CHAPTER – 2
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
“If a variable occurs in an equation with all positive
integer powers and the highest power is two, then it is
called a Quadratic Equation (in that variable).”
In other words, a second degree polynomial in x equated
to zero will be a quadratic equation. For such
an equation to be a quadratic equation, the co-efficient of
x² should not be zero.
The most general form of a quadratic equation is
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a  0 (and a, b, c are real)
Some examples of quadratic equations are
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 ....... (1)
x2 – x – 6 = 0 ....... (2)
2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 ....... (3)
2x2 + x – 3 = 0 ....... (4)
Like a first degree equation in x has one value of
x satisfying the equation, a quadratic equation in x will
have TWO values of x that satisfy the equation.
The values of x that satisfy the equation are called the
ROOTS of the equation. These roots may be real or
imaginary.
For the four quadratic equations given above, the roots
are as given below:
Equation (1) : x = 2 and x = 3
Equation (2) : x = -2 and x = 3
Equation (3) : x = 1/2 and x = –2
Equation (4) : x = 1 and x = –3/2
In general, the roots of a quadratic equation can be
found out in two ways.
(i) by factorising the expression on the left-hand side
of the quadratic equation
(ii) by using the standard formula
All the expressions may not be easy to factorise whereas
applying the formula is simple and straightforward.
Finding the roots by factorisation
If the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be written
in the form (x – )(x – β) = 0, then the roots of the
equation are  and β.
To find the roots of a quadratic equation, we should first
write it in the form of (x – )(x – β) = 0, i.e., the left hand
side ax2 + bx + c of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
should be factorised into two factors.
For this purpose, we should go through the following
steps. We will understand these steps with the help of
the equation x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 which is the first of the four
quadratic equations we looked at as examples above.
– First write down b (the co-efficient of x) as the sum
of two quantities whose product is equal to ac.
In this case –5 has to be written as the sum of two
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quantities whose product is 6. We can write –5 as
(–3) + (–2) so that the product of (–3) and (–2) is
equal to 6.
– Now rewrite the equation with the 'bx' term split in
the above manner.
In this case, the given equation can be written as
x2 – 3x – 2x + 6 = 0
– Take the first two terms and rewrite them together
after taking out the common factor between the two
of them. Similarly, the third and fourth terms should
be rewritten after taking out the common factor
between the two of them. In other words, you should
ensure that what is left from the first and the second
terms (after removing the common factor) is the
same as that left from the third and the fourth terms
(after removing their common factor).
In this case, the equation can be rewritten as
x(x – 3) – 2(x – 3) = 0; Between the first and second
terms as well as the third and fourth terms, we are
left with (x – 3) as a common factor.
– Rewrite the entire left-hand side to get the form
(x – ) (x – β).
In this case, if we take out (x – 3) as the common
factor, we can rewrite the given equation as
(x – 3) (x – 2) = 0
– Now,  and β are the roots of the given quadratic
equation.
 For x2 – 5x + 6 = 0, the roots of the equation are
3 and 2.
For the other three quadratic equations given above as
examples, let us see how to factorise the expressions
and get the roots.
For equation (2), i.e., x2 – x – 6 = 0, the co-efficient of x
which is –1 can be rewritten as (–3) + (+2) so that their
product is –6 which is equal to ac (1 multiplied by –6).
Then we can rewrite the equation as (x – 3) (x + 2) = 0
giving us the roots as 3 and –2.
For equation (3), i.e., 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0, the co-efficient of x
which is 3 can be rewritten as (+4) + (–1) so that their
product is –4 which is the value of ac (–2 multiplied by 2).
Then we can rewrite the equation as (2x – 1)(x + 2) = 0
giving the roots as 1/2 and –2.For equation (4),
i.e., 2x2 + x  3 = 0, the co-efficient of x which is 1 can be
rewritten as (+3) + (–2) so that their product is –6 which
is equal to ac (2 multiplied by –3). Then we can rewrite
the given equation as(x – 1) (2x + 3) = 0 giving us the
roots as 1 and –3/2.
Finding the roots by using the formula
If the quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, then we can
use the standard formula given below to find out the
roots of the equation.
 b  b 2  4ac
x=
2a
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The four quadratic equations we took as examples
above can be taken and their roots found out by using
the formula. The student is advised to check it out for
himself/herself that the roots can be obtained by using
this formula also.
SUM AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS OF
A QUADRATIC EQUATION
For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the sum of
the roots and the product of the roots are given by the
following:
Sum of the roots = –b/a
Product of the roots = c/a
These two rules will be very helpful in solving problems
on quadratic equations.
NATURE OF THE ROOTS
We mentioned already that the roots of a quadratic
equation with real co-efficients can be real or complex.
When the roots are real, they can be equal or unequal.
All this will depend on the expression b2 – 4ac.
b2 – 4ac determines the nature of the roots of the
quadratic equation and it is called the "DISCRIMINANT"
of the quadratic equation.
If b2 – 4ac > 0, then the roots of the quadratic equation
will be real and distinct.
If b2 – 4ac = 0, the roots are real and equal.
If b2 – 4ac < 0, then the roots of the quadratic equation
will be complex conjugates.
Thus, we can write down the following about the nature
of the roots of a quadratic equation when
a, b and c are all rational.
the roots are complex
when b2  4ac < 0
unequal
the roots are rational
when b2  4ac = 0
equal
when b2  4ac > 0 and a the roots are rational
perfect square unequal
when b2  4ac > 0 but not the roots are irrational
a perfect square unequal
Whenever the roots of the quadratic equation are
irrational, (a, b, c being rational) they will be of the form a
+ b and a  b , i.e. whenever a + b is one root of a
quadratic equation, then a  b will be the second root
of the quadratic equation and vice versa.
SIGNS OF THE ROOTS
We can comment on the signs of the roots,
i.e., whether the roots are positive or negative, based on
the signs of the sum of the roots and the product of the
roots of the quadratic equation. The following table will
make clear the relationship between the signs of the sum
and the product of the roots and the signs of the roots
themselves.
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Sign of Signs of
product of sum of Sign of the roots
the roots the roots
+ ve + ve Both the roots are positive
+ ve  ve Both the roots are negative
The numerically larger root
 ve + ve is positive and the other root
is negative.
The numerically larger root
 ve  ve is negative and the other
root is positive.
CONSTRUCTING A QUADRATIC EQUATION
We can build a quadratic equation in the following three
cases:
– when the roots of the quadratic equation are given
– when the sum of the roots and the product of the
roots of the quadratic equation are given.
– when the relation between the roots of the equation
to be framed and the roots of another equation is
given.
If the roots of the quadratic equation are given as
 and , the equation can be written as
(x – ) (x – ) = 0 i.e., x2 – x ( + ) +  = 0
If p is the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation and
q is the product of the roots of the quadratic equation,
then the equation can be written as x2 – px + q = 0.
CONSTRUCTING A NEW QUADRATIC
EQUATION BY CHANGING THE ROOTS
OF A GIVEN QUADRATIC EQUATION
If we are given a quadratic equation, we can build
a new quadratic equation by changing the roots of this
and equation in the manner specified to us.
For example, let us take a quadratic equation
and ax2 + bx + c = 0 and let its roots be  and  respectively.
Then we can build new quadratic equations as per the
and following patterns:
and (i) A quadratic equation whose roots are the
reciprocals of the roots of the given equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, i.e., the roots are 1/ and 1/:
This can be obtained by substituting 1/x in place of
x in the given equation giving us cx2 + bx + a = 0,
i.e., we get the equation required by interchanging
the co-efficient of x2 and the constant term.
(ii) A quadratic equation whose roots are k more than
the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, i.e., the
roots are ( + k) and (β + k)
This can be obtained by substituting (x  k) in place
of x in the given equation.
(iii) A quadratic equation whose roots are k less than
the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, i.e., the
roots are (α  k) and (β  k)
This can be obtained by substituting (x + k) in place
of x in the given equation.
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(iv) A quadratic equation whose roots are k times the Examples:
roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, i.e., the roots
are k and k. 2.01. If f(x) = x2 + 14x + 30, find the remainder when
This can be obtained by substituting x/k in place of f(x) is divided by x + 4.
x in the given equation.
Sol. We know that when f(x) is divided by x + a, the
(v) A quadratic equation whose roots are 1/k times the remainder is f(–a),
roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, i.e., the roots Given, f(x) = x2 + 14x + 30. The required
are /k and /k remainder is f(–4) = (–4)2 + 14(–4) + 30 = –10
 Remainder is –10,
This can be obtained by substituting kx in place of
x in the given equation. 2.02. If g(x) = 3x2 + 7x + 15, find the remainder when
g(x) is divided by 3x – 2.
An equation whose degree is 'n' will have n roots. Sol. We know that when f(x) is divided by ax – b, the
remainder is f(b/a),
MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM VALUE OF g(x) = 3x2 + 7x + 15
A QUADRATIC EXPRESSION  Rem g( x ) = g  2 
3x  2 3
 
