverse of __. 9. The product of a number and its multiplicative inverse is _. 10. The sum of 2/3 and its multiplicative inverse is__ 11. Multiplicative inverse of 1/9 is__. 12. The product of -15 and additive inverse of 15 is___. 13. The sum of 5/7 and the multiplicative inverse of 7/ 4 is__ 14. The difference of - 5 and additive inverse of 5 is__. 15. The product of 8 and its additive inverse is__. 16. The additive inverse 15x3 is 45, state whether it is true of false. 17. The additive inverse of -10000 is 18. The multiplicative inverse of 14 is 19. What is the difference between additive identity and additive inverse. 20. What is the difference between multiplicative identity and multiplicative PERCENTAGE CONCEPT 1, 25% = 2. 50% 3. 60% = 4. 75% = 5. i-__% 6. 3-__% 7. 2-__% 8 z-__w 9. 30% of 30= a) 900 bo ¢) 9000 d) 9% 10. If 100% of a number is 15, what is 50% of the number? a. 7.5 b.50 c. 5000 4. 500 11, Which is the greatest? c. 5% of 1400 d. 3% of 2500 b. 6% of 1000 a. 90% of 10 a== VilGoing to vin 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. ve ype ye erna 1. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21: Bridge Programme What percent of 1 hour is 15 minutes? 2.50% 150% .75% 4.25% Arjun had 180 blue and red pencils. He had 45 blue pencils. What percentage of his pencils wasred? a.55% b.65% ©.75% d.25% Last year Bunty weighed 75kg. This year he weighed 90kg. With what percentage did his weight increase? 820% b.60% ©.70% 4.50% Abhiram bought 18 pizzas. Akhil bought 12 pizzas. What percentage of the total number of pizzas, did Akhil buy? a. 100% b.40% .70% 4.80% Ananth forgot his pin code. 20% of his pin code was 246.8. What was his pin code? a.1234 b.12345 ¢.12346 d.12347 COMPARISONS Fill in the blanks with >, = or <: 2345, 2354 6 -7 O.1 0.01 230 + 230 + 230 + 230. 2304 60 « 15. 61 x 15 17x41 17x40 2.2 + 0.2 3.0 6.1 - 0.6. 5 Which number (A or B ) makes statement true? 499 — 303 > 90 +? A. 100 B.119 Which number (A or B ) makes this statement true? 641 - 106 < 391 +? A.140 B. 150 3.1 3.01 12. 0.25. 0.250 2.8. 2.7906 14. 4.70. 4.7000 1 1 3.4 4.3 16. 2 4 3 3 3 2 2 4 eG a 2 3 2 3 5 3 3 4 u ml 2 3 err1. 3 2. 3-2 then x = 3. 5-2 thence = 4. 1-3 then x = RULE OF TRANSPOSITION 1. x+a=bthenx= 2. x-a=bthenx= j 3. x+a=-bthenx= 4. x-a=-bthenx= 8. 2x+5 = 6 then x= 6. 2x-5=6 thenx= 7. 2x-5=-6 then x= 8. 5-2x=-6 then x= | 9. Solve the following for x. 2x +2 = 1 a. -7/2 b. -8/2 ©.-2/2 d.-1/2 | 10. Ifax-b+c=d, then x i a. x= atb-c/a b.x=atb-c/b c.x=atb-c/c 11. If (m + 19)/5 =8, then m= a. 55 b.22 c. 24 4.21 12. If St/2-7=I1/2, then t = as b. 2. c4 a 13. If Sx + 8 = 3x-6, then x = a. -5 b.-2. c-4 a. -7 14. If 2x + 4x +5 = 35-4x + 4x, then x a5 b3 29 4.7 15. Ifx+3h+d=b+3h+ 7d, then x=__. a.x=b+3d. b.x=b+4d. c.x=b+ 6d. d.x=b+ 8d. BASIC EQUATION SOLVING 1, 2x x=6thenx=_____ 2. 24 x= 6 thenx= 3. 2+x=6thenx=_____ 4. 2-x=6 thenx 5. x= ab thena= 6. x= ab then b = 7. 4327+ 8654 8. 4327 — = 8654 9. 4327 x = 8654 10. 4327 x = 8654 ll. ___s x 40 = 320 12. —__+ 40 = 320 13. ____- 40 = 320 14. x 40 = 320 rer=== WiGoing to vin 2 WRN AAPYN 10. i. 12. 13, ____ Bridge Programme RULE OF SUBSTITUTION = 2gm then a+ b= a= 1 kg and b a= 1cmand b= 2m then a+ b= Warlsec and b = 2min then a+ b= Wfa= 1 min and b = 2hr then a + b= Walsec and b = 2hr then a + b= Evaluate the following. a+b-cifa=5,b=4ande b)-a-b ~cifa=-5,b=-4andc Find the value of 4ab + 6a when a= 2, b= 3. Find the value of x + xy + xy z when x ,y=7andz=9. ROUNDING OFF 73 rounded to the nearest ten is 3.1416 rounded to hundredths is 1.2635 rounded to tenths is 1.2635 rounded to 3 decimal places is 134.9 rounded to tens is 12,690 rounded to thousands is 1.239 rounded to units is 1.43= 1.4! Round off 63,809 to the nearest ten thousand. Round off 24,79,863 to the nearest lakh. Round off 59,37,02,164 to the nearest a) ten : b) hundred: ‘The population of some of the Indian states(as per 201 1census) are given below. Round these to the nearest crore. a) Maharashtra 116,427,583 b) Orissa 4,19,47,358 Round off 52,91,37,846 to the nearest ten-lakh. Round off 6,57,23,215 to the nearest crore. CONVERSIONS 1 cm = m oem) 1g =__kg 1 kg=__¢ 1s =___min COME a10. Write the next three integes in each pattern. Use absolute value notation. een avs one ABSOLUTE VALUE The absolute value of -156 is 7 20) = ‘i Zero is the absoulte value of . |465|= Put the correct sign (<,>, or =) [8-3] [3-38] The absolute value of -1000x10 is —|-69| = What two numbers have an absolute value of 30? |54|+[o|=___ [-8),}+10},|-12),|+14), __la. 12, 13. 14, 1s, 13. 14, 1s. 16. 17. 18. Vi Going to vin ~-9x 94808 Palasnee ar Re eet Hany, hae a balnce of -Re 50. Her friend Rinku hae,« bank balance of Rs 83 Nelt ther money. Which friends bank balance has a greater absolute values yen i ‘The absolute value of 16 divided by 4 is _ brxq- = Bridge Programme = —— LAWS OF INDICES The exponential form of the expression 8x8x8x8x8x8*8 = in general for all rational numbers a and b if m is a positive integer then (m 19. Which is greater 4° or 3*? 20. Which is greater 5° or 3°? 21. Is 2?+3?=(2+3)? 22. O° = 23. 2*=8 then x= 24. 5*=10, then 5*?= 25. 5*=10, then S*?= 26. Which is greater 0.1 or (0.1)? | SCIENTIFIC NOT. ‘ATION Write the numbers in scientific notation. 72000=. 145,000=. 300,000=. 8,000,000=. 40,800,000=. 790,000,000=. 946,000,000,000,000,000=. NAaNPONY BASIC ALGEBRA x+x= : Xxx= Is 2Q+x=2x? Why? ‘The coefficient of x in -2px is ‘The factors of -x’y are 6—7x is a polynomial in x of degree 7x2 42x45 is a polynomial in x of degree : ‘The degree of 6 is ‘The degree of the cal in ab+be+ca . PRN anaone 10, 8m?~7n? +(-8m? +7n*)= 11. (3p+4)-(P-4) = 12. 5x+[2-(3x-7)]= 13. St is a polynomial. True or false. 14. Add: x?-y?,2x?-3xy+4y” and By? -Sxy-x? ee 2 2 ooneee WGoing to vin ~ Bridge Programme — ‘munaneemmananeassmsmmensmens 15. Subtract 1) Axy from dab W) (@-b) from (as by WW) a(b 5) from b(5—a) W) 5x? ~axy + 2y? from 7%? Sxy = By’ AVERAGES 1, The average of 1 and 2 is 2. The mean of 1,2,3 ig 3. The average of x and y ie 4. The average of -2, 10, -15 je 13-5 5. The average of aang 8 (IDENTITIES 1 (a+bys_ 2 (a-by=_ 3. (atb)(a-b)=_ 4 (x4a)(xsby=_ 5. (a+b)(ed)= 6. (a+b) +(a—by? 7. (a+b) -(a-by = » (a+b) =(a-by +__. 9. (a-b)' =(a+by'- 10. a? +b? =(a+b)*~ 11. a? +b? =(a—b)* + __ 12. (atbte)= 13. (a+b)' = 14, (a-b)' =____. 15. a+b? =__ 16. a®—b* =? b=? 17. Ifa+b=x and ab=y then a=? b: com=—_— Bridge Programme —eeem Vil Going to VIII 18, If a-bex and abey then a=? be? 1 19, iff 7) then #?+ - 20. if t+te2 then t UNITS 1, The unit of length is ___ 2. The unit of mass is 3. The unit of time is 4. The unit of are is = 5. The unit of volume is 6. The unit of speed is . SEQUENCES/PATTERNS 1. 1,2,3,4, = 2° 24,68, 3. 1,3,5,7,' 4, 2,3,5,7,11,. 5. 1,4,7,10,, 6. 10,8,6,4,. 7. 10,15,20,25,, 6 ig47i SUBJECT MAKING 1 I= Too a) Make P as the subject and write the formula. b) Make T as the subject and write the formula. c) Make R as the subject and write the formula 2. Velbh a) Make 1 as the subject and write the formula. b) Make b as the subject and write the formula. c) Make h as the subject and write the formula Los 3. Loss Percent =~25°x100 Make Loss as the subject and write the formula. Prof 4. Profit Percent = *100 Make Profit as Ss a and write the formula. Dis tance Time Make Time as a subject and write the formula. Make Distance as a subject and write the formula. NO ee 5. Speed ==== WiGoing to vin — Bridge Programme RATIO CONCEPT Ananya’s a 5 is thrice o age IA the fons thrice, the age of Anjali express Ananya’s age to that of Anjali’s 2. Is there any difference between a Ratio and a fraction? If so what? 4 18 3. Write 2 in the form of ratio 4. The ratio of 18mm to 3cm is 5S. Simplify: ay 3:2 4 b) 34:41 2 3 ©) 0.026: 0.052 6. The ratio 3 : 9 in simplest form is 7. 