Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS

2 Algebra and series

Exercise 2.1A Fluency and skills b x2 + 4x − 5 = 0 ⇒ a + b = −4; ab = −5

1 The sums and products are: i  a 2 + b 2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab = 16 + 10 = 26
a
5 and 9    a 2b 2 = (ab)2 = (−5)2 = 25
−6 and 7
b   Hence the required equation is
8 and −12
c x2 − 26x + 25 = 0
−10 and −5
d 1 1 α + β −4 4
8 ii + = = =
e 4 and a b αβ −5 5
3 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 × = = =−
f − and a b αβ −5 5
4 2
2 a x2 − 4x + 3 = 0 ⇒ a + b = 4; ab = 3 Hence the required equation is
4 1
a 2 + b 2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab = 16 − 6 = 10
i  x2 − x − = 0 or 5x2 − 4x − 1 = 0
5 5
a 2b 2 = (ab)2 = 32 = 9 a+2+b+2=a+b+4=−4+4=0
iii 
 Hence the required equation is (a + 2)(b + 2) = ab + 2(a + b) + 4
x2 − 10x + 9 = 0 = −5 + 2 × −4 + 4 = −9
1 1 α +β 4 Hence the required equation is
ii + = =
a b αβ 3 x2 − 9 = 0
1 1 1 1 a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b)
iv 
× = =
a b αβ 3 = (−4)3 − 3 × −5 × −4 = −124
 Hence the required equation is a 3b 3 = (ab)3 = (−5)3 = −125
4 1
x2 − x + = 0 or 3x2 − 4x + 1 = 0 Hence the required equation is
3 3
x2 + 124x − 125 = 0
iii a + 2 + b + 2 = a + b + 4 = 4 + 4 = 8
a b a2 + b2 (a + b )2 − 2ab
 (a + 2)(b + 2) = ab + 2(a + b) + 4 v + = =
b a ab ab
   = 3 + 2 × 4 + 4 = 15
 Hence the required equation is (−4)2 − 2 ×(−5) −26
= =
x2 − 8x + 15 = 0 −5 5
a b
iv a 3 + b 3 = (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b)     × = 1
b a
= 43 − 3 × 3 × 4 = 28 Hence the required equation is
a3b3 = (ab)3 = 33 = 27 26
Hence the required equation is x2 + x + 1 = 0 or 5x2 + 26x + 5 = 0
5
x2 − 28x + 27 = 0 c x2 + x + 1 = 0 ⇒ a + b = − 1; ab = 1
a b a 2 + b 2 (a + b )2 − 2ab i a 2 + b 2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab = 1 − 2 = −1
v + = = a 2b 2 = (ab)2 = 12 = 1
b a ab ab
Hence the required equation is
4 2 − 2 × 3 10
  = = x2 + x + 1 = 0
3 3 1 1 α + β −1
a b ii + = = = −1
× =1 a b αβ 1
b a 1 1 1 1
Hence the required equation is × = = =1
a b αβ 1
10 Hence the required equation is
x2 − x + 1 = 0 or 3x2 − 10x + 3 = 0
3 x2 + x + 1 = 0

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
iii a + 2 + b + 2 = a + b + 4 = −1 + 4 = 3 a b a 2 + b 2 (a + b )2 − 2ab
(a + 2)(b + 2) = ab + 2(a + b) + 4 v  + = =
b a ab ab
= 1 + 2 × −1 + 4 = 3 2
Hence the required equation is  7 −2 ×− 4
 2 −81
x2 − 3x + 3 = 0 = =
−4 16
iv  a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b)
a b
= −1 − 3 × 1 × −1 = 2 × =1
b a
a b = (ab)3 = 13 = 1
3 3
Hence the required equation is
Hence the required equation is 81
x2 − 2x + 1 = 0 x2 + x + 1 = 0 or 16x2 + 81x + 16 = 0
16
a b a 2 + b 2 (a + b )2 − 2ab −3 12
v   + = = e 5x + 3x + 12 = 0 ⇒ a + b = ; ab =
2
b a ab ab 5 5
2
1 − 2 × 1 −1  −3  24
= = = −1 i  a 2 + b 2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab = −
 5 5
1 1 −111
a b     =
× =1 25
b a 2
 12  144
Hence the required equation is a b = (ab) =
2 2 2
=
 5 25
x2 + x + 1 = 0 Hence the required equation is
7 8
d 2x2 − 7x − 8 = 0 ⇒ a + b = ; ab = − = - 4 −111 144
2 2 x2 − x+ = 0 or
25 25
49 81
i a 2 + b 2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab = + 8 = 25x2 + 111x + 144 = 0
4 4
a 2b 2 = (ab)2 = (-4)2 = 16 −3
1 1 α +β 1
Hence the required equation is ii + = = 5 =−
81 a b αβ 12 4
x2 − x + 16 = 0 or 4x2 − 81x + 64 = 0
4 7 5
1 1 α +β 7 1 1 1 1 5
ii + = = 2 =− × = = =
a b αβ −4 8 a b αβ 12 12
5
1 1 1 1 Hence the required equation is
× = =−
a b αβ 4 1 5
Hence the required equation is x2 + x + = 0 or 12x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
4 12
7 1 −3 17
x2 + x - = 0 or 8x2 + 7x - 2 = 0 iii  a+2+b+2=a+b+4= +4=
8 4 7 5 5
iii a+2+b+2=a+b+4= +4 (a + 2)(b + 2) = ab + 2(a + b) + 4
15 2 12 −3 26
  =       = + 2 × +4=
2 5 5 5
(a + 2)(b + 2) = ab + 2(a + b) + 4 Hence the required equation is
7 17 26
= -4 + 2 × + 4 = 7 x2 − x + = 0 or 5x2 − 17x + 26 = 0
2 5 5
Hence the required equation is
iv  a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b)
15
x2 − x + 7 = 0 or 2x2 − 15x + 14 = 0  −3 
3
12 −3 513
2 = −3× × =
iv  a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b)  5 5 5 125
3 3
 7 7 679  12  1728
   = − 3 × -4 × = a 3b 3 = (ab)3 = =
 2 2 8  5 125
a 3b 3 = (ab)3 = ( -4)3 = -64 Hence the required equation is
Hence the required equation is 513 1728
x2 − x+ = 0 or
679 125 125
x2 − x - 64 = 0 or 8x2 − 679x - 512 125x2 − 513x + 1728 = 0
8
=0
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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
a b a2 + b2 (a + b )2 − 2ab a b a2 + b2
v + = = v  + =
b a ab ab b a ab
2 2
 −3  − 2 × 12  1 −2 × 1
 5 5 −37 (a + b ) − 2ab  2 
2
16
= = = = =2
12 20 ab 1
5 16
a b
a b × =1
× =1 b a
b a
Hence the required equation is
Hence the required equation is x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
37
x2 + x + 1 = 0 or 20x2 + 37x + 20 = 0 3 The sum, sum of the products in pairs
20
1 1 1 and the product of the roots are:
f 4x − 2x + = 0 ⇒ a + b = ; ab =
2
4 2 16 a −4, −9 and 14
2
 1 1 b 7, −11 and −12
i  a 2 + b 2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab = −
 2 8 c 13, 22 and 26
1
   = −5 17 21
8 2
d , and
 1 1 2 2 2
a b = (ab) =
2 2 2
=
 16  256 1 3
e , and −2
Hence the required equation is 4 4
1 1 −5
x2 − x +
8 256
= 0 or f −3 , −3 and
4 2 8
256x2 - 32x + 1 = 0
1 x + 2x − 4x + 3 = 0: a + b + g = −2;
4 a  3 2

1 1 α +β ab + bg + ga = −4; abg = −3
ii + = = 2 =8
a b αβ 1 i a 2 + b 2 + g 2 = (a + b + g)2 −
16 2(ab + bg + ga) = (−2)2 − 2(−4) = 12
1 1 1 1 a 2b 2 + b 2g 2 + a 2 g 2
× = = = 16
a b αβ 1 = (ab + bg + g a)2 − 2(abg)(a + b + g)
16 = (−4)2 − 2(−3)(−2) = 4
Hence the required equation is
a 2b 2g 2 = (abg)2 = (−3)2 = 9
x2 − 8x + 16 = 0
1 9 Hence the required equation is
iii a + 2 + b + 2 = a + b + 4 = + 4 =
2 2 x 3 − 12x 2 + 4x − 9 = 0
(a + 2)(b + 2) = ab + 2(a + b) + 4 1 1 1 ab + bg + ga −4 4
ii  + + = = =
1 1 81 a b γ abg −3 3
= +2× +4=
16 2 16 1 1 1 a + b + γ −2 2
+ + = = =
Hence the required equation is aγ bγ γ a abγ −3 3
9 81 1 1 −1
x2 − x + = 0 or = =
2 16 abγ −3 3
16x2 − 72x + 81 = 0 Hence the required equation is
iv a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b) 4 2 1
3 x3 − x2 + x + = 0 or
 1 1 1 1 3 3 3
= −3× × = 3x − 4x + 2x + 1 = 0
 2 16 2 32
3 2

 1
3
1 iii a + 2 + b + 2 + g + 2 = a + b + g + 6
a 3b 3 = (ab)3 = =          = −2 + 6 = 4
 16  4096
Hence the required equation is (a + 2)(b + 2) + (b + 2)(g + 2) + (g + 2)
1 1 (a + 2) = (ab + bg + ga) +
x2 − x + = 0 or
32 4096  4(a + b + g) + 12 = (−4) + 4(−2)
4096x2 − 128x + 1 = 0 + 12 = 0