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 is called 2
a quadratic equation. An expression of the form 2 2
= 3   + 7   + 15
ax2 + bx + c is called a "quadratic expression". 3 3
As x varies from - to +, (i.e. when x is real) the 4 14
quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c =   15
3 3
= 6 + 15 = 21
(i) has a minimum value whenever a > 0 (i.e. a is
 Remainder is 21.
positive). The minimum value of the quadratic
expression is (4ac – b2) / 4a and it occurs at
2.03. A linear function in x leaves a remainder of 32
x = –b/2a.
when divided by x – 4. If the function is divisible
by x + 4, find the linear function.
(ii) has a maximum value whenever a < 0 (i.e. a is
negative). The maximum value of the quadratic Sol. Since x + 4 is a factor of the linear function,
expression is (4ac – b2) / 4a and it occurs at let the linear function be k(x + 4).
x = –b/2a. f(x) = k(x + 4)
Given f(4) = 32  k(4 + 4) = 32  k = 4
Polynomials and Polynomial Equations:  The linear function = 4(x + 4) = 4x + 16.

An expression of the form anxn + an–1xn–1 + . . . . . + a1x + Factor theorem:

a0 is called a polynomial. If we denote it as f(x), f(x) = 0 is
If R = 0, i.e. p(a) = 0, then x – a is a factor of p(x) and
a polynomial equation. conversely, if x – a is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
This immediate consequence of the Remainder Theorem
Remainder Theorem: is called the Factor Theorem. This can be restated as
When a polynomial p(x) of degree n is divided by x – a follows: The number a is a root of p(x) = 0, if and only if
(a linear polynomial), there results a quotient polynomial (x – a) is a factor of p(x).
q(x) (of degree (n – 1)) and a remainder (of degree 0) i.e.
a constant.
Examples:
2.04. If (a – 3)x3 + (a + 2)x2 + x – 2a is divisible by
i.e., p(x) = (x – a) q(x) + R x + 2, find the value of a.
This relation is true for all values of x. In particular, for x = a,
we get, p(a) = R. This result is the Remainder Theorem. Sol. Let f(x) = (a – 3) x3 + (a + 2) x2 + x – 2a
Given x + 2 is a factor of f(x)
Note:  f(–2) = 0
(a – 3) (–8) + (a + 2) (4) – 2 – 2a = 0
1. If p(a) = 0, we say that ‘a’ is a zero of the polynomial
 –8a + 24 + 4a + 8 – 2 – 2a = 0
p(x).
 –6a + 30 = 0  a = 5.
2. If p(x) is a polynomial and ‘a’ is a zero of p(x), then
p(x) = (x – a) q(x). 2.05. If ax2 + bx + c is divisible by 5x – 3, find the
3. If p(x) is divided by ax + b, then the remainder is value of 9a + 15b +25c.
 b  Sol. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
given by p  .
 a  Given f(x) is divisible by 5x – 3
4. If p(x) is divided by ax – b, then the remainder is 3
 f  = 0
b 5
given by p  .
a  9  3
a  + b  + c = 0
5. The degree of remainder is always less than the  25  5
degree of divisor.  9a + 15b + 25c
= 0.
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Problems based on factor and remainder given 3x – 2 is a factor of both f(x) and g(x).
theorems:  f(2/3) = 0 and g(2/3) = 0
4 2
12.  (5b  2)   (3a  1)  0
Examples: 9 3
2.06. If f(x) =3x2 + 9x + 15, find the remainder when 16 10b  4
  3a  1  0
f(x) is divided by 3x + 1. 3 3
10b – 9a = –17 …… (1)
Sol. We know that when f(x) is divided by ax + b,
4 2
 b  g(2/3) = 0  6a.  ( 4b  5)  14  0
the remainder is f   9 3
 a  8a 8b 10
f(x) = 3x2 + 9x + 15 and the divisor is 3x + 1 + + – 14 = 0
3 3 3
 1  8a + 8b = 32
required remainder is f  
 3  a + b = 4 …….. (2)
2 solving (1) and (2) a = 3, b = 1., i.e. (a, b) = (3, 1).
  1  1  1 37
= 3  + 9   + 15 = – 3 + 15 =
 3  3
  3 3 2.11. Find the remainder when x888 is divided by
x2 – 5x + 6.
2.07. Q(x) is a quadratic expression and Q(0) = 14.
Sol. Let f(x) = x888
The remainder of Q(x) when divided by x + 1 is
Let f(x) be divided by x2 – 5x + 6.
25. The remainder of Q(x) when divided by x – 2
The remainder is ax + b and Q(x) is the
is 10. Find Q(x).
quotient.
Sol. Let Q(x) = ax2 + bx + c By division algorithm
Given Q(0) = 14  c = 14 f(x) = (x2 – 5x + 6) Q(x) + R(x)
Q(–1) = 25 x888 = (x – 3) (x – 2) Q(x) + ax + b
 a – b + c = 25 put x = 2
 a – b = 25 – 14  a – b = 11……. (1) 2888 = 2a + b …… (1)
given Q(+2) = 10 Put x = 3
4a + 2b + c = 10  4a + 2b = 10 – 14 3888 = 3a + b …….. (2)
Solving (1) and (2)
 4a + 2b = –4
a = 3888 – 2888
 2a + b = –2 ……. (2)
b = 3 . 2888 – 2. 3888
Solving (1) and (2)  a = 3; b = –8  Required remainder is (3888 – 2888)x + 3
 Q(x) = 3x2 – 8x + 14. (2888) – 2 (3888).
2.08. f(x) = ax3 + 3x2 – 4x + b. If f(x) is divisible by 2.12. Find the remainder when x5 is divided by x3 – 4x.
x2 – 4, find a + b.
Sol. Let f(x) = x5
Sol. Given f(x) is divisible by x2 – 4. Since divisor x3 – 4x is a cubic expression, the
 f(x) is also divisible by x – 2 and x + 2. remainder must be a quadratic expression.
f(2) = 0; f(–2) = 0 If f(x) is divided by x3 – 4x, the remainder is
f(x) = ax3 + 3x2 – 4x + b ax2 + bx + c and quotient is, say q(x)
f(2) = 0  8a + 12 – 8 + b = 0 By division algorithm, f(x) = (x3 – 4x) q(x) + r(x)
 8a + b = –4 ….. (1) x5 = x(x – 2) (x + 2) q(x) + ax2 + bx + c.
f(–2) = 0  –8a + 12 + 8 + b = 0 Set x = 0 we get c = 0
 –8a + b = –20 …… (2) Set x = 2 we get 25 = 4a + 2b
Solving (1) and (2) a= 1; b = –12  16 = 2a + b ……. (1)
 a + b = 1 – 12 = –11. Set x = –2
(–2)5 = 4a – 2b
2.09. A quadratic expression in x leaves remainders –16 = 2a – b …… (2)
13 and 8 when divided by x – 2 and x + 3 Solving (1) and (2) a = 0, b = 16
respectively. If the expression is divisible by  Required remainder is 16x.
x – 1, find the quadratic expression. Alternately, by dividing x5 by x3 – 4x using long
Sol. Let the quadratic expression be Q(x) division, we will get the same remainder.
= ax2 + bx + c
Given Q(1) = 0; and Q(2) = 13, Q(–3) = 8. Division of a polynomial by a polynomial:
 a + b + c = 0 …… (1)
 4a + 2b + c = 13 ……. (2) Long division method:
 9a – 3b + c = 8 …….. (3)
Step 1: First arrange the terms of the dividend and the
Solving (1), (2) and (3) we will get a = 3, b = 4,
divisor in the descending order of their degrees.
c = –7
 Q(x) = 3x2 + 4x – 7. Step 2: Now the first term of the quotient is obtained by
dividing the first term of the dividend by the first
2.10. If 3x – 2 is a common factor of 12x2 + (5b + 2)x term of the divisor.
– (3a +1) and 6ax2 + (4b + 5)x – 14, find (a, b).
Step 3: Then multiply all the terms of the divisor by the
Sol. Let f(x) = 12x2 + (5b + 2)x – (3a + 1) first term of the quotients and subtract the result
g(x) = 6ax2 + (4b + 5)x – 14 from the dividend.
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Step 4: Consider the remainder as new dividend and at a time. Thus, Sn is a single term.
proceed as before. Sn = 1 2 …..n
Step 5: Repeat this process till we obtain a remainder Let us write down the polynomial f(x) in two forms:
which is either 0 or a polynomial of degree less The standard form
than that of the divisor. f(x) = an xn + an – 1 xn – 1 + an – 2 xn – 2 …+ a1x + a0
In terms of the roots of the corresponding equation.
f(x) = an [xn – S1xn – 1 + S2xn – 2 + …. +(–1)x – 1 Sn – 1x +
Example: Divide 2x3 + 9x2 + 4x  15 by 2x + 5.
(–1)nSn]
Solution: 2x + 5) 2x3 + 9x2 + 4x  15 (x2 + 2x  3
These polynomials are identically equal, i.e., equal for all
2x3 + 5x2
values of x. Therefore the corresponding coefficients are
(–) (–)
equal. The sum of the roots S1 = –an –1 / an
---------------------
4x2 + 4x The sum of the products of the roots, taken two at
4x2 + 10x a time, S2 = an–2 /an
(–) (–)
----------------------- The sum of the products of the roots, taken three at
–6x – 15 a time, S3 = –an–3 /an and so on.
–6x – 15
The 'sum' of the 'products' of the roots taken m (m  n) at
(+) (+)
an m
---------------- a time Sm = 1 2 3…..m = (–1)m
0 an
---------------- a0
 Sn = 1 2 3…..n = (–1)n
an
 (2x3 + 9x2 + 4x – 15) ÷ (2x + 5) = x2 + 2x  3
For example, consider the polynomial equation
(x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0
Example: Find the quotient and the remainder when
(We can see immediately that the roots are 1, 2, 3)