182: 3=3:27 why 8. The ratio of 50 kg to 125 km is 2 : 5. True or False. Give reason. 9 Divide Rs 5600 in the ratio 3 : 5. 10. If M:N: +3 What is N if M is 63? __ 11. What is greater i) 3:4 or ii) 5:7 or 9:14 12. The ratio of boys to girls i is 2 :3. If there are 24 boys how many Ths ratio of boys to girls in the 6th grade is 2 :3. ere a yy 13. Priya, Nag, Raju got paid a total of Rs 240 for moving neighourhood lawns. They split the money in the ratio of 5:9:10. How much did Nag get? Increase Rs. 250 in the ratio 7:5. Also what is the percentage of increase? 15. Decrease Rs. 440 in the ratio 14. 1. Also what is the percentage of decrease? PROPORTION CONCEPT 1, Check whether the following ratio is in proportion. 3:5 and 15: 2. Find’niif n to 40 = 9 to 10. 3. Arrange the following numbers in the correct order to make them in the propor- tion. 10000, 100, 10, 1000 4, Find the missing number: 27/?: 45/5. . 5. Find ‘’ in the following proportion. x : 7 is as to 24 : 42 6. Ina:b:c: 4d, we have ad = be. True or False. Why? 7. Is 2,3,4,5 are in proportion? 8. For three given numbers a,b,c to be in proportion, we should have a: b = b : c. true of false. qm (a<= _ Bridge Programme 3. Prone Pen 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. VI Going 10 VI DIRECT VARIATION t& INVERSE VARIATION What is direct variation? What is inverse variation? How do we represent the relation between a and b if they are directly related ty each other? (a and b are two quantities) How do we represent the relation between a and b if they are inversely related to each other,? (a and b are two quantities) Ifa = kb where a and b are two quantities and k is a constant, Then how @ and b are related to each other and how do we represent? 1 Ifack p Where a and b are two quantities and k is a constant. ‘Then how # and b are related to each other and how do we represent? ab then 1. true or False. a, »b, If acy then =>, true or False. | a, b, BASIC GEOMETRICAL CONCEPTS What is a point? What is the difference between a line and a line segment? What is a ray and an angle? What is a Plane? Which of the following has a fixed length. a) A line b) A ray <) A line segment d) A point State true or false: a) A line cannot be drawn on a piece of paper. b) A line segment has no end points. Define angle and types of angles. Define circle and its parts. How many degrees are there in each of these? a) A right angle —b) A straight angle c) A complete turn Define Triangle and different types of triangles. (equilateral, right angled, Isos- celes, scalene, acute, obtuse, right angled fsosceles) Define types of lines.(concurrent, collinear, coplanar,intersecting, Parallel, Perpendicular etc.,) A circle is divided into 12 equal parts, what will be measure of the angle of each part. Define quadrilateral and different types of quadrilateral. What is polygon, convex, concave and a regular polygon? Define Median of a triangle. —~—. CrCl Cr lOUrCt—‘“(‘(‘(‘i‘iéia“ |16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23, 24. 25, Vil Going to vin | Bridge Programme What is altitude of a triangle? What is Secan: t and tangent rel circle? What is the ent related to circle’ we er cumferenceand diam- eter of a eirdegtion between radius and diameter and Cir What is Segment, minor segment and major segment? What is a semicircle, sector and a quadrant? What are concentric circles? What is the difference between a chord and diameter of a circle? Find the number of degrees, of turn when we turn in a clockwise direction i) From N to E ii) From N to S iii) From N to NE iv) From NE to W v) From NW to SE How many different triangles are there in the following figures? b) Fill the table aul Opp. Opposite sides | Ses ana, Diagonals eee (yes/no) | (yes/no) Parallel | Equal Equal | perpendicular Parallelogram Rectangle | Square Rhombus Trapezium PYTHAGORAS THEOREM State Pythagoras theorem. Find the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle having other sides of lengths 3 and 4 units. What is a Pythogorean triplet? Give examples. If the sides of a triangle are m?—n? and 2mn then the hypotenuse is.tovit —— = _Brldge Programme | —_———_____—_ WlGeing = PERIMETER, AREA AND VOLUME The perimeter of a rectangle of length | and breadth b is The area of a rectangle of length I and breadth b is____- The perimeter of a square of side s is The area of a square of side s is The volume of a cuboid of lengths l, b and h is___- The volume of a cube of length 1 is, Find the side of a square shaped room of perimeter 8 m. A swimming pool is 17.5m long and 12 m broad. Find its area. Find the perimeter of the rectangular flowr bed which is 56 m long and 29 m broad. Also, find its area. A table top is covered with 12 squares of equal size. If the side of the square is 5 cm, then find the area of the table top. Perimeter of a square field is 64 m. Find its area. A book is 20 cm by 18 cm and 50 mm thick. How many cubic centimeters of space does the book occupy? 13. Two fields have the same perimeter. One is the square of side 72 m and another is a rectangle of length 80 m. Which plot has the greater area and by how much? 14. The length of a kitchen garden is 19.9m and breadth is 7.8 m. Find the perimeter of the kitchen garden. 15. A trench was 30m long 2m wide and 2m deep. How many cubic metres of Earth was removed to dig the trench? 16. Find the volume of a cube whose one edge measures 3 cm. 17. Find the volume of a cuboid whose length, breadth and height are 15 cm, 12 cm and 8cm respectively. 18. A cuboid is 6 cm long, 3 cm wide and 3cm high and cube han an edge of 6 cm. Which one has greater volume? 19. Surface area of a cuboid = : 20. Surface area of a cube 21. Lateral surface of a cuboid 22. Area of four walls of a room = 23. Volume of cuboid = 24. Volume of cube = a 25. Lateral surface area of a right circular cylinder = 26.° Total surface area of a right circular cylinder = 27. Volume of right circular cylinder is 28. Total surface area of a hollow circular cylinder is, 29. Volume of a hollow circular cylinder eeeVil Going to Vil Bridge Programme DATA INTERPRETATION Following is a bar graph of circulation of newspapers (daily times) in a town in six languages. Study the graph and answer the following questions. 0 aa a 100 newspapers = 1 anit rmgsh soo s00 400 300 ze eer Unde Tamil Englch Hindi Marathi Ponjabt Languages 1, Find the number of newspapers circulated in Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu, Marathi and Tamil. b) Name the language in which the least number of newspapers are circulated. c) What is the difference between the number of Hindi and English paper being read? d) Write the number of news papers circulated in different languages in ascending order. UNDERSTANDING WORD PROBLEMS 1, There are 1400 books in Hindi and Englishlanguages of which 800 books are in Hindi. Find the number of English books. 2. For flood relief work in a state, 3 other states contributes Rs 10,36,240, Rs 15,29,770, Rs 73,34,550. Find the total money collected. 3. By how much is 89283 is greaterthan 79382? 4. What number shoud be subtracted from 4,31,276 to get 56,987? 5. The sum of 57,32,675 and 34,22,734 is subtracted from 5,11,65,232. What is the difference that is obtained? 6. If 7,465 T. V sets were manufactured every day. How many T.V sets were manufactured in the month of April? Gum tt (ea[eee vil Going to Vill == Bridge Programme | == 7. 97,890? What must 78 sultiplied by to give 78) st 789 be multiplied by var collected 12,68,5 Ramana collected 12,43,345 matchboxes. Kamat Who collected more matchboxes? How many 30 matchboxes, ; 7 books are arranged in 9. 