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
(a + 2)(b + 2)(g + 2) 2
 8 64
= (abg) + 2(ab + bg + ga) a 2b 2g 2 = (abg)2 = =
 3 9
   + 4(a + b + g) + 8 = (−3) + 2(−4) Hence the required equation is
  + 4(−2) + 8 = −11 121 2 32 64
x3 − x + x− =0
Hence the required equation is 9 9 9
x3 − 4x2 + 11 = 0 or 9x3 − 121x2 + 32x − 64 = 0
b x3 − 7x2 + 9x + 11 = 0 : a + b + g = 7; 1 1 1 ab + bγ + γ a −4 −3
ii + + = = =
ab + bg + ga = 9; abg = −11 a b γ abγ 8 2
a 2 + b 2 + g 2 = (a + b + g )2 − 2(ab +
i  3
bg + ga) = (7)2 − 2(9) = 31 7
1 1 1 a + b +γ 7
a 2 b 2 + b 2 g 2 + a 2 g  2 = (ab + bg + ga)2 + + = = 3 =
ab bγ γ a abγ 8 8
− 2(abg)(a + b + g)
1 1 3 3
= (9)2 − 2(−11)(7) = 235 = =
abγ 8 8
New a 2b 2g 2 = (abg)2 = (−11)2 = 121
3
Hence the required equation is Hence the required equation is
x3 − 31x2 + 235x − 121 = 0 3 7 3
x3 + x2 + x − = 0 or
1 1 1 ab + bγ + γ a 9 2 8 8
ii + + = =−
a b γ abγ 11 8x + 12x + 7x − 3 = 0
3 2

1 1 1 a + b +γ 7 iii a+2+b+2+g+2=a+b+g+6
+ + = =−
ab bγ γ a abγ 11 7 25
1 1         = + 6 =
=− 3 3
abγ 11 (a + 2)(b + 2) + (b + 2)(g + 2)
Hence the required equation is + (g + 2)(a + 2) = (ab + bg + ga)
9 7 1  7
x3 + x2 - x + = 0 + 4(a + b + g) + 12 = (−4) + 4
11 11 11  3
or 11x + 9x2 − 7x + 1 = 0
3 52
+ 12 =
a+2+b+2+g+2=a+b+g+6
iii  3
(a + 2)(b + 2)(g + 2) = (abg) + 2(ab
      = 7 + 6 = 13 + bg + ga) + 4(a + b + g) + 8
(a + 2)(b + 2) + (b + 2)(g + 2) +  8  7
(g + 2)(a + 2) = (ab + bg + ga) + = + 2(−4) + 4 + 8 = 12
 3  3
4(a + b + g ) + 12 = (9) + 4(7) Hence the required equation is
+ 12 = 49 25 52
x3 − x2 + x − 12 = 0 or
(abg ) + 2(ab + bg + ga) + 4(a + b + g ) 3 3
+ 8 = (−11) + 2(9) + 4(7) + 8 = 43 3x3 − 25x2 + 52x − 36 = 0
−12
Hence the required equation is d 5x3 + 12x2 − 14x − 5 = 0: a + b + g ;
−14 5
x3 − 13x2 + 49x − 43 = 0
7 ab + bg + ga = ; abg = 1
c 3x3 − 7x2 − 12x − 8 = 0 : a + b + g = ; 5
8 3 i a 2+ b 2+ g 2 = (a + b + g)2 − 2(ab +
ab + bg + ga = −4; abg =  −12 
2
 −14  284
3 bg + ga) = −2 =
i a 2 + b 2 + g 2 = (a + b + g)2 − 2(ab +  5   5  25
7
3
121 a 2b 2 + b 2g 2 + a 2g 2 = (ab + bg + ga)2
bg + ga) =   − 2(−4) = 2
 3 9  −14 
− 2(abg)(a + b + g) =
a b + b g + a g = (ab + bg +
2 2 2 2 2 2  5 
ga)2 − 2(abg)(a + b + g) = (−4)2 −  −12  316
− 2(1) =
 5  25
 8   7  32
2 = a b g = (abg) = 1
2 2 2 2
 3 3 9

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
Hence the required equation is b x4 − 4x3 − 7x2 + 22x + 24 = 0:
284 2 316 a+b+g+δ=4
x3 − x + x − 1 = 0 or
25 25 ab + ag + aδ + bg + bδ + gδ = −7
25x3 − 284x2 + 316x − 25 = 0
abg + bgδ + g δa + δab = −22
1 1 1 ab + bγ + γ a -14 abgδ = 24
ii  + + = =
a b γ abγ 5
i  a 2 + b 2 + g 2 + δ2 = (a + b + g + δ)2
1
− 2(ab + ag + aδ + bg + bδ + g δ)
14
           = − = 42 − 2 × − 7 = 30
5 1 1 1 1
-12 ii  + + + =
1 1 1 a + b +γ 12 a b γ δ
+ + = = 5 =− abγ + bγ δ + γ δ a +δ ab -22 -11
ab bγ γ a abγ 1 5 = =
1 1 abγ δ 24 12
= =1 6 x4 − 89x2 + 1600 = 0: Hence y2 − 89y + 1600
abγ 1
Hence the required equation is = 0 ⇒ (y − 25)( y − 64) = 0
14 12 ⇒ y = 25 or 64 so x2 = 25 or 64
x3 + x2 − x − 1= 0 or
5 5 so x = ± 5 or ± 8
5x3 + 14x2 − 12x − 5 = 0 7 x4 − 8x2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ (x2 + 1)( x2 − 9) = 0
iii a
 +2+b+2+g+2=a+b+g+6 ⇒ x2 = 9 or −1
−12 18
        = +6=  Hence x = ± 3 whilst x2 = − 1 has no roots
5 5 therefore only two real roots.
(a + 2)(b + 2) + (b + 2)(g + 2) + (g + 2)
(a + 2) = (ab + bg + ga) + 4(a + b + g) 8 x4 + 5x2 + 4 = 0 ⇒ (x2 + 4)( x2 + 1) = 0
⇒ x2 = − 4 or −1
 -14   -12  −2
+ 12 = +4 + 12 =  Hence neither x2 = −4 nor x2 = −1 have any
 5   5  5
(a + 2)(b + 2)(g + 2) = (abg) roots therefore no real roots.
+ 2(ab + bg + ga) + 4(a + b + g) + 8 9 Let the roots be a, 2a and b. Therefore
 -14   -12  31 14 -32
=1+2 +4 +8=− 3a + b = ; 2a 2 + 3ab = 0; 2a 2b =
 5   5  5 3 3
Hence the required equation is  From 2a + 3ab = 0, a(2a + 3b) = 0 and
2

x3 − Σax2 + Σabx − abg -2 a

since a ≠ 0, b =
18 2 31 3
= x3 − x 2 - x + = 0 or -2 a 14
5 5 5  Hence 3a + = ⇒ 7a = 14 so a = 2
5x − 18x - 2x + 31 = 0
3 2 3 3
-2(2) - 4
5 a x4 − 13x2 + 36 = 0: Hence the roots are 2, 4 and =
3 3
a+b+g+δ=0 Exercise 2.1B Reasoning
and problem - solving
ab + ag + aδ + bg + b δ + g δ = − 13
1 a To find the polynomial whose roots
abg + bg δ + g δa + δab = 0 are the reciprocals of the roots of
abg δ = 36 x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 1 = 0, we need to substitute
1 1
a 2 + b 2 + g 2 + δ2 = (a + b + g + δ)2
i  y = i.e. x =
− 2(ab + ag + aδ + bg + bδ + g δ) x y
= 0 − 2 × − 13 = 26  1
3
 1  1
2

 Hence   + 3   + 5   + 1 = 0
1 1 1 1  y  y  y
ii + + +
a b γ δ 1 3 5
ab γ + bγ δ + γ δa + δab 0 ⇒ 3
+ 2 + +1=0
= = =0 y y y
ab γ δ 36
⇒ y + 5y + 3y + 1 = 0
3 2