x4 + 4x3  31x2 – 94x + 120 is divided by The sum of roots = (1 + 2 + 3) = –(–6)/1
x2 + 3x  4.
The sum of the products of the roots, taken two at a time
Solution: x2 +3x – 4) x4 + 4x3 – 31x2 – 94x + 120 (x2+x–30 S2 = 1(2) + 1(3) + 2(3) = 11 = 11/1
x4 + 3x3 – 4x2 We can drop the word 'sum' and 'products' for the last
– – + relation, because there is only one term (only one
product). The product = 1(2)(3) = 6 = –(–6)/1.
x3 – 27x2 – 94x + 120
x3 + 3x2 – 4x Roots of Equations and Descartes’ Rule:
– – +
If the coefficients are all real and the complex number z1,
– 30x2 – 90x + 120
– 30x2 – 90x + 120 is a root of f(x) = 0, then the conjugate of z1, viz, z1 is
+ + – also a root of f(x) = 0. Thus, for equations with real,
coefficients, complex roots occur in pairs.
0 A consequence of this is that any equation of an odd
degree must have at least one real root.
 the quotient is x2 + x – 30 and the remainder is ‘0’ The number of roots is related to very simple properties
of the equation as illustrated below.
Relations between Roots and Coefficients: Let 1 be a positive root, ie x – 1, is a factor.
Let 2 be another positive root, ie, x2 – (1 + 2)x + 1 2
An nth order equation has n roots. Corresponding to is a factor.
every root, there is a factor. If  is a root of f(x) = 0, then
x -  is a factor of f(x). Sometimes (x – )2 may also be a Let 3 be another positive root ie x3 – (1 + 2 + 3)x2 +
factor. In such a case,  is said to be a double root. (1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1) x – 1 2 3 is a factor
Similarly equations can have triple roots, quadruple roots We note that every positive root introduces a sign change
and roots of multiplicity m. If m is the greatest value of k, in the polynomial. For 1 root, there is 1 sign change (the
for which (x – )k is a factor of f(a), then  is said to be a coefficient of x is positive and –1 is negative)
root of multiplicity m. If all the roots are counted by taking
their multiplicity into account, the number of roots is The second root results in a second sign change
equal to n, the degree of the equation. [x2 – (1 + 2)x + 1 2 has 2 sign changes] and so on.
But every sign change need not correspond to a real
If 1, 2, ….., n (not necessarily distinct) are the roots of positive root. (For example x2 – 2x + 4 has two sign
f(x) = 0, then changes but the corresponding equation x2 – 2x + 4 = 0
f(x) = an(x – 1) (x – 2) ….(x – n) has no real roots.)
= an[xn – S1 xn–1 + S2xn–2…..+(–1)n Sn]
where S1 = the sum of the roots The number of positive roots of f(x) = 0 is at the most
S2 = the sum of the products of the roots taken 2 at a time equal to the number of sign changes in f(x). It could also
S3 = the sum of the product of the roots taken 3 at a time be less than that by 2, 4… i.e., if there are k sign
and so on. changes in f(x), the number of positive roots could be
Sn = the 'sum' of the product of the roots taken n(or all) k, k – 2, k – 4, …
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This is called Descartes’ Rule of Signs. This rule can 2.16. Discuss the nature of the roots of the equation
be extended to negative roots as follows. The number of 8x2  2x  4 = 0.
negative roots of f(x) = 0 is at the most equal to the
number of sign charges in f(–x). Sol. For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 the
For example, consider nature of the roots is given by the discriminant
f(x) = x5 – 3x3 + 6x2 – 28x + 24. There are 4 sign b2 – 4ac.
changes in f(x) Discriminant of 8x2 – 2x – 4 = 0 is
 The number of positive roots could be 4, 2 or 0, (2)2  4(8) (4) = 132.
Consider g(x) = f(–x) Since the discriminant is positive but not
(–x)5 – 3(–x)3 + 6(–x)2 – 28 (–x) + 24 a perfect square, the roots of the equation are
= –x5 + 3x3 + 6x2 + 28x + 24 irrational and unequal.
There is only one sign change in f(– x).  The number of 2.17. Comment on the nature of the roots of
negative roots of f(x) = 0 is 1. (It can't be –1, –3, …)
3x2  x  4 = 0.
The following table shows the various possibilities for the
five roots. Sol. Discriminant of 3x2 – x – 4 = 0 is (1)2  4 (3)
( 4) = 1 + 48 = 49. Since the discriminant is
Negative Positive Complex positive and a perfect square, the roots of the
equation are rational and unequal.
1 4 0
1 2 2 2.18. If the sum of the roots of the equation
Rx2 + 5x  24 = 0 is 5/11, then find the product
1 0 4 of the roots of that equation.
We can use more advanced techniques to find the actual Sol. For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the
roots. But even without that, using only Descartes’ Rule, sum of the roots is (b/a) and the product of the
we expect exactly one of the 3 possibilities shown in the roots is (c/a).
table above. The sum of the roots of the equation
 5  5
Examples: Rx2 + 5x – 24 = 0 is   which is given as
 R  11
2.13. Find the roots of the equation 2x2 + 13x + 18 = 0. R = 11
Sol. To find the roots of a quadratic equation, the In the given equation, product of the roots
following steps are required. First write the  24 24 24
=   .
coefficient of x i.e. 13 as the sum (or difference) R  11 11
of two parts such that the product of these two
parts is equal to the coefficient of x2 term and 2.19. Find the value of k, so that the roots of
constant term i.e. product of 2 and 18 which is 36. 6x2  12x  k = 0 are reciprocals of each other.
We see that 13 can be written as the sum of 4 Sol. If the roots of the equation are reciprocals of
and 9 and the product of these two numbers is 36. each other, then the product of the roots should
2x2 + 13x + 18 = 0  2x2 + 4x + 9x + 18 = 0 be equal to 1.
Taking 2x common from the first two terms and k
 = 1. Therefore k = 6.
taking 9 common from the last two terms, we 6
have:
 2x (x + 2) + 9 (x + 2) = 0 2.20. If 4 + 7 is one root of a quadratic equation
9 with rational co-efficients, then find the other
 (x + 2) (2x + 9) = 0, x = 2 or  . root of the equation.
2
Sol. When the coefficients of a quadratic equation
2.14. Find the roots of the equation x2 + x  12 = 0. are rational and the roots are irrational, they
Sol. Given equation is x2 + x  12 = 0 occur only in pairs like p  q i.e., if p + q is
Applying the procedure described above, one root, then the other root of the equation will
we have
 x2 + 4x  3x  12 = 0 be p  q . So, in this case, the other root of the
 x (x + 4)  3 (x + 4) = 0 equation will be 4  7.
 (x  3) (x + 4) = 0  x = 3 or x = 4.
2.21. Find the positive value of k if one root of the
2.15. Find the roots of the equation 11x2  37x + 30 = 0. equation x2  kx + 243 = 0 is three times the
other root.
Sol. We have to write 37 as the sum of two parts
whose product should be equal to (11)  (30) Sol. If one root of the equation is , then the other
(22) + (15) = 37 and (22) (15) = 11  30 root will be 3.
Therefore, 11x2  37x + 30 = 0 We have () (3) = 32 = 243
 11x2  22x  15x + 30 = 0  2 = 81   =  9. Hence 3=  27.
 11x (x  2)  15 (x  2) = 0  k 
Sum of the roots =    = k = 4 = 36.
15  1 
 (11x  15) (x  2) = 0 x = or 2.
11 Since we need the positive value of k, so k = 36.
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2.22. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are
2.26. If x  4  x  8  7, then find the value of x.
4 and 21.
Sol. The sum of the roots = 4 + 21 = 25.
Sol. Given x  4  x  8  7
The product of the roots = 4  21 = 84.
Squaring on both sides, we get
 x4 
We know that if p is the sum of the roots and q
is the product of the roots of a quadratic x+4+x+8+2 x  8  49
equation, the equation will be x2  px + q = 0. 2
Hence the required equation will be  2x + 12 + 2 x  12 x  32  49
x2  25x + 84 = 0.  2x  37 =  2 x 2  12 x  32
2.23. Form a quadratic equation with rational Squaring again on both sides, we have
(2x  37)2 = 4 (x2 + 12x + 32)
coefficients, one of whose roots is 5 + 6.  4x2  148x + 1369 = 4x2 + 48x + 128
 1241 = 196x
Sol. If 5 + 6 is one root, then the other root is 1241
x=
5  6 (because the coefficients are rational). 196