7,65,564 books are to be arranged equally in shelves. If 48 each shelf, how many shelves will be needed? 7 1 ii th row 10. A girl knits 718 stitches. If there are 25 stitches in ¢a¢ many complete rows have been knitted? f knitting. How 985 cars in the year 11. Tata Motors produced 2,27,657 cars in the year 2 00T eotal number of cars 2008 and 3,05,789 cars in the year 2009. What was the ta, Produced in three years? In which year werethe most © , ther number, 12. The product of two numbers is 6025. If one number is 25, find the o males. How 13. The population of a town is 24,72,542. Out of these 14,41,678 are many females are there in the town? 14, A labourer has to put 90 bricks in equal piles. What are the different pilesof equal number that he can make? 15. Mrs Consul had 5/9 of a sheet of chart paper. She used 3/5 of it to make some cards. How much chart paper did she use? - 16. Write the numerical expression to multiply the quotient of 81 and 9 by the sum of 5 and 6 : 17. Mrs. Lai wanted to give chocolates in her class on teacher's day. She had 8 packets containing 12 chocolates each and 4 extra. She now had to divide these among 25 children in her class. How much would each child get? 18. 240690 stickers were to be divided among 40 children. How many stickers would each child get? Will there be any stickers left over? 19. 52098 apples were to be packed in 16 boxes. How many apples will be there in each box? How many apples will be left over? Check your answer. 20. Three-fourth of the workers in a factory are men while the remaining one -fourth are women. Find the ratio of male workers to the female workers in the factory. UNITARY METHOD 1, 10 kg of rice cost Rs 400. what will be the cost of 25 kg of rice? John types 450 words in half an hour. How many words would he type in 7 minutes? 15 masons can build the wall in 20 days. How many masons will build the wall in 12 days? 4. The weight of 56 books is 8 kg. What is the weight of 152 such books? 3 frocks cost Rs 750. What would be the cost of 12 frocks? A car travels 228 km in 3 hrs. How far will it travel in 7 hrs? Se repre——— WiGoing to vi 7. 10. M. 12, 13. 14. 1s. 16. 17. 18. 19. —— Bridge Programme = —— The college fee for a student for 3 months is Rs 720. What would be the fee for 9 months? 2 men can earn Rs 192 in a day, Find How much 5 men will earn in a day? Movie tickets of 5 people cost Rs1000, What will be the cost of 24 tickets? 12 farmers harvset the crops in the field in 20 hrs.How many workers will be required to do the same work in 15hre? § Science books cost Rs 1250, What will be the cost of 12 Science books? If 8 tables cot Rs 320, what is the cost of 3 tables? If 3 tailors can stitch 18 shirts daily. How many shirts can 7 tailors stitch daily? If 2 pens cost Rs 80. What is the cost of 10 pens? A book contains 236 pages, How many pages are there in 124 books? Mrs. Aryan cut a 20metre rope into pieces, each 2m long. How many pieces could she cut? In a military camp there are enough provisions for 60 men to eat for 10 days how long will the same amount of provisions last for 75 men? If Riya can read 125 pages in 1 day, how many pages can she read in 5 days? It takes 4 men 6 hours to repair a road how long will it take 8 men to do the job if they work at the same rate? If two pencils cost Rs 2, how many pencils can you buy with Rs 9? tobe| MEASUREMENT SYNOPSIS_1 ore physics are called Physical Quantity : The quantities which are measur Physical quantities. Ex : Length, mass, time, speed, etc. tof physical quantity, Unle : Unit is a standard which is used for the measurement ofP Ex : (i) unit of length is metre (ii) unit of time i: : (ii) e is second es a unit is present Numerical value of physical quantity : The number of times @ Tit tity, ina given physical quentity is called Numerical value of physical 4! ty. Relation among Physical quantity, Numerical Value and Unit: Physical quantity = Numerical value Ex : Let length of table = 3 metre Here 3 is the Numerical value and metre is the standard unit. Fundamental quantities: The physical quantity which does not depend upon (or independent of) other physical quantities are called fundamental quantities. Ex : Length, mass and time etc. Derived physical quantities : The physical quantities which depend) fundamental physical quantities are called derived physical quantities. Ex: Area, Volume, Speed, etc. Fundamental units: The units used for measuring fundamental quantities are called Fundamental units. These are independent of other units. Ex: The fundamental unit of length is metre. Derived units : Derived units are the units of derived physical quantities which are expressed in terms of fundamental units. Ex: The derived unit of speed is ms" ( read as metre per second). Systems of Units : There are four system of units: i. British or F.P.S. system: In F.P.S. system, the unit of length is foot. ‘The unit of mass is pound. The unit of time is second. ii. French or C.G.S system : In C.G.S system, the unit of length is centimetre. ‘The unit of mass is gram. The unit of time is second. x Unit js on iii. M.K.8 system or metric system: In M.K.S system, the unit of length is metre. The unit of mass is kilogram. The unit of time is second. iv. International system or S.I: S.I. system has seven basic units and two supplementary units. NO eee jVII Going to vin Quantity length mass time temperature luminous intensity electric current amount of substance Plane angle solid angle metre kilogram second kelvin candela ampere mole Radian steradian WORKSHEET - 1 1. Pick the odd man out. 1) Length 2) Mass 2. F.P.S stands for 1) Foot, pound, second 3) Force, pressure, second 3. C.G.S stands for 1) Centimetre, Gravitation, second 3) Centimetre, gram, second 3) Time 4} Area 2) France, Paris, Spain 4) Foot, Pace, Second 2) Centisecond, gram, second 4) None of these 4. Ampere is the unit of 1) Length 2) Temperature 3) Luminous intensity 4)Current 5. Number of fundamental physical quantities in M.K.S system are 1) Two 2) Three 3) Seven 4) Six ©. Which of the following is fundamental physical quantity 1) Time 2) Speed 3) Area 4) Volume CUE agCT vii Going toi 7. Sta unit itement Physical quantity = numerical value wi accord ing to S.1 A syster, Statement It: Current strength is a fundamental physical quantity 1) Statement 1 is true ; Statement Il is true. 2) Statement I is true ; Statement Il is false. S) Statement 1 is false ; Statement II is true. 4) Statement 1 is false ; Statement IT is false. Observe the following 8) Length b) Mass Pick the correct statement 1) Length is the odd man out. 2) All are Fundamental Physical Quantities according to M-K.S system. _S)All are Fundamental Physical Quantities according to S.I system. ~4) Current strength is a derived quantity. 9. Match the following. cj Current strength d) Temperature List - a List -B (a) Temperature (e) Mole ¢ (b) Luminous intensity () Kelvin ( (c) Amount of substance (g) Candela & 1) arebofeog _2yas hbo ge se 3) ava gboficve 10. M.K.S. stands for 4) as gbogeot 1) Meter, Kilometer, Second _2) Meter, Kilogram, Second 3.Mile, Kilogram, Second 4) None of these 11. The S.I. unit of luminous intensity 1) Ampere 2) Kelvin 3) Mole 4) Candela 12. The S.I. unit of plane angle 1y Radian 2) Steratian 3) Meter 4) Second 13. The S.I. unit of solid angle 1) Radian 2) Steradian 3) Meter 4) Second 14. S.I. unit of thermodynamic temperature 1) Ampere 2yKelvin 3) Mole 4) Candela WR eeewing to vit Bridge Programme = SYNOPSIS _2 Multiple and sub multiple factors : 5 : EF Multiplication factor | Name | Symbol z zK f— \2 plo” tera T a4 Sa G 38 plo” i i = s, <1 ie C oe ° + v 10° mega M x 3 iF [ 3 ; ae kilo k a 4 5,10? hecto h jou § ~Jx x1? A10! deca da LL mete € 3 | ee 3\— “. 