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
y 6 y - x + 2 i.e. x = y − 2
b Substitute y = 3x i.e. x =
3  New equation is
3 2
 y  y  y (y − 2)3 + 6(y − 2)2 − (y − 2) − 30 = 0
 Hence +3 +5 + 1 = 0;
 3  3  3  This simplifies to y3 − 13y − 12 = 0
y3 3y2 5y  Factorising: (y + 1)(y + 3)(y − 4) = 0
⇒ + + +1=0
27 9 3  So y = −1, −3 or 4
⇒ y 3 + 9y ² + 45y + 27 = 0
2 a y = x − 2 so x = y + 2  So x = −3, −5 or 2
 (y + 2)3 − 2( y + 2)2 − (y + 2) + 2 = 0 7 y = x + 3 therefore x = y − 3
 y 3 + 6y2 + 12y + 8 − 2y2 − 8y − 8 − y −  2(y − 3)3 − 3(y − 3)2 − 23(y − 3) + 12 = 0
2+2=0  2y3 + y2(−18 − 3) + y(54 + 18 − 23)
 y3 + 4y2 + 3y = 0 + (− 54 − 27 + 69 + 12) = 0
b y3 + 4y2 + 3y = 0 ⇒ y(y2 + 4y + 3) = 0  2y3 − 21y2 + 49y = 0
⇒ y(y + 1)(y + 3) = 0 ⇒ y = 0, −1 or −3  y(2y 2 − 21y + 49) = 0
c y = x − 2 so x = y + 2. Hence x = 0 + 2, −1
 y(2y − 7)(y − 7) = 0
+ 2 or −3 + 2, i.e. x = 2, 1 or −1 7
1  Hence y = 0, or 7
3 y = x − 1 so x = 2y + 2 2
2  But x = y − 3, so the solution of
 Hence x3 − 7x2 + 9x + 11 = 0 becomes
2x3 − 3x2 − 23x + 12 = 0 is
(2y + 2)3 − 7(2y + 2)2 + 9(2y + 2) + 11 = 0
7
⇒ 8y3 + y2(24 − 28) + y(24 − 56 + 18) + x = 0 − 3, − 3 or 7 − 3 = − 3,
1 2
(8 − 28 + 18 + 11) = 0 or 4
2
⇒ 8y3 − 4y2 − 14y + 9 = 0 8 y = x + 1 so x = y − 1
1
4 y = 2x − 1 so x = (y + 1)  Hence x4 + 4x3 − 11x2 − 30x = 0 ⇒ (y − 1)4
4
2 3 + 4(y − 1)3 − 11(y − 1)2 − 30(y − 1) = 0
1
 ( y + 1)  1 ( y + 1)
⇒ + 6  (y − 1) (y3 - 3y2 + 3y − 1 + 4 y2 − 8y + 4 − 11y
2  2 
+ 11 − 30) = 0
1 
+ 7 ( y + 1) + 8 = 0
2   (y − 1) (y 3 + y 2 − 16y − 16) = 0
1 3 7  (y − 1) (y + 1) (y 2 − 16) = 0
⇒ (y + 1)4 + (y + 1)3 + (y + 1) + 8 = 0
16 4 2 ⇒ y = ± 1 or ± 4
⇒ (y + 1)4 + 12(y + 1)3 + 56(y + 1) + 128 = 0
 But x = y − 1 so x = − 5 or − 2 or 0 or 3
⇒ y 4 + 4y 3 + 6y 2 + 4y + 1 + 12(y 3 + 3y 2 +
3y + 1) + 56y + 56 + 128 = 0 9 Let the roots of x2 + 6x + b = 0 be a and b
and the roots of x2 + 4x − b = 0 be a and g
⇒ y4 + 4y3 + 6y2 + 4y + 1 + 12y3 + 36y2 +
36y + 12 + 56y + 56 + 128 = 0  Hence a + b = − 6 and ab = b; Also a + g
= − 4 and ag = − b
⇒ y4 + 16y3 + 42y2 + 96y + 197 = 0
α (- 6 - α ) b -6- α
5 y = x − 4 therefore x = y + 4  Hence = = − 1; ⇒ =
α (- 4 - α ) –b - 4- α
⇒ (y + 4)3 − 9(y + 4)2 + 6(y + 4) + 56 = 0 −1⇒−6−a= 4+a⇒a=−5
⇒ y3 + y2(12 − 9) + y(48 − 72 + 6) + (64 − 144  Hence (− 5)2+ 6(− 5) + b = 0 or
+ 24 + 56) = 0 (− 5)2 + 4(− 5) − b = 0 ⇒ b = 5
⇒ y3 + 3y2 − 18y = 0 10 a3 = 4a + 3; b 3 = 4b + 3 and g 3 = 4g + 3
⇒ y(y2 + 3y − 18) = 0 ⇒ y( y − 3)(y + 6) = 0  Hence a3 + b 3 + g 3 = 4(a + b + g) + 9
 Hence y = − 6, 0 or 3  But from x 3 = 4x + 3 or x3 − 4x − 3 = 0,
 But x = y + 4, so the solution of x 3 − 9x 2 + 6x +      a + b + g = 0
56 = 0 is x = − 6 + 4, 0 + 4 or 3 + 4 = − 2, 4 or 7  Hence a 3 + b 3 + g 3 = 4(0) + 9 = 9
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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
11 a + b + g = 1 e 1 × 3 + 2 × 4 + 3 × 5 + ... for n terms
n
 The new roots, a + b, b + g and g +a, are ≡ ∑r (r + 2)
a + b + g − g, a + b + g − a and 1

a + b + g − b - i.e. y = 1 − x
1× 4 3 × 5 5 × 6 7 × 7
 Hence x = 1 − y so 2x − 2x − 6x − 3 = 0
3 2 f − + − + ... for n
3 4 5 6
becomes 2(1 − y)3 − 2(1 − y)2 − 6(1 − y) − 3 = 0 n ( 2r – 1)(r + 3)
 2(1 − 3y + 3y2 − y3) − 2(1 − 2y + y2) − 6(1 − y) terms ≡ ∑( − 1)r + 1 (r + 2)
−3=0 1
3 a There are 3n terms.
 −2y3 + 4y2 + 4y − 9 = 0
b The (2n + 1)th term is (2n + 1)2 −
 2y3 − 4y2 − 4y + 9 = 0 (2n + 1) + 3 = 4n2 + 2n + 3
12 a a+b+g =4 3n
3n(3n + 1)
4 a 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 3n ≡ ∑r ≡
b (4 − y)3 − 4(4 − y)2 − (4 − y) + 7 = 0 1 2
2n – 1
−y3 + 8y2 − 15y + 3 = 0 or b 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + (2n − 1)2 ≡ ∑ r 2
2 2 2

y3 - 8y2 + 15y - 3 = 0 (2n − 1)(2n ) ( 2(2n − 1) + 1)

1

Roots of equation in y are (4 − a),

c  =
(4 − b) and (4 − g) 6
Product of roots = 3
 (2n − 1)(n )(4n − 1)
≡

From part a, 3 2 n −1

(b + g)(a + g)(a + b) = (4 − a)(4 − b)

 c 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + (2n - 1)3 ≡ ∑ r 3 ≡
(4 − g) (2n − 1)2 (2n )2
1

So (b + g)(a + g)(a + b) = 3 ≡ n2(2n - 1)2

4 n
d 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n − 1) ≡ ∑(2r –1)
Exercise 2.2A Fluency and skills n n
n(n + 1) 1
5 ≡ 2 ∑r − ∑1 ≡ 2 − n ≡ n2
1 a ∑r 3
≡ 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53 1 1 2
e 1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + ... + n(n + 1)
1
n n n

b ∑r ≡ 4 + 5 + ... + n 2
2 2 2 ≡ ∑r (r + 1) ≡ ∑r 2 + r
4 1 1
n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
c ∑(r 2
− 2r ) ≡ (12 − 2 × 1) + (22 − 2 × 2) +   ≡
6
+
2
1

(32 − 2 × 3) + (42 − 2 × 4) + ... + (n2 − 2 × n) n(n + 1)(2n + 1) + 3n(n + 1)

 = −1 + 0 + 3 + 8 + … + (n2 − 2n) ≡
6
n
1 1 1 1 1 1 n(n + 1)[(2n + 1 + 3)] n(n + 1)(n + 2)
d ∑ ≡ + + + + ... + ≡ ≡
1 m+2 3 4 5 6 n+2 6 3
6 n
e ∑(–1)r r3 ≡ − 1 + 8 − 27 + 64 − 125 + 216 f 0 + 2 + 6 + 12 + + n2 − n ≡
n n
∑(r 2
−r)
1 1
n ≡ ∑r 2
− ∑r
f ∑r (r +1) ≡ (n − 3)(n − 2) + (n − 2)(n − 1) 1 1
n –3 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
+ (n − 1)(n) + (n)(n + 1)  ≡ −
6 2
16
n(n + 1)(2n − 2) n(n + 1)(n − 1)
2 a 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 31 ≡ ∑(2r − 1) ≡ ≡
1 6 3
n
…
5 a [0 × 1 + 1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + + (n − 1)n]
b 15 + 25 + 35+ ... + n5 ≡ ∑r 5
n n n

∑r (r − 1) ≡ ∑r ∑r
1
1 1 1 ... 1 n +1
1  ≡ 2
−
c 1+ +
2 3
+
4
+ +
n +1
≡ ∑r 1 1 1
1 n n(n + 1)
14  ≡ (n + 1)(2n + 1) −
d 3 − 6 + 9 − 12 + ... − 42 ≡ ∑(−1) r+1
3r 6
n
2
1
 ≡ (n + 1)[(2n + 1) − 3]
6
© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 8

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
n e rth term = r2 + 1
 ≡ (n + 1)(2n − 2) n n n
6
n
∑r 2
+ 1 = ∑r + ∑12

 ≡ (n + 1)(n − 1) 1 1 1

3 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
n  = +n
 ≡ (n2 − 1) 6
3
n(2n 2 + 3n + 7)
10
10  =
b ∑n(n − 1) = (102 − 1) = 330 6
3
1
Exercise 2.2B Reasoning
 (0)(1) + (1)(2) + (2)(3) + (3)(4) + (4)(5) and problem-solving
+ (5)(6) + (6)(7) + (7)(8) + (8)(9) + (9)(10)
90 90 10
 = 330 1 a ∑(r 2 + r) ≡ ∑(r 2 + r ) − ∑(r 2
+r)
6 a rth term = −r(r + 1)(r + 2) 11 1 1
90(90 + 1)(180 + 1) 10(10 + 1)(20 + 1)
n n n n
= −
∑r (r + 1)(r + 2) ≡ ∑r 3
+ 3∑r + 2∑r2
6 6
1 1 1 1
90 × 91 10 ×11
n (n +1) 2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2 + -
 ≡ +3 + 2 2
4 6 = 247 065 − 385 + 4095 − 55 = 250 720
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(n 2 + 5n +6) n n
 4 
  2
2
≡
4 ∑(2r + 3) ≡ 2∑r + 3n −  2∑1 r + 3 × 4
b 
5 1
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) n(n + 1) 4(4 + 1)
≡ ≡2 + 3n − 2 − 12
4 2 2
≡ n2 + 4n − 32
b rth term = (2r + 1)(r − 3) n −2 n −2 2
 n −2 2