The sum of the roots = 5 + 6 + 5  6 = 10. 2.27. If 42x + 1 + 4x + 1 = 80, then find the value of x.
The product of the roots = (5 + 6 ) (5  6) Sol. Given 42x + 1 + 4x + 1 = 80
= 25  6 = 19.  42x  4 + 4x  4 = 80
Thus, the required equation is 42x + 4x = 20
x2  10x + 19 = 0. Substituting 4x = a,
we get a2 + a = 20
2.24. If the price of each book goes up by 5, then  a2 + a  20 = 0
Atul can buy 20 books less for 1200. Find the  (a + 5) (a  4) = 0
original price and the number of books Atul  a = 5 or 4
could buy at the original price.
If 4x = 5, there is no possible value for x as no
Sol. Let the original price of each book be x. power of 4 gives negative value.
Then the new price of each book will be x + 5. If 4x = 4, then x = 1.
The number of books that can be bought at the
1200 2.28. Find the nature of roots of the equation,
original price =
x f(x) = x3  x  2 = 0.
The number of books that can be bought at the
Sol. There is only 1 change of sign in f(x).
1200
new price = We know that when f(x) has r changes of sign
x5 then f(x) has r, r – 2, r – 4, ….. positive roots.
Given that Atul gets 20 books less at new price  f(x) = 0 has one positive root.
1200 1200 Now
i.e.  = 20 f(x)  x3  x  2 = 0. q = 0
x x5
Since there is no change of sign in f(x),
60 60 60( x  5  x ) f(x) has no negative roots. The number of
  1  1
x x5 x 2  5x complex roots is even.
 300 = x2 + 5x  x2 + 5x – 300 = 0 The equation has one positive root, and two
complex roots.
 (x + 20) (x – 15) = 0  x = –20 or 15
Hence f(x) = 0 has 1 real root and two complex
As the price cannot be negative, the original
roots.
price is 15.
2.25. If  and  are the roots of the equation 2.29. How many non-real-roots does the equation
x2  3x  180 = 0 such that  < , then find the x4 – 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 have?
values of
1 1 Sol. Let f(x) = x4 – 2x2 + 3x – 2
(i) 2 + 2 (ii)  (iii)    f(x) has 3 sign changes
 
 f(x) has 3 or 1 positive roots.
Sol. From the given equation, we get  +  = 3 and f(– x) = x4 – 2x2 – 3x – 2
 =  180  f(– x) has one sign change
(i) 2 + 2 = ( + )2  2  f(x) has exactly one negative root.
= (3)2  2 ( 180) = 369 As the sum of the co-efficient of f(x) is zero,
1 1  3 1 x = 1 is a root f f(x) = 0
(ii)      f(x) = (x – 1) (x3 + x2 – x + 2) = (x – 1) f1(x)
    180 60
By trial, f1(–2) = 0
(iii) (  )2 = ( + )2  4   f1(x) = (x + 2) (x2 – x + 1)
=    2  4  We can see that x2 – x + 1 = 0 has two non-real
roots.
=  (+3) − 4(−180) = √9 + 720  f(x) has one positive, one negative and two
= √729 = ±27; as  < ,    = 27 non-real roots.
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2.30. If p – q, p, p + q are the roots of the equation 2.35. Find the roots of the equation 4x2  17x + 4 = 0.
x3 – 18x2 + 99x – 162 = 0, then find the values
of p and q. Sol. 4x2  17x + 4 = 0
 4x2  16x  x + 4 = 0
Sol. Given p – q, p, p + q are the roots of the  (4x  1) (x  4) = 0
equation.
1
 The sum of the roots is (p – q) + p + (p + q) = 18 x or 4
 3p = 18  p = 6 4
and the product of the roots is (p – q) p (p + q)
= 162 2.36. Find the nature of the roots of the equation
2 162
2
9x2  3x + 1 = 0.
p –q = = 27
6
 36 – q2 = 27 Sol. Discriminant = (3)2  4 (9) (1) = 27
 q = 3  p = 6 and q = 3 (∵ discriminant = b2 – 4ac)
Since the discriminant is negative, the roots are
x2
2.31. Find the range of the expression complex conjugates.
2
x x3
where x is real. 2.37. Find the nature of the roots of the equation
5x2  x  4 = 0.
x2
Sol. Let f ( x )  =y
x2  x  3 Sol. Discriminant = (1)2  4 (5) (4) = 81. As the
 x2y + xy + 3y = x – 2 coefficients are rational and the discriminant is
i.e, x2y + x(y – 1) + 3y + 2 = 0 positive and a perfect square, the roots are
f(x) can have any value y, provided the above rational and unequal.
equation in x has real roots
 b2 – 4ac  0 2.38. If the sum of the
roots of the equation
 (y – 1)2 – 4y (3y + 2)  0 13
kx  52x + 24 = 0 is
2
, find the product of its
i.e, 11y2 + 10y – 1  0 6
1 roots.
(11y – 1) (y + 1)  0  –1  y 
11 13 52
 1 Sol. 
 The range of y is   1, 6 k
11 
  b
(∵ sum of the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is – )
a
2.32. Solve the equation x4 – 2x3 – 19x2 + 8x + 60 k = 24
= 0, given that two of the roots are  and –, 24
where  > 0. The product of its roots = =1
k
c
Sol. Let the roots of the equation be , –, , . (∵ product of the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is ).
Let  >  a
The sum of the roots =  –  +  +  = 2
+=2 2.39. If the roots of the equation 6x2  7x + b = 0 are
The sum of the products of the roots taken three reciprocals of each other, find b.
at a time =
–2 – 2  +  –  = – 8 1
Sol. Let the roots be  and
2 ( + ) = 8.  2 = 4 
The product of the roots = –2  = 60.  = –15 b
 +  = 2 and  = – 15, 2 = 4 The product of the roots =
6
 = 5 and  = –3,  = 2
 The roots are –2, 2, –3 and 5.  1
= ()   = 1

2.33. Find the sum of the squares of the roots of the
equation x3 – 4x2 + x + 6 = 0. b=6

Sol. Let , ,  be the roots of the given equation. 2.40. The roots of a quadratic equation are a and a.
 +  +  = 4,  +  +  = 1 (and  = –6). The product of its roots is 9. Form the equation in
2 + 2 + 2 = ( +  + )2 – 2( +  + ) variable x.
= (4)2 – 2(1) = 14
Sol. The sum of the roots = 0 and the product of the
2.34. Find the roots of the equation x2 + 9x  10 = 0. roots = –9
The quadratic equation whose roots are  and  is
Sol. x2 + 9x  10 = 0
x2 – x ( + ) +  = 0
 x2 + 10x  x  10 = 0
i.e. x2 – x (sum of the roots) + product = 0
 x (x + 10)  1 (x + 10) = 0
Hence the quadratic equation is x2 – 9 = 0
 (x + 10) (x  1) = 0 x = 10 or 1
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2.41. The roots of the equation x2  12x + k = 0 are in 2.45. Find the remainder when f(x) = x2 + 6x + 8 is
the ratio 1 : 2. Find k. divided by 2x + 1.