3 Gio" deci d a = J 0 ec” centi © | < : 210° milli m é *. 7 10% micro H oJ} 10° nano n ° >10? pico P « P < 10% femto f dio atto a Multiples and Submultiples of Metre : Multiples of metre i, decametre (dam) =10' m=10 m ii. hectometre (hm)=10? m=100 m iii, kilometre (km)=10° m=1000 m iv. Astronomical unit (A.U); It is the mean distance of the earth from the sun. 1 astronomical unit =1.496x10"' m v. Light year (ly) : The distance travelled by the light in one year. light year = 9.46x10'° m- vi, Parallactic second (Parsec) : It is the biggest unit of distance. 1 parsec =3.26 light year cums mawvil Going to VI “=== Bridge Programme | Submutltiples of metre i. deci metre (dm) =10" m ii. centi metre (cm)=107 m iii. milli metre (mm) =10° m iv. micrometre (um) =10* m Vv. nano metre (nm)=10° m vi. pico metre (pm)=10"? m Multiples & submultiples of unit of mass : i. Quintal (qt) =100 kg ii. Tonne =1000 kg iii, gram(g)=10" kg iv. milligram (mg)=10" g=10* kg v. micro gram (ug)=10% g=10" kg Multiples and Submultiples of second : Submultiples of second i. milli second 19° Yeon. deroe ‘ ii, micro second =10* s oy woy lesou Multiples of second . i. 1 minute =60 second ii. 1 Hour =60 min = 3600s iii. Day =24 hour =24%60x60 second =86400 Multiples & Submultiples of unit of Area : ilem?=10‘m? ii. 1m?=10' cm’ _ifi. hectare =10* m* Multiples & Submultiples of unit of volume i. Lem’ =10% m? ii. 1m’ =10° cm’ iii} 1 litre —10° cm’ =10° m>/) re_——— Going to vill ee WORKSHEET - 2 qa. bom > 3. 1. lem? = m ve 1)10° 2)107 3)10° \anio* 2. te wif" 2)102 3)107 4)10* 3 Ly (Wo Ios 3)10° 4)10° 4. 1m’ cm’ 10 3)10° 4)10° 5. litre = 1)100 2)1000 3)500 4)10 6. lday= seconds. td > aur dex6 1) 3600 2) 86400 3) 4200 4) 12300 7. Statement I: A thread is enough to measure a curved line. Statement II: A scale is enough to measure a curved line. 1)Statement I is true ; Statement II is true. _2)Statement I is true ; Statement II is false. 3)Statement I is false ; Statement II is true. 4)Statement I is false ; Statement Il is false. 1 8. => thofa mean solar day is called 24 1)Minute 2) Second 3)Hour 4)Day 9. One millennium is equal to how many decades Ndecacle = 104 110 _2n00 3)1000 g\So05 rebdece 4 comreny voeleracle10. ai, 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Bridge Programme Match the following, Lint A List B i) 365.25 days a) 1 Century ti) 10 decades, b) 3600sec (\¥ ii) Tqgo the part of a mean solar day c)lyear (/ C24x69 = 140m iv) 1 hour d) 1 minute (1! lisa, ii ob, ili se, iv 4a 34 db, ii > aii oc iva 1 Decade = __}0 years 110 2)100 3)1000 1 mean solar day =__ seconds 1) 60 2) 3600 3) 1440 1 light year is equal to 1) 9.4610" m 2) 9.46x10" m 3) 9.46x10"* m 1 nano meter 1) 10° m 2) 10% m 3)10" m 1 mega second =. 1)10’sec 2)10°sec 3)10’sec 1 shake = ____ sec (005) 1) 107 2)10* 310° ltonn = sik 1)10 2)100 3000 Vil Going to Vill re 2.i+a,ii sb, iii od, iv > 4.i%c, ii > a, iii od,iv +b 4)10,000 4) 86,400 49.4610" m 410" m 4)10" sec sho* 4) 10,000 WR eeese YM OOING IVI = —_Brkdige Programme SYNOPSIS_3 Density : The density of a substance is defined as the mass per unit volume of the substance, mass of the Density of a substance (4) = Molume of tho ai Unit : C.G.S unit : gem? S.L. unit : kgm™ Relationship between S.1. & C.G.S units of density = 1 g/m" =1000 kg/m? Relative density : {t is the ratio of the density of the substancé to the dénsity of water at 4c, Thus, Relative density (R.D,) __density the substance herb “ density of water ataC > bece maar ereye + , Units of relative density: quantiti ? As the relative density is the ratio’ of two similar ies hence it is a pu: re number and therefore it has no units. Relationship between density and relative density : 1. Density of a solid in S.1. Unit = Unit) = R.D. of the solid x1000 kg/ 2. Density of a solid in C.G.S.uni C.G.S. unit) = R.D. of the solid x Density of water (in S.1. ne = RD. of the solid x Density of water (in R.D. of the solid x1g/em? Area: The amount of surface occupied by an object or a place is called Area. ™ S.L Unit of Area is Metre? (or) Square metre. = Symbol of S.I. unit of area is m’. Submultiple of standard unit of area: cm? mxe.m =107 mx10? m=10“ m? m-m?* =m-mxm-m 0% mx10° m=10% m? Multiple of standard unit of area : 1. Hectare =100 mx100 m=10" m? 2. Acre = 4047m? > 3. 1 Hectare = 2.471 Acres Jet— VII Going to VIII Bridge Programme 9 —_—_—=_=_=_—_—=—[ Area of regular bodies: ™ Square ress Area of square = Side X Side =sXs 2 @ Rectangle Area of rectangle =1x = Triangle Area of Triangle base x height ¢ Area of circle =~ Square of radius = 7x1" ™ Circle @ The area of an irregular flat surface is measured by Graph papervolume. 8.1. unit of votume is m' Sub multiple of Volume: om’ =em kom < om 2107 x17 m<107 im =10° m’ mm = mm x mm x mm =107 mx10° mx102 m =10° m* Multiples of volume: 1) km* = 1 km x1 km km =10° mx10° mx10° m =10° m* 2) Volume of liquids is measured in liters and milliliters. 3) 1 iter =1000mi = 1000ce = 1000 cm’ 4) 1m’ =1000 liters 5) Volume of liquids measured by measuring jar measuring flask, pippette, burette, Volume of regular bodie: 1) Volume of cube =5xsxs=s' 2) Volume of cubiod =1xxh 3) Volume of cylinder = 27h 1? 4) Volume of cone =3.777h 5) The volume of irregular shaped body (like stone) measured by measurin cylinder omen\te XQ 9 st vit Bridge Going to oat Programme ee = exe ee WORKSHEET - 3 ne S litres of alcohol has a mass of 4 kg. The density of alcohol is yg? : 1) 08 kg/m’ 2) 80 kg/m? 3) 800 kg/m’ 4) 8000 kg/m A SOkg mass of a body is immersed in water then we observe the marl op measuring cylinder as 70 cm’. If the body is taken out from the cylinder, the mark observed on cylinder is 50m’, Then the density of that body is [The graduations marked in m!]} 4 560 | aK KAI 2560 Glee a . 1) 2500 g/em* 2)250 g/em' 3) 25 g/cm’ 4)0.025~10° g/cm’ ‘The density of lead is 11/6274" and that of wood is 800 kg/m’. what do you understand by these statements ? 1) The matter is densely packed in lead than wood. 2) The matter is densely packed in wood than lead. 3) The density of lead is greater than the density of wood. _4) Both (1) and (3). Take two identical 100 cm’ beakers, Fill one beaker completely with water and the other with kerosene oil. Place the beakers in the scale pans of an ordinary beam balance as shown in fig. It is observed that the beaker filled with water have more mass than the beaker filled with kerosene oil. Because 1) The matter in water is more densely packed than in kerosene oil. 2) The matter in kerosene oil is more densely packed than in water. 3) Water and kerosene oil are occupied the same volume. 4) None of these.| = ——— Bridge Programme Mass of liquid — 72, 2 Initial volume of water in measuring cylinder =24 cm’ Final volume of water + solid eas cylinder = 42 cm’ From the abs data the dewey solid in measuring cylinder = 42 From the above of solid is £2 2 MYor fe ; : AD 4000 ke / my 2) 3.0g/em' 3) 2 g/om 4) 4.0 kg/m 6. If relative density of gold i than the density of water, 1) 8.9 Then the density of gold is times greater 2179.3 3) 1.29 4) 0.8 7. The density of copper is g.9x.10' kg/m’. The relative density of copper is 1) 8.9x10° 2) g.9x107 3) 89x10! N4J'8.9%10° t a 8. If the length of the wooden cube is 4m and the mass is g kf, then the relative density of the wooden cube is : 1)19.53x107 _ y= Senta 2) 52 3) 51200 4) 32 9. An iron cylinder of radius 1.4 cm and length 8 cm is found to weigh 369.6 g- The relative density of iron cylinder is (Take volume of cylinder = zr°/) 1) 7.2 2) 7.5 as 4)8.2 10. Calculate the mass of a body whose volume is 2 m’ and relative density is 0.52 YD 1040 kg 2) 1000 kg 3) 950 kg4 4) 750 kg « + 11. The mass per unit volume is 1) Density 2) Area 3) Volume 4) Speed 12. Density = 1) Mass x Volume 2) Mass + Volume .3) Mass / Volume 4) None of these 13. C.G.S. unit of density ‘U/gm /em? 2) gm/em? 3) gm/em 4) gm/m? 14. S.1. unit of density 1) gm/cm? A kg/m? 3) kg/m? 4) kg/m cons 15. Igm/cm’ = —_____ kg/m" Wg 1)10 2)100 3y 1000 4) 10,000 ‘ SateVII Going to ym, Bridge Programme — 16. The unit of relative density is 1) gm/em" 2) kg/m’ 3) gm/ee 4) No units 17. Rd of solid is 1) Density of solid 2) Density of solid X Density of water at 4’c 3) Density of solid + Density of water at 4°c 4) None of these 18. The amount of surface occupied by a body is called 1) Area 2) Volume 3) Density 4) Speed 19. The S.I. unit of area Dm 2) m? 3) m? 4) None 20. 