c ∑(r 2 − r ) ≡ ∑r 2 − ∑r 2 −  ∑r − ∑r 
n n n n

∑(2r – 1)(r + 3)≡ ∑2r 2 − ∑5r − ∑ 3 3 1 1  1 1 

1 1 1 1
(n − 2)(n − 1)(2n − 3)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1) ≡ −5−
≡2 −5 − 3n 6
6 2
 (n − 2)(n − 1)  (n − 2)(n − 1)
n(n + 1)(8n + 1)  − 3 ≡
 ≡ 2  6
6
[(2n − 3) − 3] − 5 + 3
c rth term = r(r + 2)(r + 4)
(n − 2)(n − 1)(n − 3)
n n
 ≡ −2
∑r (r + 2)(r + 4) = ∑r 3 + 6r 2 + 8r 2 n +1
3
1 1
n n
= ∑r + 6 ∑r + 8 ∑r
3 2
n d ∑ (r 3
+ 3r )
n
1 1 1 2 n +1
 2 n +1 n −1 
n –1

n (n + 1) 2 2
≡ ∑ r − ∑r + 3  ∑ r − ∑r 
3 3

 = + n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 1  1 1 
4
  + 4n(n + 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 2)
2 2
(n − 1)2 (n )2
≡
−
4 4
n 2 (n + 1)2 + 4n(n + 1)(2n + 5)
=  (2n + 1)(2n + 2) (n − 1)(n ) 
4 + 3 − 
n(n + 1)(n + 4)(n + 5)  2 2
 = 2(2n + 1)(n + 1)
4 ≡ [2(2n + 1)(n + 1) + 6]
d rth term = 4r − 2 4
n n n n(n − 1)
− [n(n − 1) + 6]
∑4r − 2 = 4 ∑r −
∑2 4
1 1 1

 
 = 2(n)(n + 1) − 2n (2n + 1)(n + 1)
≡ [2(2n2 + 3n + 1) + 6]
  = 2n2 2
n(n − 1) 2
− [n − n + 6]
4
© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 9

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
≡ (2n + 1)(n + 1) (2n2 + 3n + 4)
 10
10(11)(9)(12)
n (n − 1) (n − n + 6)2 b ∑2r (r 2
− 1) =
2
= 5940
− 1
4 c The general term 2r (r - 1)(r + 1)
2n −5 2n −5 n −5 is a multiple of 2. It must also be a
e ∑ r ≡ ∑ r − ∑r
3 3 3
multiple of 4 since at least one of the
n− 4 1 1
consecutive terms must be even. At
(2n − 5)2 (2n − 4)2 (n − 5)2 (n − 4)2 least one of the three consecutive
= −
4 4 terms must be a multiple of 3. So every
(2n − 5)2 4(n − 2)2 (n − 5)2 (n − 4)2 term must be a multiple of 4 × 3 = 12.
= − 6 a No. of cannon balls on bottom layer
4 4
n(n + 1)
(n –5) 2
(n – 4)2 =
= (2n − 5)2 (n − 2)2 - 2 n
r (r + 1)
4 b Altogether there are ∑
2 a First term is 2(1)2 + 4(1) = 6; 1 2
n n
1 1
 Sum of first two terms is 2(2)2 + 4(2) = ≡ ∑r 2 + ∑r
16, so second term is 16 − 6 = 10 2 1 2 1
 Sum of first three terms is 2(3)2 + 4(3) = n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
30, so third term is 30 − 16 = 14 = +
12 4
n n –1
n(n + 1)(2n + 1 + 3) n(n + 1)(n + 2)
b The nth term is ∑(2r + 4r ) − 2
∑ (2r + 4r)
2
≡ ≡
1 1 12 6
= (2n2 + 4n) - (2(n − 1)2 + 4(n − 1)) 10(11)(12)
c × 2.722 = 599 kg (3sf )
= 4n + 2 6
3 a There are 2n terms. 2n
7 Number of cannon balls = ∑r 2
b The (2n − 1)th term is n +1
(2n − 1)2 − (2n − 1) − 2 2n(2n + 1)(4n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
≡ 4n2 − 4n + 1 − 2n + 1 − 2 ≡ −
6 6
 ≡ 4n2 − 6n ≡ 2n(2n − 3) n(2n + 1)[2(4n + 1) –(n + 1)]
n n  ≡
4 ∑(2r + 1)2 ≡ ∑(4r 2
+ 4r + 1) 6
n(2n + 1)(7n + 1)
1 1
n n n
≡
6
≡ 4∑r 2 + 4∑r + ∑1 8 The general term in the series S = 1 × m + 2
1 1 1
(m − 1) + 3(m − 2) + ... + m × 1 is r (m − r + 1)
4n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 4n(n + 1) m m m
≡ + +n
6 2  S= ∑ r (m – r +1) ≡ (m + 1)∑r − 1
∑r
1
2

n[2(n + 1)(2n + 1) + 6(n + 1) + 3)] 1

≡ m(m + 1) m(m + 1)(2m + 1)
3  ≡ (m + 1) −
2 6
n[4n 2 + 12n + 11]
≡ m(m + 1)[3(m + 1) − (2m + 1)]
3 ≡
Hence a = 12 and b = 11. 6
n n n m(m + 1)(m + 2)
5 a ∑2r (r 2 − 1 ≡ 2 ∑r 3 − 2 ∑r  ≡
6
1 1 1 n n n

≡
2n (n + 1)
2
−
2n(n + 1)
2
9 a ∑ (2r − 1) 2
= 4 ∑r 2 − 4 ∑r + ∑1
1 1 1
4 2
n(n + 1)[n(n + 1) −2] 4n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 4n(n + 1)
≡  =  − +n
2 6 2
n(n + 1)[ n 2 + n − 2] n [ 4(n + 1)(2n + 1) − 12(n + 1) + 6 ]
≡  =
2 6
n(n + 1)(n –1)(n + 2) n(8n − 2) n(2n − 1)(2n + 1)
2
≡  = =
2 6 3

© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 10

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
2n n n
b 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2r − 1) ≡ ∑r − 4 ∑r
2 2 2 2 2 2
b When n = 1, ∑r = 1
1 1 r =1
2n(2n + 1)(4n + 1) 4n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 1
= −  and n(n + 1) = × 1(1 + 1)
6 6 2 2
n(2n + 1)[(4n + 1) − 2(n + 1)]
= 1
3 = (2)
2
n(2n + 1)[(2n − 1)
= =1
3  so true for n = 1
n n n
10 a ∑(6r 2
+ 3r ) ≡ ∑(6r 2 ) + ∑(3r )  Assume true for n = k and consider
1 1 1 n = k + 1:
n n k +1 k
∑(6r 2 ) ≡ 6 ∑(r 2 ) ≡ n(n + 1)(2n + 1) ∑r = ∑r + (k + 1)
1 1 r =1 r =1
n
1
∑(3r ) ≡ 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + ... This is
 = k (k + 1) + k + 1
2
1
a Geometric Progression, with sum 1
= (k + 1)(k + 2)
a (r n − 1) 2
(r − 1) 1
 In this case a = r = 3 = (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)
2
n n+1
3(3n − 1) (3 − 3)  So true for n = k + 1
so ∑(3 ) ≡ ≡
r

1 (3 − 1) 2  The statement is true for n = 1 and by

n assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
 Hence ∑(6r 2 + 3r ) ≡ n(n + 1)(2n + 1) to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
1
n+1
mathematical induction, it is true for
− 3) (3 all n ∈ .
+
2 n

b When r = 1, 31(= 3) < 6 × 12 (= 6) c When n = 1, ∑(2r + 3) = 2 × 1 + 3

 When r = 2, 32(= 9) < 6 × 22 (= 24) r =1
=5
 When r = 3, 33(= 27) < 6 × 32 (= 54)  and n(n + 4) = 1(1 + 4)
 When r = 4, 34(= 81) < 6 × 42 (= 96) =5
 When r = 5, 35(= 243) > 6 × 52 (= 150)  so true for n = 1
 Hence the smallest value of r where
 Assume true for n = k and consider
3r > 6r2 is 5.
n = k + 1:
Exercise 2.3A Fluency and skills k +1 k
n
∑(2r + 3) = ∑(2r + 3) + 2(k + 1) + 3

1 a When n = 1, ∑1 = 1 r =1 r =1
r =1
 and n = 1 so true for n = 1 = k (k + 4) + 2 k + 5
Assume true for n = k and consider = k 2 + 6k + 5
n = k + 1: = (k + 1)(k + 5)
k +1 k = (k + 1)(k + 1 + 4)
∑1 = ∑1 + 1  So true for n = k + 1
r =1 r =1

= k +1  The statement is true for n = 1 and by

 So true for n = k + 1 assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by
mathematical induction, it is true for
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
all n ∈.
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
mathematical induction, it is true for
all n ∈ .

© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 11

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
n  The statement is true for n = 1 and by
d When n = 1, ∑r (r + 1) = 1(1 + 1) assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
r =1
=2 to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
1 1 mathematical induction, it is true for
 and n(n + 1)(n + 2) = × 1(1 + 1)(1 + 2) all n ∈.
3 3 n
1
= (2)(3) f When n = 1, ∑(r + 1)(r − 1) = (1 + 1)(1 − 1)
3 r =1
=0
=2 1 1
 so true for n = 1  and n(2n + 5)(n − 1) = × 1(2 × 1 + 5)(1 − 1)
6 6
 Assume true for n = k and consider 1
n = k + 1: = (7)(0)
6
k +1 k
=0
∑r (r + 1) = ∑r (r + 1) + (k + 1)(k + 2)  so true for n = 1
r =1 r =1
1  Assume true for n = k and consider
= k (k + 1)(k + 2) + (k + 1)(k + 2) n = k + 1:
3 k +1 k
1
= (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) ∑(r + 1)(r − 1) = ∑(r + 1)(r − 1)
r =1 r =1
3
1 +(k + 1 + 1)(k + 1 − 1)
= (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)(k + 1 + 2)
3
1
 So true for n = k + 1 = k (2 k + 5)(k − 1) + k (k + 2)
6
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by 1
= k [ (2 k + 5)(k − 1) + 6(k + 2) ]
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown 6

to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by 1
= k (2 k 2 − 2 k + 5k − 5 + 6 k + 12)
mathematical induction, it is true for 6

all n ∈ . 1
n = k (2 k 2 + 9k + 7)
e When n = 1, ∑(r − 1)2 = (1 − 1)2 6
r =1 1
=0 = k (2 k + 7)(k + 1)
1 1 6
and n(n − 1)(2n − 1) = × 1(1 − 1)(2 × 1 − 1) 1
6 6 = (k + 1)(2(k + 1) + 5)(k + 1 − 1)
6
1
= (0)(1)  So true for n = k + 1
6  The statement is true for n = 1 and by
=0
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
 so true for n = 1
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
 Assume true for n = k and consider
mathematical induction, it is true for
n = k + 1:
k +1 k all n ∈ n
∑(r − 1) = ∑(r − 1) + (k + 1 − 1)
2 2 2
2 a When n = 1, ∑(r + 1)2 = 2 2 = 4
r =1 r =1 r =1
1 1 1
 = k (k − 1)(2 k − 1) + k 2  and n(2n 2 + 9n + 13) = (1)(24) = 4
6 6 6
1  So the statement is true when n = 1
 = k [(k − 1)(2 k − 1) + 6 k ]
6  Assume statement is true for n = k and
1 substitute n = k + 1 into the formula:
 = k [2 k 2 − 2 k − k + 1 + 6 k ] k +1 k
6
1
∑(r + 1)2 = ∑(r + 1)2 + (k + 1 + 1)2
r =1 r =1
 = k (2 k 2 + 3k + 1)
6 1
= k (2 k 2 + 9k + 13) + (k + 2)2
1 6
 = k (2 k + 1)(k + 1)
6 1
= (2 k 3 + 9k 2 + 13k + 6 k 2 + 24 k + 24)
1 6
 = (k + 1)(k + 1 − 1)(2(k + 1) − 1) 1
6 = (2 k 3 + 15k 2 + 37 k + 24)
 So true for n = k + 1 6
© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 12

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
1 1
= (k + 1)(2 k 2 + 13k + 24) = (k + 1)2  k 2 + 4 k + 4 
6 4
1 1
= (k + 1)(2(k + 1)2 + 9(k + 1) + 13) = (k + 1)2 (k + 2)2
6 4
 So the statement is true when n = k + 1 1
= (k + 1)2 (k + 1 + 1)2
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by 4
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown  So true for n = k + 1
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by  The statement is true for n = 1 and by
mathematical induction, it is true for assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
all n ∈. to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
n
b When n = 1, ∑5n −1 = 50 = 1 mathematical induction, it is true for all
r =1 n ∈.
2n


1 1
and (5n − 1) = (4) = 1 4 When n = 1, ∑r = 1 + 2
4 4 =3
r =1

 So the statement is true when n = 1

 and n(2n + 1) = 1(2 × 1 + 1)
 Assume statement is true for n = k and
substitute n = k + 1 into the formula: =3
k +1 k  so true for n = 1
∑5r −1 = ∑5r −1 + 5k +1−1  Assume true for n = k and consider n = k + 1:
r =1 r =1
1 2( k +1) 2k
= (5k − 1) + 5k
4 ∑ r = ∑r + (2k + 1) + (2k + 2)
r =1 r =1
1 k
= (5 − 1 + 4(5k )) = k (2 k + 1) + 4 k + 3
4
1 = 2k 2 + k + 4k + 3
= (5(5k ) − 1)
4 = 2 k 2 + 5k + 3
1 = (2 k + 3)(k + 1)
= (5k +1 − 1)
4
 So the statement is true when n = k + 1 = (k + 1)(2(k + 1) + 1)
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by  So true for n = k + 1
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown  The statement is true for n = 1 and by
to be true for n = k + 1 , therefore, by assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
mathematical induction, it is true for to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
all n ∈. mathematical induction, it is true for
n
all n ∈.
3 When n = 1, ∑r 3
= 13 2n

=1
r =1 5 When n = 1, ∑r 2 = 12 + 2 2 = 5
r =1
1 2 1
 and n (n + 1) = × 12 (1 + 1)2
2
1 1
4 4  and n(2n + 1)(4n + 1) = (1)(3)(5) = 5
3 3
1
= (1)(2)2  So the statement is true when n = 1
4
=1  Assume statement is true for n = k and
 so true for n = 1 substitute n = k + 1 into the formula.
 Assume true for n = k and consider n = k + 1: 2( k +1) 2k
k +1

∑r = ∑r3
k
3
+ (k + 1)3
∑ r 2 = ∑r 2 + (2k + 1)2 + (2k + 2)2
r =1 r =1
r =1 r =1
1 1
= k 2 (k + 1)2 + (k + 1)3 = k (2 k + 1)(4 k + 1) + (4 k 2 + 4 k + 1)
4 3
1 + (4 k 2 + 8k + 4)
= (k + 1)2  k 2 + 4(k + 1) 
4

© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 13

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
1  Assume true for n = k and consider
= (8k 3 + 6 k 2 + k + 12 k 2 + 12 k + 3 n = k + 1:
3
k +1 k
+ 12 k 2 + 24 k + 12) ∑3r = ∑3r + 3k +1
1 r =1 r =1
= (8k 3 + 30k 2 + 37 k + 15) 3
3 = (3k − 1) + 3k +1
1 2
= (k + 1)(8k 2 + 22 k + 15)
3 3 2 
=  3k − 1 + (3k +1 )
1
= (k + 1)(2 k + 3)(4 k + 5) 2 3 
3 3 2 
1 =  3k − 1 + (3)3k 
= (k + 1)(2(k + 1) + 1)(4(k + 1) + 1) 2 3 
3
 So statement is true when n = k + 1 3
= (3k − 1 + 2(3k ))
2
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown 3
= (3(3k ) − 1)
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by 2
mathematical induction, it is true for 3
all n ∈. = (3k +1 − 1)
n 2
6 a When n = 1, ∑2 r
= 21  So true for n = k + 1
r =1
=2  The statement is true for n = 1 and by
 and 2(2 − 1) = 2(2 − 1)
n 1 assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
=2 mathematical induction, it is true for
 so true for n = 1 all n ∈.
n

 Assume true for n = k and consider n = k + 1:

k +1 k
c When n = 1, ∑4 r
= 41
r =1
∑2r = ∑2r + 2 k +1 =4
r =1 r =1
= 2(2 k − 1) + 2 k +1 4 n 4
 and (4 − 1) = (41 − 1)
3 3
= 2(2 k ) − 2 + 2(2 k )
4
= 4(2 k ) − 2 = (3)
3
= 2(2 k +1 − 1) =4
 So true for n = k + 1  so true for n = 1
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by  Assume true for n = k and consider
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown n = k + 1:
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by k +1 k

mathematical induction, it is true for ∑4 = ∑4 r r

+ 4 k +1
all n ∈. r =1
4
r =1

n = (4 k − 1) + 4 k +1
b When n = 1, ∑3r = 31 3
4 3
r =1 = (4 k − 1 + (4 k +1 ))
=3 3 4
4 k 3
3 n 3 = (4 − 1 + (4)4 k )
 and (3 − 1) = (31 − 1) 3 4
2 2 4 k
= (4 − 1 + 3(4 k ))
3 3
= (2)
2 4
= (4(4 k ) −1)
=3 3
 so true for n = 1 4
= (4 k +1 − 1)
3
© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 14

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
 So true for n = k + 1 n r 1

∑  2  =  2 

1 1
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by f When n = 1,
r =1
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by 1
=
mathematical induction, it is true for 2
all n ∈. n
 1  1
1
n
 and 1 −   = 1 −  
d When n = 1, ∑2 r −1
= 21−1  2
1
 2
r =1
=1 =
 and 2n − 1 = 21 − 1 2
 so true for n = 1
=1
 Assume true for n = k and consider
 so true for n = 1
n = k + 1:
 Assume true for n = k and consider k +1 r k r k +1
 1  1  1
n = k + 1:
k +1 k
∑  2  = ∑  2  +  2 
r =1 r =1
∑2r −1 = ∑2r −1 + 2 k +1−1  1  1
k k +1
r =1 r =1 = 1−   +  
 2  2
= 2k −1 + 2k k
 1  1
= 2(2 k ) − 1 = 1−   1− 
 2  2
k
= 2 k +1 − 1  1  1
= 1−    
 So true for n = k + 1  2  2
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by  1
k +1

assuming it is true for n = k it is shown = 1−  

 2
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by  So true for n = k + 1
mathematical induction, it is true for
all n ∈.  The statement is true for n = 1 and by
n
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
e When n = 1, ∑3r −1 = 31−1 to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
r =1 =1 mathematical induction, it is true for
1 n 1 1 all n ∈.
 and (3 − 1) = (3 − 1) n
2 2 1 1
7 When n = 1, ∑ =
=1 r =1 r (r + 1) 1(1 + 1)
 so true for n = 1 1
 Assume true for n = k and consider =
n 1 2
n = k + 1:  and =
k +1 k
n +1 1+1
∑3 r −1
= ∑3r −1 + 3k +1−1 =
1
r =1 r =1 2
1  so true for n = 1
= (3k − 1) + 3k  Assume true for n = k and consider
2
1 n = k + 1:
= ( 3k − 1 + 2(3k ) ) k +1 k
2 1 1 1
∑ r (r + 1) ∑ r (r + 1) + (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)
=
1
= 3 ( 3k ) − 1
2
( ) r =1 r =1
k 1
1 = +
= ( 3k +1 − 1) k + 1 (k + 1)(k + 2)
2 k (k + 2) + 1
 So true for n = k + 1 =
(k + 1)(k + 2)
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown k 2 + 2k + 1
=
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by (k + 1)(k + 2)
mathematical induction, it is true for (k + 1)2
all n ∈. =
(k + 1)(k + 2)
© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 15