Sol. Let the roots be m and 2m. Sol. Given polynomial is f(x) = x2 + 6x + 8 and divisor is
2x + 1.
m + 2m = (12) = 12 2
 1  1  1
m=4  Remainder = f    =    + 6   + 8
 2  2  2
k = the product (m) (2m) = 32
1 1
= –3+8=5
2.42. A quadratic equation has rational coefficients. 4 4
One of its roots is 2  2 . Find its other root.
2.46. If 4x + 2 + 42x + 1 = 1280, find x.
Sol. If a quadratic equation has rational coefficients,
Sol. 4x + 2 + 42x + 1 = 1280
and one of its roots is p + q (where p, q are (4x) (42) + (4x)2 (4) = 1280
rational), the other root is p – q. 4 (4x)2 + 16 (4x) = 1280
Dividing both sides by 4
The other root of the given equation is 2  2 .
(4x)2 + 4 (4x) = 320
let 4x = y
2.43. I can buy a certain number of books for 1,050.
If the price of the book increases by 15, the  y2 + 4y – 32 = 0
number of books I can buy for the same amount  (y + 20) (y – 16) = 0
decreases by 9. Find the original price and the  y = –20 or 16
number of books I could buy at that price.  4x = 16 or – 20
as 4x > 0, 4x = 16  x = 2
Sol. Let the original price be x per book
The number of books I could buy at that price 2.47. The minimum value of 2x2 + bx + c is known to be
1050 1050 15 5
and occurs at x =  . Find the values of b
= , 2 2
x x  15
and c.
1050
 9
x Sol. The minimum value of ax2 + bx + c (where a > 0)
1050 1050 4ac  b 2
 9 occurs at x =  b 2a and it equals .
x x  15 4a
(1050) 15 = 9 (x + 15)x b 5
 = 
x2 + 15x – 1750 = 0 2 2 2
 15  15 2  41 1750  b = 10
x= = 35 or – 50
2 4 2c  10 2 15
minimum value = =
as x > 0, x = 35 4 2 2
 8c – 100 = 60
2.44. P and Q are the roots of the equation
x2  22x + 120 = 0. 100  60
c= = 20
Find the value of 8
 The values of b and c are 10 and 20
(i) P2 + Q2 respectively.

1 1 2.48. Find the number of positive and negative roots of

(ii) 
P Q the equation
x3 – ax + b = 0 where a > 0 and b > 0.
(iii) difference of P and Q Sol. Let f(x) = x3 – ax + b
In f(x) there are two changes of sign (+ – +)
Sol. P + Q = 22 and PQ = 120
 By Descartes’ rule there exist at most two
(i) P2 + Q2 = (P + Q)2  2PQ
= 222  2 (120) = 244 positive roots. The number of positive roots could
be 2 or 0.
1 1 QP 22 11 f(–x) = (–x)3 – a (–x) + b
(ii)     f(–x) = –x3 + ax + b
P Q PQ 120 60
There is only one sign change in f(–x). Therefore
there exists at most one negative root. As the
(iii) (Difference of P and Q)2
number of negative roots cannot be negative, it is
= (P + Q)2  4PQ = 222  4 (120) = 4
exactly equal to 1. Therefore, f (x) = 0 has 2 or 0
 Difference of P and Q = 2 positive roots and exactly 1 negative root.

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2.49. If –1 and 2 are two of the roots of the equation 2.51. If , ,  are the roots of x3 + 10x2 + x + 7 = 0,
x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 + 2x – 4 = 0, then find the other two 1 1 1
roots. find the value of  
  
Sol. Given equation is x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 + 2x – 4 = 0 and
–1, 2 are the roots of it. 1 1 1
Sol. Let   =E
We can find the Quotient as follows   
    
x3 – 4x2 + 6x – 4  =E

x+1 x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 + 2x – 4  +  +  = 1
x4 + x 3 And  = –7  E = –1/7
3 2
–4x + 2x 2.52. Solve the following equation
–4x3 – 4x2 f(x) = x4 – 5x3 + 10x2 – 20x + 24 = 0
6x2 + 2x Sol. By trial
6x2 + 6x
f(1) = 1 – 5 + 10 – 20 + 24 = 10  0
–4x – 4 f(–1) = 1 + 5 + 10 + 20 + 24  0
–4x – 4 f(2) = 16 – 40 + 40 – 40 + 24 = 0
 One of the roots is 2 and x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
0 dividing f(x) by x–2, we get,
x2 – 2x + 2 f(x) = (x –2)(x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12)
= (x –2)g(x) say
By trial g(3) [no need to check for g(1) or g(–1)]
x–2 x3 – 4x2 + 6x – 4
g(3) = 27 – 27 + 12 – 12 = 0
x3 – 2x2
Dividing by x – 3, we get
–2x2 + 6x f(x) = (x –2)(x –3)(x2 +4)
–2x2 + 4x  The roots are 2, 3, 2i

2x – 4 2.53. For the cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + bx+ a = 0, find

2x – 4 the roots.

0 Sol. Let  be a root ie

a3 + b2 + b + a = 0  (1)
 The quotient when the given expression is consider x = 1/
divided by (x + 1) (x – 2) is x2 – 2x + 2 which is a a b b
quadratic equation whose discriminant is negative.   a
3 2 
2 48
The roots of x2 – 2x + 2 = 0 are
2
i.e. 1  i. 1
 
= 3 a  b  b 2  a 3  0 (from 1)

The division shown above can be performed in  1/ is also a root.
very compact way, using Horner’s Method of All together there are 3 roots. Also, if  is a root
Synthetic Division. 1/ is also a root.
 one of the roots has to be its own reciprocal
1 –3 2 2 –4 (1, or –1)
x = –1 If it is 1, a + b = 0  (A)
0 –1 4 –6 4
If it is –1, no additional condition has to be
1 –4 6 –4 0
satisfied. Consider A. The equation would be
x=2 0 2 –4 –4 0 ax3 – ax2 – ax + a = 0
1 –2 2 0  (x2 – 1)(x – 1) = 0
The roots are 1, –1, 1.
Consider the other possibility.
2.50. If one root of the cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 One of the roots is –1. The three roots are , 1/ , –1.
is the negative of another, what is the condition The equation would be (x2 + px + 1) (x + 1) = 0.
that the coefficients satisfy? Or x3 + (p + 1)x2 + (p + 1)x + 1 = 0  (2)

Sol. Let the roots be , –,   p  p2  4

The roots of (2) are –1,
b b 2
–+= , ie is a root of the equation 2
a a  b   b 
  1    1  4
  b3   2   a   a 
 a 3   b b   c   b   d = 0 The roots of (1) are –1,
 a   a2   a  2
   
b
 ad = bc (∵ p + 1 = )
a
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 Concept Review Questions
Directions for questions 1 to 25: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. Factorise: 12x2 + 23x + 5 (c) If the square of the sum of the roots of
(A) (3x + 1)(2x + 5) (B) (4x + 1)(3x + 5) a quadratic equation is equal to 4 times the
(C) (6x + 1)(x + 5) (D) (2x + 1)(6x + 5) product of its roots, the roots are
(A) complex conjugates.
2. (a) Find the roots of the quadratic equation (B) equal.
x2  x  20 = 0. (C) conjugate surds.
(A) 5, 4 (B) 5, 4 (C) 5, 4 (D) 5, 4 (D) unequal and rational.