1 Hectare = m 110 2)10? 3)10° 4)10* 21. 1 Acre = 1) 4049 2) 4047 3) 4023 4) 4053 22. 1 Hectare =___ acres 45 2) 3.5 3) 2.471 4) 2.3 23. The area of circle is 1)sxs 2)ixb 3) $xbxh Yar 24. The area of irregular flat surface is measured by 1) Graph paper 2) Scale 3) Tape 4) None of these 25. The space occupied by a substance is called 1) Area 2) Volume 3) Density 4) None of these 26. The S.I. unit of volume 1j)m 2) m* 3)m* 4) None of these RO=== = WGoing to vin 7 «Bridge Programme — litre = a7. ae om’ 1) 10 20 3)10 108 28. 1m'=—__ liters 1)10 5 ) 2)10' 3) 10° 4) 108 29. Volume of liquids is measured by Measuring j 1) Measuring jar 2) Measuring flask Pipett 3) Pipette 4) All of these 30. The volume of cylinder x 14 I)sxsxs 2) Ixdxh arh ayn 31. The volume of cone Isxsxs 2 ar QWNixbxh arh ria ie KINEMATICS SYNOPSIS_1 Rest : A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to the reference point. Ex : A chair lying in a room is in the state of rest, because it does not change its position with respect to the surroundings of the room. Motion : A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to the surroundings with the passage of time. All moving things are said to be in motion. Ex : A car is changing its position w.r.t trees, houses etc. is in the state of motion. Rest and motion are relative terms : Rest and motion are relative terms. A body can be at rest as well as in motion at the same time. Ex : A person sitting in the compartment of a moving train is in the state of rest, with respect to the surroundings of compartment. Yet he is in the state of motion, if he compares himself with surroundings outside the compartment. ‘Types of motion : a) Rectilinear motion : When an object moves along a straight line, its motion is called rectilinear motion. Ex : Acar or a train moving on a straight road. Ca——— Bridge Programme ——-- Ex : (i) The motion of the blades of a fan. (ii) The wheel of a sewing machine. ¢) Oscillatory motion : The to-and-fro motion is called oscillatory or vibratory motion A motion in which the body as a whole moves to-and-fro about its mean position is called oscillatory motion Ex : The needle of a sewing machine moving up and down. Distance : it is defined as the actual path followed by a body between the points between which its moves. Unit : C.G.S unit: cm S.1 unit: m Note: The distance travelled by body is always positive. Displacement : It is the shortest distance between initial and final point in a definite direction Unit : C.G.S unit : cm S.I unit : m Note : (i) For a moving body displacement can be positive, negative or zero. (ii) If initial point and final points are same then displacement is zero. Scalar quantities : A physical quantity which is described completely by its magnitude is called a scalar quantity. It has only magnitude and no specific direction. Ex: Length, distance, area, volume, mass, time and energy are examples of scalar quantities. Vector quantities : A physical quantity which is described completely by its magnitude as well as specific direction is called vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction. Ex : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force and weight are examples of vector quantities. WORKSHEET - 1 Ravi and Raju are sitting in the moving train compartment. Rama has come to see them off. He is standing on the plat form. In this situation, which is correct? 1)Ravi and Raju are at rest with respect to Earth. 2)Ravi and Raju are at rest with respect to Rama 3)Rama is at rest with respect to Ravi and Raju 4)For Rama, Raju and Ravi both are in motion. Imagine that you are travelling by a bus. Which is correct in these situation? 1)With respect to the surroundings outside the bus, you are in motion. 2)With respect to the surroundings inside the bus, you are at rest. 3)With respect to you, you are in motion 4)Both (1) and (2) WO ee Vil Going to VIN me b) Rotatory motion : A motion in which a body moves about a fixed axis without changing its position (from the fixed axis) is called the rotatory motion.on WUGoingtovMN fridge Programme —_ 3, Statement I: Blackboard! in your clasaroom is in the atate of rest with respect 10: YoU- Statement IT: You are in motion in relation to your friend while both travelling in the same school bus Which is correct among these ? 1) Statement-1 is correct, Statement-Il is also correct 2) Statement-I is correct, Statement-Il is wrong 3) Statement-I is wrong, Statement-II is correct 4) Statement: is wrong, Statement-II is also wrong 4. Displacement is a 1)Vector quantity 2) Scalar quantity 3) Either vector quantity or scalar quantity 4)Neither vector quantity nor scalar quantity 5. Which is a vector quantity among these? 1) My mass is 20 kg 2) Himalayas are in the northern India 3) The sun rises in the east. 4) 200m towards north is Ramoji film city from my house. 6. Three girls skating on a circular ice ground of radius 200 m start from a point p on the edge of the ground and reach a point ‘ Q * diametrically opposite to ‘ P ‘ following different paths as shown in figure. 2 What is the magnitude of the displacement vector for each? For which girl is this equal to the actual length of path skated? 1) 200, C 2) 200, A 3) 400,B 4) 40,4,7. 10. 1 12. 13. 14. 15. Bridge Programme __——— «~WiIGoingtovi = A cyclist moves from a certain point and goes round a circle of fap and reaches y, exactly at the other side of the point x , as shown in figure, The displacement of the cyclist would be am 1) or 2) 2Mr 3) 2r 4a In the above problem, the distance covered by the cyclist would be 2m 1) nr 2) amr - 3) 2r Daa Aman walks 8m. towards East and then 6m towards north. His magnitude of displacement 1) 10m 2) 14m. 3) 2m 4) zero ‘A player completes a circular path of radius ‘y‘ in 40s. At the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds, displacement will be 1) 2r 2) 2nr 3) Int 4) Zero Spinning top is example of 1) Rectilinear 2) rotatory 3) Vibratory 4) Curvilinear Given below which is vector quantity 1) Energy 2) Distance 3) Force 4) Time Distance is_____ quantity 1) Scalar 2) Vector 3) Both (1) & (2) 4) None of these A particle moving straight line in that case distance and displacement are 1) Both zero 2) Distance > Displacement 4) Distance < Displacement An object is complete one revolution in circle path circle radius R then distance and displacement 3) Distance = Displacement 1) 0,22R 2)2nR,0 3) 22R,2aR 4) 0,0 ree== —-WGoing to vin —————— SC artige Programme = 16. The ratio of distance and displacement 1) Always 5 2) Always <1 3) Always <1 4) Always 21 17. A particle complete half of circle radius z then distance and displacement is 1)2nR, xR 2) eR,2R 3) 2R,aR 4)AR,2nR SYNOPSIS_2 Speed: The rate of change of motion is called speed. The speed can be found by dividing the distance covered by the time in which the distance is covered. Formula : Speeq = Dis tance travelled Time taken Units : C.G.S unit : Nature : Scalar Kinds of