Ch02_online_Edexcel_Answer_Only.indd 15 02/02/18 7:37 PM

 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
k +1  so true for n = 1
=
k +2  Assume true for n = k and consider
k +1 n = k + 1:
=
k +1+1 k +1
1 k
1 1
 So true for n = k + 1 ∑ r 2 + 2r = ∑ r 2 + 2r + (k + 1)2 + 2(k + 1)
r =1 r =1
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by k (3k + 5) 1
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown to be = + 2
4(k + 1)(k + 2) k + 2 k + 1 + 2 k + 2
true for n = k + 1, therefore, by mathematical
induction, it is true for all n ∈. k (3k + 5) 1
= + 2
n 4(k + 1)(k + 2) k + 4 k + 3
1 1
8 When n = 2, ∑ r (r − 1) = 2(2 − 1) k (3k + 5) 1
r =2 = +
1 4(k + 1)(k + 2) (k + 3)(k + 1)
= k (3k + 5)(k + 3) + 4(k + 2)
n −1 2 −1 2 =
 and = 4(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
n 2
1 k (3k 2 + 14 k + 15) + 4(k + 2)
= =
2 4(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
 so true for n = 2
 Assume true for n = k and consider n = k + 1: 3k 3 + 14 k 2 + 15k + 4 k + 8
k +1 k =
1 1 1 4(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
∑ r (r − 1) ∑ r (r − 1) + (k + 1)(k + 1 − 1)
=
r =2 r =2
(k + 1)(3k 2 + 11k + 8)
k −1 1 =
= + 4(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
k k (k + 1)
(k + 1)2 (3k + 8)
(k − 1)(k + 1) + 1 =
= 4(k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
k (k + 1)
(k + 1)(3k + 8)
k2 −1+1 =
= 4(k + 2)(k + 3)
k (k + 1)
(k + 1)(3(k + 1) + 5)
k2 =
= 4(k + 1 + 1)(k + 1 + 2)
k (k + 1)
 So true for n = k + 1
k
=  The statement is true for n = 1 and by
k +1
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown to be
(k + 1) − 1 true forn = k + 1, therefore, by mathematical
=
k +1 induction, it is true for all n ∈.
 So true for n = k + 1
Exercise 2.3B Reasoning and problem-
 The statement is true for n = 2 and by
solving
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown to be
true for n = k + 1, therefore, by mathematical 1 a When n = 1, n 2 + 3n = 1 + 3
induction, it is true for all n ∈. =4
n
1 1
9 When n = 1, ∑ 2 = 2 =2×2
r =1 r + 2r 1 +2
1  so true for n = 1
=
3
 Assume true for n = k and consider
n(3n + 5) 1(3 + 5)
 and = n = k + 1:
4(n + 1)(n + 2) 4(1 + 1)(1 + 2) (k + 1)2 + 3(k + 1) = k 2 + 2 k + 1 + 3k + 3
8 = k 2 + 5k + 4
=
24 = (k 2 + 3k ) + 2 k + 4
1
=
3
© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 16

Ch02_online_Edexcel_Answer_Only.indd 16 02/02/18 7:37 PM

 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
 Since k 2 + 3k is divisible by 2, write it
as 2A for some integer A
= 2 A + 2k + 4
= 2( A + k + 2)
 So true for n = k + 1
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
mathematical induction, it is true for
all n ∈ .
b When n = 1, 5n 2 − n = 5 − 1
=4
=2×2
 so true for n = 1
Assume true for n = k and consider
n = k + 1:
5(k + 1)2 − (k + 1) = 5k 2 + 10k + 5 − k − 1
= 5k 2 + 9k + 4
= (5k 2 − k ) + 10k + 4
Since 5k 2 − k is divisible by 2
= 2 A + 10k + 4
= 2 ( A + 5k + 2 )
So true for n = k + 1
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
2 When n = 1, 7n 2 + 25n − 4 = 7 + 25 − 4
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
mathematical induction, it is true for
all n ∈ .
c When n = 1, 8n 3 + 4n = 8 + 4
= 12
= 12 × 1
 so true for n = 1
 Assume true for n = k and consider
n = k + 1:
8(k + 1)3 + 4(k + 1)
= 8(k 3 + 3k 2 + 3k + 1) + 4 k + 4
= 8k + 24 k + 24 k + 8 + 4 k + 4
3 2
= 8k 3 + 24 k 2 + 28k + 12
= (8k 3 + 4 k ) + 24 k 2 + 24 k + 12
Since 8k 3 + 4 k is divisible by 12
= 12 A + 12(2 k 2 + 2 k + 1)
= 12( A + 2 k 2 + 2 k + 1)
So true for n = k + 1
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
© Oxford University Press 2018
Ch02_online_Edexcel_Answer_Only.indd 17
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
mathematical induction, it is true for
all n ∈.
d When n = 1, 11n 3 + 4n = 11 + 4
= 15
= 3×5
so true for n = 1
Assume true for n = k and consider
n = k + 1:
11(k + 1)3 + 4(k + 1)
= 11(k 3 + 3k 2 + 3k + 1) + 4 k + 4
= 11k 3 + 33k 2 + 33k + 11+ 4 k + 4
= 11k 3 + 33k 2 + 37 k + 15
= (11k 3 + 4 k ) + 33k 2 + 33k + 15
Since 11k 3 + 4 k is divisible by 3
= 3 A + 3(11k 2 + 11k + 5)
= 3( A + 11k 2 + 11k + 5)
So true for n = k + 1
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
mathematical induction, it is true for
all n ∈ .
= 28
= 2 × 14
so true for n = 1
Assume true for n = k and consider
n = k + 1:
7(k + 1)2 + 25(k + 1) − 4
= 7(k 2 + 2 k + 1)+ 25k + 25 − 4
= 7 k 2 + 14 k + 7+ 25k + 25 − 4
= 7 k 2 + 39k + 28
= (7 k 2 + 25k − 4)+ 14 k + 32
Since 7 k 2 + 25k − 4 is divisible by 2
= 2 A + 2(7 k + 16)
= 2( A + 7 k + 16)
So true for n = k + 1
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
mathematical induction, it is true for
all n ∈ .
Algebra and series 17
02/02/18 7:37 PM
 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
3 When n = 2, n 3 − n = 2 3 − 2 5 a When n = 1, 6n + 9 = 61 + 9
=6 = 15
= 3×2
= 5× 3
 so true for n = 2
 Assume true for n = k and consider so true for n = 1
n = k + 1: Assume true for n = k and consider
(k + 1)3 − (k + 1) = (k 3 + 3k 2 + 3k + 1) − k − 1 n = k + 1: 6 k +1 + 9 = 6(6 k ) + 9
= k 3 + 3k 2 + 2 k = (6 k + 9) + 5(6 k )
= (k 3 − k ) + 3k 2 + 3k Since 6 k + 9 is divisible by 5
 Since k 3 − k is divisible by 3 = 5 A + 5(6 k )
= 3 A + 3(k 2 + k ) = 5( A + 6 k )
= 3( A + k 2 + k ) So true for n = k + 1
So true for n = k + 1 The statement is true for n = 1 and by
The statement is true for n = 2 and by assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by mathematical induction, it is true for
mathematical induction, it is true for all n ∈
all n ∈, n ≥ 2. b When n = 1, 32 n − 1 = 32 − 1
4 When n = 1, 10n 3 + 3n 2 + 5n − 6 =8
= 8 ×1
= 10 + 3 + 5 − 6
so true for n = 1
= 12
=6×2 Assume true for n = k and consider
n = k + 1:
 so true for n = 1
 Assume true for n = k and consider 32( k +1) − 1 = 32 k 32 − 1
n = k + 1: = 9(32 k ) − 1
10(k + 1)3 + 3(k + 1)2 + 5(k + 1) − 6 = (32 k − 1) + 8(32 k )
= 10(k 3 + 3k 2 + 3k + 1) + 3(k 2 + 2 k + 1) Since 32 k − 1 is divisible by 8
   +3(k + 1) − 6 = 8 A + 8(32 k )
= 10k 3 + 30k 2 + 30k + 10 + 3k 2 + 6 k + 3 = 8( A + 32 k )
+5k + 55 − 6 So true for n = k + 1
= 10k 3 + 33k 2 + 41k + 12 The statement is true for n = 1 and by
= (10k 3 + 3k 2 + 5k − 6) + 30k 2 + 36 k +18 assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
 Since 10k 3 + 3k 2 + 5k − 6 is divisible by 6
mathematical induction, it is true for
 = 6 A + 30k 2 + 36 k + 18 all n ∈
 = 6( A + 5k 2 + 6 k + 3) c When n = 1, 2 3n +1 − 2 = 2 4 − 2
 So true for n = k + 1 = 14
=7×2
 The statement is true for n = 1 and by
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown so true for n = 1
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by Assume true for n = k and consider
mathematical induction, it is true for n = k + 1:
all n ∈. 2 3( k +1)+1 − 2 = 2 3 k + 4 − 2
= 2 3 (2 3 k +1 ) − 2

© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 18

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
= 8(2 3 k +1 ) − 2
= (2 3 k +1 − 2) + 7(2 3 k +1 )
Since 32 k − 1 is divisible by 7
= 7 A + 7(2 3 k +1 )
= 7( A + 2 3 k +1 )
So true for n = k + 1
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
mathematical induction, it is true for
all n ∈
6 When n = 1, 5n − 4n + 3 = 51 − 4 + 3
=4
= 4 ×1
so true for n = 1
Assume true for n = k and consider
n = k + 1:
5k +1 − 4(k + 1) + 3 = 5(5k ) − 4 k − 4 + 3
= (5k − 4 k + 3) + 4(5k ) − 4
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
mathematical induction, it is true for
all n ∈
8 When n = 1, 7n − 3n + 5 = 7 − 3 + 5
=9
= 3× 3
so true for n = 1
Assume true for n = k and consider
n = k + 1:
7 k +1 − 3(k + 1) + 5 = 7(7 k ) − 3k + 2
= (7 k − 3k + 5) + 6(7 k ) − 3
Since 7 k − 3k + 5 is divisible by 3
= 3 A + 3(2(7 k ) − 1)
= 3( A + 2(7 k ) − 1)
So true for n = k + 1
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown to be
true for n = k + 1, therefore, by mathematical
induction, it is true for all n ∈
2n 2

Since 5 − 4 k + 3 is divisible by 4
k 9 a When n = 1, ∑ r 2 = ∑r 2
r = n +1 r =2
= 4 A + 4(5k − 1) =2 2

= 4( A + 5 − 1)
k
=4
1 1
So true for n = k + 1 and n(2n + 1)(7n + 1) = (3)(8)
6 6
The statement is true for n = 1 and by =4
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown to be so true for n = 1
true for n = k + 1, therefore, by mathematical Assume true for n = k and consider
induction, it is true for all n ∈ n = k + 1:
7 When n = 1, 3n + 2n + 7 = 31 + 2 + 7 2( k +1) 2k
= 12 ∑ r2 = ∑r 2
+ (2 k +1)2 + (2 k + 2)2 − (k +1)2
= 4×3 r =( k +1)+1 r = k +1

so true for n = 1 1
= k (2 k + 1)(7 k + 1) + 4 k 2 + 4 k
Assume true for n = k and consider 6
n = k + 1: +1 + 4 k 2 + 8k + 4 − k 2 − 2 k − 1
3k +1 + 2(k + 1) + 7 = 3(3k ) + 2 k + 9 1
= (14 k 3 + 9k 2 + k + 42 k 2 + 60k + 24)
= 3(3k + 2 k + 7) − 4 k − 12 6
1
Since 3k +1 + 2(k + 1) + 7 is divisible by 4 = (14 k 3 + 51k 2 + 61k + 24)
6
= 3(4 A) − 4(k + 3) 1
= (k + 1)(2 k + 3)(7 k + 8)
= 4(3 A − k − 3) 6
1
So true for n = k + 1 = (k + 1)(2(k + 1) + 1)(7(k + 1)+ 1)
6
The statement is true for n = 1 and by So true for n = k + 1
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown

© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 19

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
The statement is true for n = 1 and by Since 8k − 5k is divisible by 3
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by = 5(3 A) + 3(8k )
mathematical induction, it is true for = 3(5 A + 8k )
all n ∈ .
2n 2 So true for n = k + 1
b When n = 1, ∑r 3 = ∑r 3
r =n r =1
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
= 1+ 8 assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
=9 to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
3 3 mathematical induction, it is true for
and n 2 (5n + 1)(n + 1) = (1)(6)(2) all n ∈ .
4 4
=9 Review Exercise 2
so true for n = 1 1 a x3 + 5x2 + 2x + 1 = 0:
Assume true for n = k and consider Sum of roots = −5
n = k + 1:
Sum of the products in pairs = 2
2( k +1) 2k
Product of the roots = −1
∑ r 3 = ∑r 3 + (2 k + 1)3 + (2 k + 2)3 − k 3
r = ( k +1) r =k b x3 + 9x2 − 11x − 8 = 0:
3
= k 2 (5k + 1)(k + 1) + 8k 3 + 12 k 2 + 6 k Sum of roots = −9
4
Sum of the products in pairs = −11
+1 + 8k 3+ 24 k 2 + 24 k + 8 − k 3
3 Product of the roots = 8
= (5k 4 + 6 k 3 + k 2 + 20k 3 + 48k 2 y
4 2 y = 2x so x = 3 2
2  y  y
+ 40k + 12) Therefore polynomial is −4
 2  2
3 y
  y 3
= (5k 4 + 26 k 3 + 49k 2 + 40k + 12) +6 −2=0⇒ − y2 + 3y − 2 = 0 or
4  2 8
3
= (k + 1)(5k 3 + 21k 2 + 28k + 12) y 3 − 8y 2 + 24y-16 = 0
4
3 If y = x − 1 then x = y + 1
3
= (k + 1)(k + 1)(k + 2)(5k + 6) (y + 1)3 − 4(y + 1)2 − (y + 1) + 4 = 0
4
3 y3 − y2 − 6y = 0
= (k + 1)2 (k + 1 + 1)(5(k + 1) + 1)
4 y(y + 2)(y − 3) = 0
So true for n = k + 1
y = −2, 0, 3 ⇒ x = −1, 1, 4
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
4 x3 − 12x2 + 20x = 0
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by x(x - 10)(x - 2) = 0
mathematical induction, it is true for x = 0, 10, 2
all n ∈ .
y = -5, 5, -3
c When n = 1, 8n − 5n = 81 − 51
=3 5 a abg = −1
= 3 ×1 b i y=x−1⇒x=y+1
so true for n = 1   (y + 1)3 − (y + 1)2 − 3(y + 1) + 1 = 0
Assume true for n = k and consider   y3 + 2y2 − 2y − 2 = 0
n = k + 1: Roots for the cubic in y are a − 1, b − 1
ii 
k +1 k +1
8 −5 = 8(8 ) − 5(5 )
k k
and g − 1
= 5(8k − 5k ) + 3(8k )   (a − 1)(b − 1)(g − 1) = 2

© Oxford University Press 2018 Algebra and series 20

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
 Substituting abg = −1 from part a gives
n+3
 (a + abg)(b + abg)(g + abg) = 2 ∑2r (3r − 2) = 2(n − 1)(3(n − 1) − 2)
f 
 a(1 + bg)b(1 + ag)g (1 + ab) = 2 n –1

+ 2(n)(3n − 2) + 2(n + 1)(3(n + 1) − 2)

  abg(1 + bg)(1 + ga)(1 + ab) = 2   + 2(n + 2)(3(n + 2) − 2) + 2(n + 3)
3
(3(n + 3) − 2) = 2(n − 1)(3n − 5)
1 1 1 αβ + βγ + αγ
6 a + + = = 2=3 + 2n(3n − 2)
α β γ αβγ 1
  + 2(n + 1)(3n + 1) + 2(n + 2)(3n + 4)
2 + 2(n + 3)(3n + 7)
(2 − a)(2 − b)(2 − g)
b  n
n(n + 1)
= 8 − 4(a + b + g) ∑(3 − 2r ) = 3n − 2 2
8 a 
  + 2 (αβ + βγ + αγ ) − αβγ 1

= 3n − n(n + 1) = n(2 − n)
 3  1
= 8 − 4(3) + 2 − n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=−
3  2  2 ∑(2r2 − 4r) = 2
b 
6
1
2
c (a + b + g)² = a2 + 2ab + 2ag + b² + 2bg + g² n(n + 1)
      − 4
2
  = (a² + b² + g²) + 2(ab + bg + ag) n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
 3       = − 2n(n + 1)
3² = (a² + b² + g²) + 2 3
 2 n(n + 1)(2n –5)
(a² + b² + g²) = 9 − 3 = 6       =
10 3
+ n 2 (n + 1)2
∑r = 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10
n
n (n 1)
7 a
3
∑(5r + r3) = 5 2 + 4
c 
1
n+ 4
n(n + 1)
∑ 2 = n2 + (n + 1)2 + (n + 2)2 + (n + 3)2
b r    = [10 + n(n + 1)]
n 4
   + (n + 4)2 n(n + 1)(n 2 + n + 10)
   =
n 4
∑(r 2 + 5r) = (12 + 5 × 1) + (22 + 5 × 2)
c  50
1 9 12 + 32 + 52 + … + (99)2 = ∑(2r − 1) 2

       + (32 + 5 × 3) + … 1
50
 ((n − 1)2 + 5 × (n − 1))
+     = ∑(4r 2
− 4r + 1)
+ (n2 + 5 × n) 1
50 50 50
= 6 + 14 + 24 + … + ((n − 1)2     = 4∑r − 4∑r + ∑1 2

+ 5(n − 1)) + (n2 + 5n) 1 1 1

n
1 1 1 1     = 166 650
d ∑ m – 3 = 1− 3 + 2 − 3 + 3 − 3 2 n +1 2 n +1

∑ (r 3 - 3r + 2) = ∑ (r
1
1 1 10 a  3
− 3r + 2)
+…+ + n 1
(n − 1) − 3 n−3 n −1

1
=- -1+ ∞ +…+
1         − ∑(r 3
− 3r + 2)
1
2 n−4
(2n + 1)2 (2n + 2) 2

1 =
+ 4
n−3
3(2n + 1)(2n + 2)
10 - + 2(2n + 1)
∑(−1)rr2 = 22 − 32 + 42 − 52 + 62 − 72 + 82
e  2
 (n − 1)2 n 2 3(n − 1)n 
2
−  − + 2(n − 1) 
− 92 + 102  4 2 