(b) What are the roots of the quadratic equation 9. The value of the discriminant of the equation
2x2  5x  3 = 0? 3x2 + 7x + 2 = 0 is
(A) 1/2, –3 (B) 1/2, 3
(C) 1/2, 3 (D) 1/2, 3
10. How many roots (both real and complex) does
(xn – a)2 = 0 have?
3. Find a quadratic equation whose roots are 3 and 4.
(A) 2 (B) n + 1 (C) 2n (D) n
(A) x2  7x  12 = 0 (B) x2  7x  12 = 0
(C) x2  7x  12 = 0 (D) x2  7x  12 = 0 11. Find the signs of the roots of the equation
x2 + x – 420 = 0.
4. Find the roots of the quadratic equation (A) Both are positive.
x2 – 12x + 13 = 0. (B) Both are negative.
(A) 1, 13 (B) –1, –13 (C) The roots are of opposite signs with the
(C) 6 + 23 , 6 – 23 (D) None of these numerically larger root being positive.
(D) The roots are of opposite signs with the
5. (a) If the sum of the roots and the product of the numerically larger root being negative.
roots of a quadratic equation are 13 and 30
respectively, find its roots. 12. (a) Construct a quadratic equation whose roots are
(A) 10, 3 (B) –10, –3 (C) 10, –3 (D) –10, 3 2 more than the roots of the equation
x2 + 9x + 10 = 0.
(b) Find the sum and the product of the roots of the (A) x2 + 5x – 4 = 0 (B) x2 + 13x + 32 = 0
(C) x2 – 5x – 4 = 0 (D) x2 – 13x + 32 = 0
equation 5 x2 + 25x + 2 5 = 0.
(b) Construct a quadratic equation whose roots
(A) 5 5 , 2 (B) 5 5 , 2 are reciprocals of the roots of the equation
(C) 25 5 , 2 (D) 25 5 , 2 2x2 + 8x + 5 = 0.
(A) 5x2 + 8x + 2 = 0 (B) 8x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
2
(C) 2x + 5x + 8 = 0 (D) 8x2 + 2x + 5 = 0
6. (a) The sum of the squares of two consecutive
positive integers added to their product is equal
(c) Construct a quadratic equation whose roots are
to 331. Find the two integers.
one third of the roots of x2 + 6x + 10 = 0.
(A) 9, 10 (B) 10, 11 (C) 11, 12 (D) 12, 13
(A) x2 + 18x + 90 = 0
(B) x2 + 16x + 80 = 0
(b) The sum of squares of three consecutive
(C) 9x2 + 18x + 10 = 0
positive integers is 869. Find the numbers.
(D) x2 + 17x + 90 = 0
(A) 14, 15, 16 (B) 15, 16, 17
(C) 16, 17, 18 (D) 17, 18, 19
13. The sum of the roots of a quadratic equation is
33 and the product of its roots is 90, the sum of the
143
7. An integer exceeds its reciprocal by , the
12 squares of its roots is
integer is
14. A quadratic equation in x has its roots as reciprocals of
8. (a) The roots of the quadratic equation 2x2  7x +2 each other. The coefficient of x is twice the coefficient
= 0 are
of x2, the sum of the squares of its roots is
(A) rational and unequal
(B) real and equal
(C) imaginary 15. A quadratic equation in x has the sum of its roots as
(D) irrational 19 and the product of its roots as 90, the difference
(b) Find the nature of the roots of the quadratic of its roots is
equation 2x2 + 6x – 5 = 0.
(A) Complex conjugates
(B) Real and equal 16. If one root of the quadratic equation 4x2  8x + k = 0,
(C) Conjugate surds is three times the other root, the value of k is
(D) Unequal and rational
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17. The roots of the quadratic equation (m  k + ℓ) (c) Find the maximum value of the quadratic
expression –3x2 + 4x + 5.
x2  2mx + (m  ℓ + k) = 0 are (A) 19/3 (B) 31/12 (C) 3/19 (D)  19/3
  m  k 2m
(A) 1, (B) 1,
k  m   mk 21. (a) If , ,  and  are the roots of the equation
k m 2k ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0, then  +  +  +  is
(C) 1, (D) 1,
 mk k m   b e
(A) – b (B) (C) – e (D)
a a
18. The square of the sum of the roots of a quadratic
equation E is 8 times the product of its roots. The (b) In the above question the value of  =
value of the square of the sum of the roots divided e e
by the product of the roots of the equation whose (A) –e (B) e (C) (D)
a a
roots are reciprocals of those of E is
22. The lowest possible degree of an equation, with real
coefficients two of whose roots are 3 and 3 + 2i is
19. The common root of x2 + 10x + 24 = 0 and
x2 + 14x + 48 = 0 is

23. Find the degree of the equation (x3 – 3)2 – 6x5 = 0

4ac  b 2 (A) 5 (B) 6
20. (a) The expression represents the (C) 9 (D) None of these
4a
maximum/minimum value of the quadratic
expression ax2 + bx + c. Which of the following is 24. The number of sign changes in 16x4 – 64x3 + 56x2 +
true? 16x – 15 is
(A) It represents the maximum value when a > 0.
(B) It represents the minimum value when a < 0.
(C) Both (A) and (B) 25. If an equation is such that for every root , 1/ is also
(D) Neither (A) nor (B) a root, the equation is called a reciprocal equation.
Which of the following is a reciprocal equation?
(b) The quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c has its (A) x4 – 20x3 + 33x2 – 20x + 1 = 0
maximum/minimum value at x = ______. (B) 3x6 + x5 – 27x4 + 27x2 – x – 3 = 0
b b 2b 2b (C) x5 – 5x3 + 5x2 – 1 = 0
(A) – (B) (C) (D) (D) All the above
2a 2a a a

Exercise – 2(a)
Directions for questions 1 to 40: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

1. Solve for x.  1   1  23  1
(i) x4  35x2 +196 = 0 4. If  x 2  2   4  x     0, the value of  x  
 x   x 4  x
(A)  7,  2 7 (B)  7,  7
(C)  2 7 ,  7 (D)  7 ,  14 is

(ii) 2{32(1 + x)}  4(32+x) + 10 = 0

5. If k is a natural number and (k2 – 3k + 2) (k2 – 7 k + 12)
5
(A) 1, log3   (B) 1, log32
3 = 120, then k =

5 3
(C) 1, (D) 1, log3  
3 5 6. If the product of the roots of the equation
x2  (R + 7)x + 2(2R  2) = 0 is three times the sum
2. The value of k for which (k + 12)x2 + (k + 12)x  2 = 0
of the roots, R =
has equal roots is

7. Both A and B were trying to solve a quadratic

3. In a school, 5/2 times the square root of the total equation. A copied the coefficient of x wrongly and
number of children play football. One-fourth of the got the roots of the equation as 12 and 6. B copied
total number of children play tennis. The remaining the constant term wrongly and got the roots as 1
28 children play basketball, the total number of and 26. Find the roots of the correct equation.
children in the school is (A) 6, 16 (B) 6, 16
(C) 24, 3 (D) 3, 24
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8. If x2 + x = 1 and x > 0, find 2x4. 18. How many equations of the form x2 + 4x + p = 0 exist
(A) 10 − 4√5 (B) 12 − 5√5 such that the equation has real roots and p is
(C) 8 − 3√5 (D) 7 − 3√5 a positive integer?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
9. If the roots of the equation (x  k1) (x  k2) + 1 = 0, 19. Two software professionals Ranjan and Raman had
k1 and k2 are integers, then which of the following 108 floppies between them. They sold them at
must be true? different prices, but each received the same sum. If
(A) k1, k2 are two consecutive integers. Raman had sold his at Ranjan’s price, he would
(B) k2  k1 = 2 have received 722 and if Ranjan had sold his at
(C) k1  k2 = 2 Raman’s price, he would have received 578.
(D) Either (B) or (C)
The number of floppies Ranjan had is
10. The area of a playground is 153 m2. If the length of
the playground is decreased by 4 m and the breadth 20. Find positive integral value(s) of p such that the
is increased by 4 m, the playground becomes a equation 2x2 + 8x + p = 0 has rational roots.
square. The side of the square (in meters) is (A) 8 (B) 4
(C) 6 (D) (A) or (C)

11. If the roots of the equation 3x2 + 17x + 6 = 0 are in 21. The coefficients of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
p q satisfy the condition 64ac = 15b2. Find the condition
the ratio of p : q, compute  . satisfied by the coefficients of the equation whose
q p roots are the reciprocals of the roots of the equation,
ax2 + bx + c = 0.
17 2 17
(A) (B) (A) 15ac = 64b2 (B) 64ac = 15b2
6 6 2 (C) 15bc = 64a2 (D) 15ab = 64c2
17 2 17 22. If  and  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
(C)  (D) 
6 6 2 where c3 + abc + a3 = 0, which of the following is true?
(A) 2 = 1 or 2 = 1 (B) 3 = 1 or 3 = 1
12. If x + y = 4, find the maximum / minimum possible (C)  = 2 or 2 =  (D)  = 3 or 3 = 
value of x2 + y2.
(A) Minimum, 8 (B) Maximum, 8 23. Two equations have a common root which is positive.
(C) Maximum, 16 (D) Minimum, 16 The other roots of the equations satisfy x2 – 9x + 18 = 0.
The product of the sums of the roots of the two
13. If the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
 and , find the equation whose roots are 2 and 2. equations is 40. The common root is
(A) a2x2 + (b2  2ca)x + c2 = 0
(B) a2x2  b2x  2cax + c2 = 0 24. Both the roots of each of the equations x2 + px + q = 0
(C) a2x2  b2x + 2cax + c2 = 0 and x2 + qx + p = 0 are real. Which of the following
(D) a2 x2 + b2 + 2ca x + c2 = 0 is the condition or combination of conditions for the
two equations to have exactly one common root?
14. The sides of a right-angled triangle are such that the . 1 + p + q = 0
sum of the lengths of the longest and that of the . p = q
shortest side is twice the length of the remaining
1
side, the longest side of the triangle (in cm) if the . p  –
longer of the sides containing the right angle is 9 cm 2
(A)  only (B)  only
more than half the hypotenuse is (C)  only (D)  and 