Speed : cm/s S.lunit : m/s a) Uniform speed : When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time (however smalll the time intervals may be), the body is said to be moving with a uniform speed. Bx : A rotating fan, a rocket moving in space, etc., have uniform speeds. ») Non- Uniform Speed : When a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the body is said to be moving with a nonuniform speed. Ex: A train starting from a station, a dog chasing a cat, have variable speeds. ¢) Average Speed: When a body is moving with a variable speed, then the average speed of the body is defined as the ratio of total distance travelled by the body to the total time taken i.e., Total distance covered 2M d= VErABe "Poet = oral time taken to cover the distance Velocity : Velocity is the rate of change of motion in a ‘specified direction. _ __ displacement Formula : Velocity =" Units : C.G.S. unit : cm/s 8.1. unit : m/s Nature : Vector Kinds of velocity :Orage Programme | ee ee 7 - in equal intervals of time in a specified direction, fhowsoeeee short, the time in maieal Sot Sai to Be moving with « uniform velocity h that in : Imagine @ car is moving along a straight road to it moving Every one second it covers a distance of sm then the car is said f0 Pe with uniform velocity ervals ») Variable Velocity: When a body covers unequal distar heme of time in a specified direction of equal distances in equal i th variable t its direction omnes aS changes, then the body is said to Ex : Now imagine the car is moving along a circular path, oe chang aoe) os rs covering 5m in every one second but as the direction of the car is “ every instant, we say the car is moving with variable velocity: ©) Average velocity: It is the ratio of total displacement to total time taken- loci Total displacement a "Y = ~Total time taken ‘WORKSHEET - 2 1. A horse runs a distance of 1200 m in 3 min and 20 s. The speed of the horse is 1) 60 ms* 2) 65 ms“ 3)40 ms 416 ms" 2. Acaris moving at a speed of 15 ms" 1 . In how much time will it cover a distance of 1.2 km ? 1) 70s 2) 80s 3) 18s 4) 45s 3. Abus is moving at 20 ms“. How much distance in kilometres will the bus cover in 25 minutes ? 1) 30km 2) 20km 3) 40km 4) 50km 4. When a body covers first one third distance with speed 1 m/s, the second one third distance with speed 2 m/s and the last one third distance with speed 3 m/s then average speed is 1) 2 m/s 2) 1.79 m/s 3) 2.66m/s 4) 1.64m/s 5. A body goes from 4 to g with a velocity of 20 m/s and comes back from to with a velocity of 30 . The average velocity of the body during the whole journey is 1) 25 m/s 2) 24 m/s 3) zero 4) none of these 6. An insect crawls a distance of 4m along north in 10 seconds and then a distance of 3 m along east in 5 seconds. The average velocity of the insect is 1 1 s Ayg m/sec 2) 5 misc 3) jg m/sec 4) None of these Rg eee== WGoing to vin === Erldge Programmie 7. Acar travels half the distance wi with a constant velocity of 40 km ith constant velocity 50 km/h, and another half n/h along a straight 1) 45 2) 44.4 3)0 4) (5040) If a motori one minute, tnPletes half a revolution in a circular track of radius 100 m in 'e, then what will be his average speed and average velocity ? 1) 314 metre /minute, 0 2) 0,314 metre/minute 3) 314 metre/minute, 200 metre/ minute 4)200 metre/minute , 314 metre/ minute 9. Speed is. and velocity is 1.Vector, Scalar 2) Scalar, Vector 3.Vector, Vector 4) Scalar, Scalar 10. The body move in uniform speed then average speed, intial speed are l)Average speed and intial speed is not equal to uniform speed 2)Average speed and intial speed are equal to uniform speed 3)Average is equal to uniform but instantneous is not equal to uniform speed 4)None of these 11. A particle move in straight line uniformly, therefor uniform speed and uniform velocity are 1) Both are diffferent 2) Both are zero 3) Both are equal 4) All of these 12. A body move in circular path in uniform motion which is constant 1) Speed 2) Velocity 3) Acceleration 4) All of these 13. A particle half the distance travel in v, next half the distance travel v, therefore average speed is 2uy, ytv, — yy 2) FV +y Cm tt(‘éar 4) All of theseBridge Programme = eee (MIGCING OVE oo, 14. A particle half of the time travel speed v, next half of time travel speed v, average speed is 4) All of these SYNOPSIS_3 Acceleration : The rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration, Formula : Acceleration =-hanee in Velocity Time taken Units : C.G.S. unit : o/s? 8.1. unit :m/s Nature : Vector Uniform Acceleration: When a body describes equal changes in velocity in equal intervals of time (however small may be the time intervals) it is said to be moving with uniform acceleration. Equations of motion for a body moving with uniform acceleration in a straight line: a) First Equations of Motion : It gives the velocity acquired by a body in time 1 which is v=u+ at, where, y= Final velocity of the body [velocity after time (4) seconds] u= Initial velocity of the body [velocity at time (t)=0 second] a= Acceleration (uniform), ;= Time taken b) Second Equation of Motion : It gives the displacement of the body in a lia " time 1, which is s =ut+5at” where, s= displacement of the body in time + c) Third Equation of motion It gives the velocity acquired by a body in displacement ‘ 5 ‘ which is y? =2 as Points to remember : i) If a body starts from rest, its initial velocity, 1 =0 ii) If a body comes to rest (it stops), its final velocity, y= 0 iii) If a body moves with uniform velocity, its acceleration, a =o Distance travelled in nth second : It gives the distance travelled by the body in y® second which is s,=« +$L2n- 1] where, s,= distance travelled by the body in n® second NO eee== WIGoing to vin Bridge Programme — WORKSHEET - 3 ‘The velocity of car changes from 18 km/h to 72 km/h in 30 s- What will be its acceleration in km/h? and in m/s? 40 m/s” 1) 6480 km/h?,0.50 m/s? 2)6450 km/h?, 3) 6580 km/h?,0.30 m/s? 4) 6840 km/h?,0.50 m/s? A a is moving with uniform velocity of cover 300m a National Highway. Its acceleration and the distance travelled are 1) 0m/s?,200 m 2) 0 m/s?,300 m 3) 20 m/s?,300 m 4) 2 m/s?,400 m A motor bike is moving with a velocity of 5 m/s. It is accelerated at a rate of 0.6 m/s* for 20s. Then the final velocity of motor bike is Nism/s 2) 18 m/s 3)15 m/s 4) 17 m/s If a bus starts from rest and attains a speed of 36 km/h in 10 minutes while moving with uniform acceleration, then the acceleration of the bus is 1 2 1 1 1 1)z, m/s — m/s? = m/s? = m/s? 40 2G m/s 355 m/s* N30 A girl running in a race accelerates at 2.5 m/s? for the first 4s of the race. How far does she travel in this time? (Assume a girl has started from rest) 1)10m 2) 15m, 3) 20m 4) 25m, A body starting from rest travels a distance of 200 m in 10 seconds, then the value of acceleration is 1) 2 ms* 2)4ms* 3) 5 ms 4) 3 ms? A scooter moving at a speed of 10 m/s is stopped by applying brakes which produce a uniform acceleration of, -0,5 m/s. How much distance will be covered by the scooter before it stops? 