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
= (2n + 1)2(n + 1)2 − 3(2n + 1)(n + 1) + 4n
 n

(n − 1)2 n 2 3n(n − 1) 12 a When n = 1, ∑3r 2

= 3(12 )
+2− + − 2n + 2 r =1
4 2 =3
1 1
= (2n + 1)2(n + 1)2 − 3(2n + 1)(n + 1)
 and n(n + 1)(2n + 1) = (1)(1 + 1)(2 + 1)
2 2
n 2 (n − 1)2 3n(n − 1) = 3
− + + 2n + 4
4 2
so true for n = 1
2 n +1
b When n = 6, ∑ (r 3
-3r + 2) = 200 + 324 Assume true for n = k and consider
n n = k + 1:
+ 490 + 704 + 972 +1300 + 1694 + 2160 k +1 k
= 7844
2 n +1
∑3r = ∑3r
2 2
+ 3(k + 1)2
r =1 r =1
When n = 6, ∑ (r 3
-3r + 2) = 169 × 49 1
n = k (k + 1)(2 k + 1) + 3(k + 1)2
36 5 2
− 3 × 13 × 7 − 25 × +3 × 6 × 1
4 2 = (k + 1) (2 k 2 + k + 6k + 6)
+ 2 × 6 + 4 = 7844 2
1
n n = (k + 1)(k + 2)(2 k + 3)
11 a ∑r 2 (r − 1) = ∑(r 3
− r2 ) 2
1 1 1
n n = (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)(2(k + 1) + 1)
2
  = ∑r 3
− ∑r 2
So true for n = k + 1
1 1
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
n (n + 1)2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2
  = − assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
4 6 to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
n(n + 1)
  = (3n2 − n − 2) mathematical induction, it is true for
12 all n ∈ .
n(n + 1)(3n + 2)(n − 1) n
  = b When n = 1, ∑r 2 (r − 1) = 12 (1 − 1)
12
r =1 =0
2 n +1 2 n +1
1
b ∑r 2 (r − 1) = ∑ (r 3
− r2 ) and n(n + 1)(3n + 2)(n − 1)
12
1 1
n n
1
= ∑r 3 − ∑r 2
= (1)(1 + 1)(3 + 2)(1 − 1)
12
1 1

(2n + 1) (2n + 1 + 1)2 2 =0

= −
4 so true for n = 1
(2n + 1)(2n + 1 + 1)(2(2n + 1) + 1)
Assume true for n = k and consider
6 n = k + 1:
(2n + 1)(2n + 2) k +1
=
12 ∑ r 2 (r − 1)
r =1
[3(2n + 1)(2n + 2) − 2(4n + 3)] k

=
(2n + 1)(2n + 2)
(12n + 10n )
2 = ∑ r 2 (r − 1) + (k + 1)2 (k + 1 − 1)
12   r =1

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)(6n + 5) 1

  = k (k +1)(3k + 2)(k −1)
3 12
 
+ k (k +1)2
1
= k (k + 1)
12
 
[(3k + 2)(k − 1) + 12(k + 1)]

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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
2( k +1)
1 2k

12
k (k + 1) = ∑ r = ∑r 2 2
+ (2 k + 1)2 + (2 k + 2)2
r =1 r =1
   3k 2 − k − 2 + 12 k + 12  1
  = k (2 k + 1)(4 k + 1) + 4 k 2 + 4 k + 1 + 4 k 2 + 8k + 4
1 3
 =
k (k + 1)(3k 2 + 11k + 10) 1
12 = (8k 3 + 6 k 2 + k ) + 8k 2 + 12 k + 5
1 3
 = k (k + 1)(3k + 5)(k + 2) 1
12 = (8k 3 + 6 k 2 + k + 24 k 2 + 36 k + 15)
1 3
 = (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1) 1
12 = (8k 3 + 30k 2 + 37 k + 15)
3
(3(k + 1) + 2)(k + 1 − 1) 1
So true for n = k + 1 = (k + 1)(8k 2 + 22 k + 15)
3
The statement is true for n = 1 and by 1
= (k + 1)(2 k + 3)(4 k + 5)
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown 3
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by 1
mathematical induction, it is true for = (k + 1)(2(k + 1) + 1)(4(k + 1) + 1)
3
all n ∈ .
n True for n = 1 and true for n = k implies
c Let n = 1, then ∑(r + 3)(2r −1) true for n = k + 2 therefore true for all n ∈ .
n

∑5
r =1
14 a When n = 1, r
= 51
= 4 ×1 = 4 r =1
1 1 =5
and n(4n + 21n − 1) = (4 + 21 − 1) = 4
2
5 n 5 1
6 6 and (5 − 1) = (5 − 1)
So true for n = 1 4 4
=5
Assume true for n = k and let n = k + 1
k +1 so true for n = 1
∑(r + 3)(2r − 1) Assume true for n = k and consider
r =1
k
n = k + 1:
= ∑(r + 3)(2r − 1) + (k + 1 + 3)(2(k + 1) − 1)
k +1 k

r =1
∑5r = ∑5r + 5k +1
r =1 r =1
1 5
= k (4 k 2 + 21k − 1) + (k + 4)(2 k + 1)    = (5k − 1) + 5k +1
6 4
1 5
= (4 k 3 + 21k 2 − k ) + (2 k 2 + 9k + 4)    = (5k − 1 + 4(5k ))
6 4
1 5
= (4 k 3 + 21k 2 − k + 12 k 2 + 54 k + 24)    = (5(5k ) − 1)
6 4
1 5 k +1
= (4 k 3 + 33k 2 + 53k + 24)    = (5 − 1)
6 4
1
= (k + 1)(4 k 2 + 29k + 24) So true for n = k + 1
6
1 The statement is true for n = 1 and by
= (k + 1)(4(k + 1)2 + 21(k + 1) − 1) assuming it is true for n = k it is shown
6
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
True for n = 1 and true for n = k implies mathematical induction, it is true for
true for n = k + 2 therefore true for all all n ∈ .
n ∈ . n

13 Let n = 1, then
2n

∑r 2
=1 + 2 = 5
2 2 b When n = 1, ∑2 r +1
= 21+1
r =1
r =1 =4
1 1
and n (2n +1) (4n +1) = (1)(3)(5) = 5 and 4(2 − 1) = 4(2 − 1)
n 1
3 3
So true for n = 1 =4
Assume true for n = k and let n = k + 1 so true for n = 1
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 Step-by-step solutions, Core Pure Year 1/AS Level, Chapter 1
Assume true for n = k and consider = (32 k +1 + 1) + 8(32 k +1 )
n = k + 1:
k +1 k = 4 A + 8(32 k +1 ) since true for
∑2 r +1
= ∑2 r +1 + 2 k +1+1 n = k = 4( A + 2(32 k +1 ))
r =1 r =1
So true for n = k + 1
= 4(2 k − 1) + 2 k +2
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
= 4(2 k − 1) + 2 2 2 k
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown to be
= 4(2 k − 1 + 2 k ) true for n = k + 1, therefore, by mathematical
= 4(2(2 k ) − 1) induction, it is true for all n ∈
= 4(2 k +1 − 1) 16 When n = 1, 2 2 n − 3n + 2 = 2 2 − 3 + 2
So true for n = k + 1 =3
The statement is true for n = 1 and by so true for n = 1
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown Assume true for n = k and consider
to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by n = k + 1:
mathematical induction, it is true for
2 2( k +1) − 3(k + 1) + 2 = 2 2 k +2 − 3k − 3 + 2
all n ∈
2n
    = 2 2 2 2 k − 3k + 2 − 3
c Let n = 1, then ∑5r −1 = 50 + 51 = 6
r =1     = (2 2 k − 3k + 2) + 3(2 2 k ) − 3
1 1
and (25n − 1) = × 24 = 6  = 3 A + 3(2 2 k − 1) since
4 4 true for n = k
So true for n = 1
= 3( A + 2 2 k − 1)
Assume true for n = k and let n = k + 1
2( k +1) 2k So true for n = k + 1
∑ 5r −1 = ∑5r −1 + 52 k +1−1 + 52 k +2−1 The statement is true for n = 1 and by
r =1 r =1
assuming it is true for n = k it is shown to be
1
= (25k − 1) + 52 k + 52 k +1 true for n = k + 1, therefore, by mathematical
4 induction, it is true for all n ∈
1
= (25k − 1) + 25k + 5(25k ) 17 Let n = 1, then 6n − 1 = 5 which is divisible
4
by 5
1
= (25k − 1 + 4(25k ) + 20(25k )) So true for n = 1
4
1 Assume true for n = k and let n = k + 1
= ( 25(25k ) − 1)
4 6 k +1 − 1 = 6(6 k ) − 1
1
= (25( k +1) − 1) = 5(6 k ) + 6 k − 1
4
True for n = 1 and true for n = k implies = 5(6 k ) + 5 A for some integer A
true for n = k + 2 therefore true for all since 6 k − 1 is divisible by 5
n ∈ . = 5(6 k + A)
15 When n = 1, 32 n +1 + 1 = 32 +1 + 1 So divisible by 5
= 28
The statement is true for n = 1 and by
= 4×7 assuming it is true for n = k iit is shown
so true for n = 1 to be true for n = k + 1, therefore, by
mathematical induction, it is true for all
Assume true for n = k and consider
n ∈ .
n = k + 1:
32( k +1)+1 + 1 = 32 k + 3 + 1
= 32 32 k +1 + 1
= 9(32 k +1 ) + 1

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