15. The roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are k less 25. The sum and product of the roots of a quadratic
than those of the equation px2 + qx + r = 0. Find the equation E are a and b respectively. Find the
equation whose roots are k more than those of equation whose roots are the product of first root of
px2 + qx + r =0. E and the square of the second root of E, and the
(A) ax2 + bx + c = 0 product of the second root of E and the square of
the first root of E.
(B) a(x  2k)2 + b(x  2k) + c = 0
(A) x2 – abx + b3 = 0 (B) x2 + abx + b3 = 0
(C) a(x + 2k)2 + b(x + 2k) + c = 0
(C) x2 + abx – b3 = 0 (D) x2 – abx – b3 = 0
(D) a(x  k)2 + b(x  k) + c = 0
26. The roots [the values of x (and not |x|)] of the
16. If  and  are the roots of the equation x2  11x + 24 = 0, equation |x|2 + 6|x| – 55 = 0 are  and . One of the
find the value of 1/  1/ given that it is positive. roots of py2 + qy + r = 0 is  times the other root.
(A) 5/24 (B) 7/24 (C) 1/24 (D) 1/8 Which of the following can be concluded?
(A) 25q2 = –576pr (B) 25pr = – 576q2
17. If one root of the equation x2  10x + 16 = 0 is half of (C) 25q2 = 576pr (D) 25pr = 576q2
one of the roots of x2  4Rx + 8 = 0. The value of
R such that both the equations have integral roots 27. The real root of the equation 310x + 35x + 3 – 90 = 0
is (in decimal value) is

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28. If a, b and c  Q and 3 + 7 is a root of 34. If the equation x5 + 15x4 + 85x3 + 225x2 + 274x +
a – 119 = 0 has exactly 5 negative roots, then the
ax² + bx + c = 0, which of the following sets contain
value of a can be
possible values of a, b and c?
(A) 100 (B) 85 (C) 120 (D) 90
(A) {1, 6, 16} (B) {1, 9, 2}
(C) {1, 9, 16} (D) {1, 6, 2} 35. If the equation x3 – 6x2 – ax – 6 = 0 has all positive
roots, then the value of ‘a’ could be
29. The roots of x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 are consecutive
(A) 6 (B) 11 (C) 5 (D) –11
positive integers. Which of the following can never
be the value of q?
36. Both x2 + 16x + q = 0 and x2 – 11qx + 25 = 0 have
(A) 47 (B) 11 (C) 107 (D) 27
real roots. The number of positive integral values
of q is ______.
30. , ,  are the roots of the equation x3 – 15x2 + 71x – 105
(A) 39 (B) 70 (C) 60 (D) 64
= 0. If ,,  are in arithmetic progression, then the
difference between the least and the greatest of the
37. The number of non-real roots of the equation
roots is x3 – 2x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 is

31. If the equations x3 – 4x2 + x + 6 = 0 and 1

x3 – 3x2 – 4x + k = 0 have a common root, which of 38. If x + = 2 , find the value of x80 + x76 + x72 +
x
the following could be a value of k?
(A) –6 (B) –3 (C) 12 (D) 6 x68 + x64 + 4.
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 9 (D) 5
32. If one root of the equation x3 – 11x2 + 37x – 35 = 0 is
39. The roots of the equation x + qx + r = 0 are 5p
3  2 , then find the other two roots.
and 4p, where p is an integer. Which of the following
(A) 5,3  2 (B)  5,3  2 is a possible value of q2 + r?
(A) 505 (B) 808 (C) 1212 (D) 1616
(C) 5, 3  2 (D)  5,3  2
40. What is the remainder when x87 + x69 + x51 + x33 + x15
33. F(x) is a polynomial in x of degree 7. The coefficient
is divided by x3 – x?
of x7 in F(x) is 1. F(1) = 5, F(2) = 7, F(3) = 9,
(A) 5x (B) – 5x (C) 5x + 4 (D) 4 – 5x
F(4) = 11, F(5) = 13, F(6) = 15, F(7) = 17. Find F(8).
(A) 21 (B) 4943 (C) 5059 (D) 5071

Exercise – 2(b)
Directions for questions 1 to 45: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

Very Easy / Easy… … ……… … 6. Find the value of R, so that one of the roots of
x2 + 6Rx + 64 = 0 is the square of the other root.
1. Find the value of k if k is a positive integer and (A) –10/3 (B) 8/3 (C) 5/3 (D) 7/3

(k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3) (k + 4) = 360. 7. If the roots of 2x2 + (4m + 1)x + 2(2m  1) = 0 are

reciprocals of each other, m =
2. Find the equation whose roots are thrice the roots of
the equation 2x2  15x + 18 = 0.
(A) x2 + 45x + 324 = 0 8. Find the equation whose roots are twice the roots of
(B) 2x2  45x + 81 = 0 the equation 3x2 – 7x + 4 = 0.
(C) x2 + 45x  324 = 0 (A) 3x2 – 14 x + 8 = 0 (B) 3x2 + 14x + 16 = 0
(D) 2x2  45x + 162 = 0 (C) 3x2 + 14 x – 16 = 0 (D) 3x2 – 14x + 16 = 0

3. The equation x2  2x  8 = 0 will have 9. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are the
(A) the numerically larger root as positive. reciprocals of the roots of 3x²  8x + 4 = 0.
(B) the numerically larger root as negative. (A) –4x² + 8x + 3 = 0
(C) both roots as negative. (B) 8x² + 4x + 3 = 0
(D) both the roots as positive. (C) 4x²  8x + 3 = 0
4. The value of p in the equation x2 + qx + p = 0, where (D) 8x² + 3x  4 = 0

one of the roots of the equation is (2 + 3 ) and Moderate… … … ..

q and p are integers is
10. Which of the following options represent(s)
a condition for the equations x² + ax + b = 0 and
5. If a positive number is increased by three and then x² + bx + a = 0 to have exactly one common root,
squared, the result is 23 more than the original given that the roots of both the equations are real?
(A) a  b = 1 (B) b  a = 1
number. The original number is (C) 1 + a + b = 0 (D) Either (A) or (B)
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11. A person bought a certain number of oranges for 21. Solve for x
70. If the price of each orange was 2 less, (i) x4 – 42x2 + 216 = 0
he would have bought 4 more oranges for the (A)  6 , 6 (B) 2 6 , 6
same amount, the number of oranges he bought
(C) 3 6 , 6 (D) 4 6 , 6
originally is
(ii) 16 (32x+1) – 32 (3x) + 4 = 0
12. If k is a perfect square, the roots of the equation (A) –log3 2, –log36 (B) –log3 4, –log36
4kx2 + 4 k x  k = 0 are (C) –1, –log3 12 (D) –log3 6, –log3 8
(A) always rational.
(B) rational for only some of the values of k. 22. In a class, eight students play basketball. The
(C) always irrational. remaining students, who represent 7 times the
(D) always complex. square root of the strength of the class, play football.
The strength of the class is _______.
13. Find the values of k for which the roots of (A) 36 (B) 16 (C) 64 (D) 100
x2 + x(14  k)  14k + 1 = 0 are equal integers.
1 1 5
(A) 11, 13 (B) 12, 16 23. If x2 + 2
 2( x  )  = 0, which of the following
(C) 13, 15 (D) –11, –12 x x 4
1
can be the value of x – ?
14. If the roots of 2mx2 + 8x + 64m = 0 are real and x
equal, find m. 7 1 1 3
(A) 2/3 (B) 1/2 (C) 7/4 (D) 4/7 (A) (B) (C) – (D) –
2 2 2 2
15. If a and b are positive numbers, what is the nature of the
(a  b )3 24. Solve for x: 2 x  3  4 x  13  8
roots of the equation (a + b) x2 + 2 abx + = 0? (A) 2 (B) –3 (C) 3 (D) 11
16
(A) Real and distinct.
25. The area of a playground is 247 sq.m. If its length is
(B) Real and equal.
decreased by 2 m and its breadth is increased by
(C) Non-real and distinct. 4 m, it becomes a square. The side of the square
(D) Either (B) or (C)
(in m) is
16. If the value of p in the equation x2 + 2(p + 1)x + 2p = 0,
is real, the roots of the equation are
26. The length of a rectangle is 1 cm more than its
(A) rational and unequal.
breadth. If its diagonal is 29 cm, the measure of its
(B) irrational and unequal.
(C) real and unequal. breadth (in cm) is
(D) real and equal.