1) 200m 2) 300m 3) 100m 4) 250m Acar moving with a speed of 30 ms upon the application of brakes comes to rest within a distance of 5 m. The retardation produced by the brakes is 1) 90 m/s? 2) 80 m/s? 3)95 m/s? 4) 85 m/s? A body originally at rest is subjected to uniform acceleration of 4 ms” distance travelled by it in 5" second is 1) 10m, 2) 15m 3)18m 4) 20m Ceo ree_- vilGoing to Vil ——_ Bridge Programme —_ —<——— 10. Acceleration is a _. quantity 1.Scalar 2) Vector 3.Both (1) & (2) 4) None of these 11, The rate of change of velocity is called 1) Uniform velocity 2) Acceleration 3) Constant velocity 4) All of these 12. A body has an acceleration of 3 m/s? what is retardation is 2 1) 3m/s* 2) 4m/s? 3) 0.5 m/s* 4) 5m/s 13. The acceleration of the body has the direction of 1) Displacement 2) Velocity 3) Change in velocity 4) Alll of these 14. If a particle is moving with uniform velocity along the straight line then its acceleration is 1) Increase 2) Decrease 3) Constant 4) Zero 15. A body moving with intial velocity of 10 m/s and it attain a velocity 20 m/s in 5 sec then accleration m/s? i)3 24 3)2 45 16. C.G.S. unit of acceleration is 1) m/s* 2) cm/s? 3) km/n? 4) None of these NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION SYNOPSIS_1 Force: Push or pull is called force. The cause of motion is force. Effects of force : A force can cause a motion in stationary object A force can stop the moving objects or slow them down. A force can make a moving object move faster Force can change direction of moving objects Force can change the shape of objects. From the above examples, we are in position to define force. NO ee——= _WGoing to vin Bridge Programme Force is an exte ral ch el the state of rest or unifor agent which changes or tends to change mM Motion of a body or changes its direction or shape. Types of forces : &) Muscular forces : The force applied by the thuscles of our body is called muscular force or biological force Ex: Lifting of he: a i 1 ller et involves mage neay Weight pulling of wheel cart, pushing a lawn roller etc ar forces. bi Mechanical forces : The forces generated by a machine are called mechanical 8. Ex : The force us. of petrol. The fo: of coal. ed to run a motor car engine is produced by using the energy ree used to mun steam engine, is produced by using the energy oyeeee naonal force : The force of attraction exerted by the earth on all the objects is called the force of gravity or gravitational force. Ex : A stone falls downwards due to gravitational force. Itis the gravitational force of the sun that keeps the planets in their orbits. 4) Electrostatic force : The force exerted by electrostatic charge is called electrostatic force. Ex : Charged comb attracts small pieces of paper. ¢) Magnetic force : The force by which a magnet attracts objects of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt is called magnetic force, Newton’s first law of motion : A body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in uniform motion, unless it is compelled by an external force to change its state of rest or of uniform motion. Ex : A book lying on a table is in the state of rest w.r-t. the table. It will remain at rest unless some one picks it up or moves it from one position to another Inertia : Inertia of a body may be defined as the tendency of a body to oppose any change in its state of rest or uniform motion. Ex : A book lying on a table will remain placed at its place unless it is displaced. Measure of inertia : Mass is a measure of inertia. Ex : If a body has a mass of 1 kilogram and another body has a mass of 20 kg, then the body having 20 kg mass will have more inertia since its mass is more. ‘Types of inertia : Inertia can be divided into three types. 1) Inertia of rest 2) Inertia of motion 2) Inertia of direction a) Inertia of rest : The tendency of a body by virtue of which it cannot change its state of rest by itself is called inertia of rest. (aneVil Going to VII ——— Bridge Programme — a the bus starts suddenly Ex : A passenger in a bus tends to fall backward wae ttue of which it cannot b) Inertia of motion : The tendency of a POdY 29.5 motion. change its state of motion by itself is called in ait when the bus stops Ex : A passenger in a moving bus tends to fall forw' suddenly ¢) Inertia of direction : The tendency of direction of motion by itself is known as inertia ody to oppose any change in its tia of direction. ; th flies off tangentially Ex: Astone tied to a string and whirled along a circular Pa! due to inertia of direction, if the string breaks. WORKSHEET - 1 1. Identity the situations where a pull is involved. a) Man sitting on a chair b) ball falling to the ground c) Woman drawing water from a well d) tube light fixed on the wall 1) both ‘a’ and ‘b’ 2) both ‘b’ and ‘c’ 3) both ‘c’ and ‘d’ 4) both ‘a’ and a 2. A force can a) move a body from rest. body. b) change the direction of a moving c) increases the mass of a body. 1) only ‘a ‘is true 2) only ‘4 ‘is true 3) both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are ture 4) ‘b’ and ‘c’ are true 3. Apple is falling from the tree towards the ground due to 1) Magnetic force 2) Gravitational force 3) Mechanical force 4) Electrostatic force 4. Aboyused____ to kick a football. 1) Muscular force 2) Gravitational force 3) Mechanical force 4) Electrostatic force 5. Magnetic force can cause 1) only attraction 2) only repulsion 3) both attraction and repulsion 4) none of these 6. A tailor cuts a piece of cloth using a pair of scissors. The force involved here is 1) electrostatic force 2) mechanical force 3) magnetic force 4) none of these ee= WGoing to vin 7. ee Stags Pregame = Inertia is that property of a body by virtue of which the body is 1) Unable to change by itself its state of rest. 2) Unable to change by itself its state of uniform motion. 3) Unable to change by itself its direction of motion. 4) All the above. been An athlete runs some distance before taking a long jump, because 1) It helps him to gain energy 2) It helps to apply large force 3) It gives himself large amount of inertia of motion 4) None of these A rider on a horse back falls forward, when the horse suddenly stops, this is due to 1) inertia of the motion 2) inertia of the rest 3) large weight of the horse 4) losing the balance . A passenger sitting in a bus gets a backward jerk when the bus starts suddenly due to the 1) inertia of rest 2) inertia of motion 3) inertia of direction 4) none of these is the measure of inertia 1) Volume 2) Mass 3) Area 4) Length SYNOPSIS_2 Linear momentum : The total quantity of motion contained in a body is called linear momentum. Formula : Momentum of a body is equal to the product of the mass (m) of the body and the velocity (#) of the body. It is denoted by .Momentum = mass x velocity (P= mv) Units : C.G.S. unit: gems" 8.I. unit: kgms" Nature : Vector, The direction of momentum of a body is same as that of the direction of the velocity of the body. Newton’s Second Law of motion : The magnitude of the resultant force acting on a body is proportional to the product of the mass of the body and its acceleration. The direction of the force is the same as that of the acceleration. Cameras<== _ Bridge Programme ce ee eee VA COG NE: Newton's second law gives the quantitative definition of force in other words it measures force. i.e. F_, = ma, where, f= Force, m= Mass, a= Acceleration So, Force acting on the body = mass of the body x acceleration produced in the body. Newton's 2™‘Law in terms of momentum : The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportions! to the net force applied on the object. The direction of the change of momentum is the same as the direction of the net force. _Change of momentum, Force « Rate of change of momentum. i.e., Force * Time Absolute Units of Force : C.G.S unit : ¢ cm/s’ or dyne. Definition of dyne : The force is said to be 1 dyne if it produces | cm/s? acceleration in a body of 1g mass. S.1 unit of force : kgm/s’ or newton (N). Definition of newton (N):! newton is that much force which produces an acceleration of | m/s? in a body of mass | kg. Relation between newton and dyne : 1 newton (N)=10° dyne WORKSHEET - 2 1. What will be the momentum of a toy car of mass 200 g moving with a speed of Sm/s ? 