17. The roots of the equation 6x4  6x3  24x2  6x + 6 = 0 27. In a right-angled triangle, the larger of the sides
are containing the right angle is 8 cm longer than the
smaller of the sides. The sum of the lengths of the
6  10 3 5 sides containing the right angle is 16 cm more than
(A) 1 and (B) –1 and
2 2 the length of the other side. The length (in cm) of the
 6  10 6  10 smallest side is
(C) 3 and (D) 4 and
2 2
28. The roots of the equation 4x2 + 14x + 3 = 0 are
18. If the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
α β  1 1 a b
 and , find the value of   2    2  . a and b. Find + .
β α α β
b a
(A) (b2 + 2ac)/ac 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3
(A) – (B) – . (C) (D)
(B) (b2  2ac)/ac 6 3 3 6
(C) (b2 + 4ac)/ac
(D) None of these 29. The roots of the equation x2 – 3x – 108 = 0 are
 and , where α  β . Which of the following
19. If the price of a book goes down by 20 per dozen, holds true?
a person can purchase 50 dozen books more
(A)  –  = 3 (B)  –  = –3
for 30,000. The original price (in of each book
(C)  –  = –21 (D)  –  = 21
is
30. P and Q were trying to solve a quadratic equation.
P copied the coefficient of x wrong and obtained
20. If 31 is split up into two parts such that the sum of 12 and 9 as the roots. Q copied the constant term
the squares of the two parts is 481, the difference wrong and obtained 8 and 16 as the roots. Find the
roots of the equation.
between the two parts is (A) 18, –6 (B) –18, 6
(C) 18, 6 (D) –18, –6
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31. A is any single-digit prime number and B is any 43. If f(x) = 0 is a tenth degree equation and it has
natural number. The number of equations of the 3 negative roots, then which of the following can be
form x2 – 4 A x + 3B = 0 having both real roots is the number of sign changes in f(–x)?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 6

44. The expression f(x) is cubic in x, in which the

coefficient of x3 is 1. If f(1) = 5, f(2) = 8, f(3) = 11,
32. The roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are d less
than those of the equation ez2 + fz + g = 0. The then f(4) =
roots of the equation py2 + qy + r = 0 are d more
than those of the equation ez2 + fz + g = 0. Which of
the following is true? 45. If 2x2 + 5x – 3 is a factor of 6x5 + 11x4 – px3 – 33x2 +
(A) y = x – d (B) y = x + d qx + 6, then (q, p) is ______.
(C) y = x – 2d (D) y = x + 2d (A) (33, 11) (B) (–33, 11)
(C) (11, 33) (D) (–11, –33)
33. If 3   5 is one root of the equation
Directions for questions 46 to 55: Each question is
3x3 – 23x2 + 72x – 70 = 0, then the real root of the
followed by two statements,  and . Answer each
equation is
question using the following instructions:
3 5 3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 3 5 3 Choose (A) if the question can be answered by using
the statement  alone but not by using
34. If the roots of the quadratic equation x²  px + q = 0 statement  alone
are two successive multiples of 5, then the value of
(or)
p²  4q is
if the question can be answered by using
the statement  alone but not by using
35. If the roots of the equation x3 – 6x2 + 3x + k = 0 are statement  alone.
in arithmetic progression, the value of k is Choose (B) if the question can be answered by using
either of the statements alone.
Choose (C) if the question can be answered by using
36. Find two positive integers which differ by seven, both the statements together but not by
such that the square of the larger integer exceeds either of the statements alone.
the product of the two integers by 84. Choose (D) if the question cannot be answered on the
(A) 7, 12 (B) 5, 12 (C) 8, 13 (D) 4, 11 basis of the two statements.

37. Find the respective values of  and k if the roots of 46. Is x = 2?

the quadratic equation 27x2 – 87x + k = 0, are . x is a number such that x2 – 4x + 3 = 0.
 and 8/3. . x is a number such that x2 – x + 2 = 0.
(A) 5/9, 40 (B) 4/9, 32
(C) 7/9, 72 (D) 2/9, 16 47. What is the sum of the roots of the quadratic
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0?
38. The sum of the squares of three consecutive even . The product of the roots is the same as the sum
positive integers is 440. Find the numbers. of the roots.
(A) 11, 12, 13 (B) 8, 10, 12
. Sum of the roots of the quadratic equation is
(C) 4, 6, 8 (D) 10, 12, 14
cx2 + ax – b = 0 is 2.
39. The expression E = ax2 + bx + c is positive at x = – 1
and negative at x = 1. Which of the following can be 48. If ax² + bx + c = 0, does x have a real value?
concluded? . 0 < a < c < 1.
(A) c < 0 (B) a < 0 . b > 3.
(C) b < 0 (D) Either (A) or (B)
49. Are the roots of the quadratic equation real?
40. The polynomial equation of the lowest degree with real . The square of the sum of its roots is at most
equal to 4 times the product of its roots.
coefficients, whose roots are 2 – i 5 and 3, could be
. The square of the sum of its roots is at least
(A) x3 – 7x2 + 21x – 27 = 0 equal to 4 times the product of its roots.
(B) x3 + 7x2 + 21x + 27 = 0
(C) x3 – 7x2 – 21x – 27 = 0 50. In Ax2 + Bx + C, one of A, B and C is negative.
(D) x3 + 7x2 – 21x + 27 = 0 Which of them is negative?
. Ax2 + Bx + C is positive when x = 1 and
Difficult / Very Difficult … …… . .
negative when x = 1.
41. If a > 0, b > 0, the number of real roots of the . C is not negative.
equation 2x7 – ax5 – 3x4 – bx2 + 7 = 0 can be
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 0 51. A and B are natural numbers. The equation
Ax2 + Bx + 4A = 0 has real roots, neither of which
42. If a > 0, b > 0, the number of complex roots of the exceeds 10. Find A.
equation x7 – ax4 + bx3 – 8 = 0 can be . B < 5
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 . A  2
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 P 54. Are the roots of x2 + ax + b = 0 equal given that they
52. P and Q are natural numbers. Find . are integers?
Q
. a + b = 0.
. Px2 + Qx + Q = 0 has real roots. . The roots are reciprocal to each other.
. Qx2 + 4Px + P = 0 has real roots.
55. The roots of (a2 + b2) x2 + 2(ab + bc) x + b2 + c2 = 0,
53. Q is a quadratic expression in x. Find its maximum b2
where a, b, c are real numbers, are p and q. Find .
value. ac
. The discriminant of Q = 0 is 12. . p and q are real.
. The coefficient of x2 in Q is 1. . b = 2, a = c = 2

Key
Concept Review Questions

1. B 6. (a) B 10. C 15. 1 (c) A

2. (a) C (b) C 11. D 16. 3 21. (a) B
(b) D 7. 12 12. (a) A 17. C (b) D
3. B 8. (a) D (b) A 18. 8 22. 3
4. C (b) C (c) C 19. –6 23. B
5. (a) A (c) B 13. 909 20. (a) D 24. 3
(b) A 9. 25 14. 2 (b) A 25. D

Exercise – 2(a)

1. (i) A 7. C 14. 30 21. B 28. D 35. D

(ii) A 8. D 15. B 22. A 29. D 36. D
2. –20 9. D 16. A 23. 2 30. 4 37. 2
3. 64 10. 13 17. 1.5 24. D 31. C 38. D
4. 2.5 11. A 18. C 25. A 32. C 39. D
5. 6 12. A 19. 51 26. A 33. C 40. A
6. 25 13. C 20. D 27. 0.2 34. C

Exercise – 2(b)

1. 2 9. C 17. B 24. C 32. D 40. A 48. C

2. D 10. C 18. D 25. 17 33. B 41. B 49. A
3. A 11. 10 19. 10 26. 20 34. 25 42. C 50. C
4. 1 12. C 20. 1 27. 24 35. 10 43. C 51. A
5. 2 13. B 21. (i) A 28. C 36. B 44. 20 52. C
6. A 14. D (ii) A 29. D 37. A 45. C 53. C
7. 1 15. D 22. C 30. C 38. D 46. B 54. B
8. D 16. C 23. B 31. 21 39. C 47. C 55. B

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