1) Lkg m/s 2) 2kgm/s 3)3 kg m/s 4) 4kgm/s 2. A body of mass 25 kg has a momentum of 125 kg m/s, what is its velocity? 1) 6 m/s 2) 5 m/s 3) 4 m/s 4) 3 m/s 3. Acricket ball of mass 100 g is moving with velocity 25 m/s. Then the momentum of the ball is 1)7.5kgm/s 2) 3 kg.m/s 3)2.5kg.m/s 4) 4 kg.m/s 4. Two bodies 4 and g of same mass are moving with velocities v and 3v respectively, then the ratio of their momentum will be 1:2 22:1 3)3:1 41:3 5. A cricket ball of mass 100g strikes the hand of a player with a velocity of 20 m/s and is brought to rest in 0,01 s, then the force applied by the hands of the player is 1) 200N 2) 300N 3) 400N 4) SOON NO ar = = WNGoingtovin, —_______—_ Bridge Programme "a 6. 10. 11. 12. Two bodies have masses in the ratio 3:4. When a force is applied on first bodys ; . ce it moves with an acceleration of 6 m/s’. How much acceleration the same fore will produce in the other body? 1) 55 m/s? 2) 3.5m/s? asad 4) 2.5 m/s" I be the final A force of 200 dyne acts on a body of mass 10 g for Ssec- What wil velocity of body if it starts from rest? 1) 50 em/s 2)80 cm/s 3) 100 cm/s 4) 200 cm/s A force of 10 kg wt acting on a certain mass for 2 second gave it a velocity 10 m/s. What is the mass in kg ? (g=9.8 m/s’) 1) 19.6 2)9.8 3) 15 45 Linear momentum j= .? nm Vv 1) mxd Ia 3) m+i Va The total quantity of motion contained in a body is called 1) Linear momentum 2)Velocity 3) Force 4) Mass One newton = dyne 1) 10° 2) 10° 3) 10° 4)107 According newtons second law F,, = m a 1) mxa a7 a0 4) m+a MEASUREMENT WORKSHEET - 1 4 21 33 44 52 61 71 83 2 102 11)4 12)1 13) 2 14) 2 WORKSHEET - 2 eo 14 21 3)1 43 5/2 62 72 83 92 10)411)1 124 13) 4 14) 3 15) 2 16)4 17)3 tamed at— —— 8098 Programme = Boing to vi — WORKSHEET . 3 NS 21 g4 a1 51 62 74 81 %2 191 11)1 13 13) 1-14)2 15) 3 16) 4 171 18) i 19) 2 20) 4 21) 2 22)3 23) 4 24) 25) 2 26) 3 27) 3 28)3 29) 4 30) 3 31)4 KINEMATICS WORKSHEET - 1 4 24 32 41 54 63 73 81 91 101 11)2 12/3 13) 1 14) 3 15) 2 16) 4 17) 2 WORKSHEET - 2 4 22 3)1 44 53 63 72 83 92 10)2 11)3 12)1 13)2 14)1 WORKSHEET - 3 11 2)2 3)4 4)2 5)3 62 73 81 9)3 10) 2 11)2 12)1 133 144 15)3 1692 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION WORKSHEET - 1 2 233 32 41 93 92 74 83 91 101 12 WORKSHEET - 2 1 42 33 44 51 63 73 81 91 10) 1 11)3 12)1Vil Going to Vill ——— Bridge Programme CHEMISTRY 1. ELEMENTS, VALENCIES AND FORMULAE Introduction: hele} ge canst can be elements (or) compounds elements are made of small Pee com peed atoms and compounds are made of small particles called atoms Shemicely unas are made of small particles called molecules: Mater reacts of the ly to form substances. The study of matter. involves not only the study of the chemical composition but also how matter reacts with other matter. This is also called as chemical reaction. ‘The abbreviation ‘ ¢.g' is used for the word for ‘example’. The abbreviation ‘PTO" is used for ‘ please turn over’ simillarly elements and compounds can be written in short form using symbols and formula and chemical reaction an written in the form of equations. Symbol of Elements: A symbol is a short form representation of an element. symbol elements are related in several ways. s for different (A) For some elements the first letter of the name of the element is taken symbol s the Examples: Hydrogen : H, Oxygen : O (B) For some elements the first two letters o! as the symbol Example: { the name of the elements are taken’ Calcium : Ca, Helium : He (C) For some elements the symbol has been assigned based on the sound Examples: Magnesium : Mg, Manganese : Mn (D) For some elements the symbols are taken from their Latin names Examples: Sodium - Natrium: Na, Potassium - Kalium: ‘Compound : A compow: nd is a substance composed of two or more different elements, chemically combined in K a fixed proportion by weight. ‘The constitue ints of a compound can be separated only by chemical reactions but not by physical changes Example: Water contains Oxygen and Hydrogen. Similarly, Carbondioxide contains Carbon and Oxygen. Molecules of Compounds: ‘They are made up of different elements and hence are called heteroatomic or heteronuclear molecules. They may be diatomic, tri atomic etc. depending upon the number of atoms present in one molecule of the compound. uumsamme GHNQUPTOQIIIN ——eemeenemcoee VNGOGI VN mmm Example: HF, HCI, HBr, HI are diatomic; H,O, CO, etc are triatomic NH,,PH, are tetratomic Atomiecity: The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element oF compound is called atomicity. Example: Atomicities of Meliim(He), Hydrogen (H,), Ozone(Os), Phosphorous(F,) and Sulphur (S,) are 1,2,3,4 and 8 respectively. Atomicity’s of Water(H,O),Ammonia(NH,), Methane(CH,) are 3,4,5 res Pec- tively Mixture : A mixture is a substance made up of two or more elements or com: pounds mixed together in a random proportion If {wo or more substances (elements, compounds or both) mixed together in 8ny proportion, do not undergo any chemical change, but retain their characteristics, the resulting mass is called mixture. Examples: i) Glucose solution is a mixture of glucose and water. ii) Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc. Types of Mixtures: Depending upon their composition mixtures are classified into Homogeneous mixture and Heterogeneous mixture. Homogeneous Mixture: A homogeneous mixture has uniform composition throughout the mixture. For example Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc that has uniform composition throughout. Heterogeneous Mixture: A heterogeneous mixture has different composition in different parts of the mixture. For example mixturé of sand and water has different composition in different parts of the mixture. Structure of Atom: 1) All matter is made up of atoms 2) The smallest particle that occupies space and may (or) magnet have an independent existence and takes part in a chemical reaction is called atom. 3) An atom essentially consists of two.parts i.e, (i) nucleus (ii) electrons which revolve around the nucleus in the fixed paths much the same way as the planet revolve arov'nd the sun. Study of Nucleus: Nucleus is the small positively charged region situated in the centre of atom. ‘The size of the nucleus is extremely small as compound to the total volume of an atom. The sub atomic particles, proton and neutrons colletively present with in the nucleus are called “nucleon”. SS 2 Cll ee —aKk| Revolving around Blectron | e | GYS | the nucleus charge | Ammonium Proton | p | +¥e__ | Held within the charge | nucleus Neutron | n | 2 Held within the charge | nucleus ee of electrons around the nucleus are called orbits (or) shells. The orbit is closest to the nucleus is called first orbit/shell. The next orbit is called second orbit. Third orbit and so on. Ton: 1. When an atom loses (or) gains electrons, an Ion is formed. 2. In general, metals lose electrons while non-metels gain electrons. 3. Positive ions are called cations. Cations are formed when atom loses electrons. Example: Na—le ->Na’ 4. Negative ions called anions. Anions are formed when atoms gain electrons. Example: Cl+1e Cl" What is valency: 1. The combining capacity of an element is indicated by its valency 2. The number of electrons denoted (or) accepted by on atom of an element so as to have 8 electrons in its outer most orbit is called valency 3. An element which shows more than one valency is said to show variable valency. Example: Iron shows variable valency Ferrous (Fe), Ferric (Fe”) Some important points to note about valency: . Every element has a valency valency of an element is always a whole number All metals have positive valency All non-metals have negative valency Inert gas elements have zero valency Antone Valency rarely is more then 4.