Application Of Concepts Of

Differential And Integral Calculus To

Study Curvature And Evaluation Of
Different Types Of Improper Integrals.

NAME - DEBANJALI MAJUMDER

STREAM - ECE A
UNIVERSITY ROLL NUMBER -
13000323035
REGISTRATION ROLL NUMBER -
231300110640

ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA.

CONTENT • Curvature Analysis: Quantifying the bending
OVERVIEW of curves using differential calculus
techniques, with implications in diverse fields
like physics, engineering, and computer
graphics.

• Improper Integral Evaluation: Understanding

the convergence behavior of functions beyond their
natural domains, leading to applications in economics,
finance, and scientific modeling.

• Bridging the Gap: Demonstrating how these

seemingly abstract concepts translate into practical
solutions to real-world problems.
 Historical Context
Modern calculus was developed in 17th-century Europe by Isaac
Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (independently of each other,
first publishing around the same time) but elements of it first appeared
in ancient Egypt and later Greece, then in China and the Middle East,
and still later again in medieval Europe and India.

A Historical Lens: Tracing the Evolution of Curvature and Improper

Integrals

• Ancient Foundations: Early mathematicians like Archimedes and

Euclid paved the way for geometric concepts related to curvature.

• Calculus Revolution: The 17th century saw the birth of calculus by

Newton and Leibniz ,providing powerful tools for analyzing curves
and integrals.
• Refinement and Advancements: The 18th and 19th centuries
witnessed mathematicians like Euler, Laplace, and Cauchy delve
deeper into integral convergence and improper integrals.
• Modern Applications: Today, these concepts find broad applications
across various disciplines, from physics and engineering to finance.
Curvature explained
De f i nition: Curvature mathematically measures the rate of change of a tangent line
to a curve at a specific point, essentially quantifying its "bending.“

Calculus has two main sub parts , which are :

• Differential calculus :The primary objects of study in dif f erential calculus are
the derivative of a f unction, related notions such as the dif f erential, and their
applications. The deriv ativ e of a f unction at a chosen input v alue describes the
rate of change of the f unction near that input v alue. The process of f inding a
deriv ativ e is called differentiation and Equations inv olv ing deriv atives are
called dif f erential equations. Geometrically , the deriv ativ e at a point is the slope
of the tangent line to the graph of the f unction at that point, prov ided that the
deriv ativ e exists and is def ined at that point. Deriv ativ es are f requently used to
f ind the maxima and minima of a f unction.

• Integral Calculus: An Integral is the continuous analog of a sum, which is

used to calculate areas, v olumes, and their generalizations. Integration started
as a method to solv e problems in mathematics and phy sics, such as f inding
the area under a curv e, or determining displacement f rom v elocity . Integrals
also ref er to the concept of an antiderivative, a f unction whose deriv ativ e is
the giv en f unction; in this case, they are also called indefinite integrals. When
Limits are prov ided , they are called definite integrals and are used to
calculate areas.

Differential calculus and Integral calculus are

connected by the fundamental theorem of calculus,
which states that differentiation is the reverse process to
integration.\
Improper Integrals
Improper integral is an extension of the notion of a definite integral to cases that violate the usual
assumptions for that kind of integral. This typically involves unboundedness, either of the set over
which the integral is taken or of the integrand (the function being integrated), or both. It may also
involve bounded but not closed sets or bounded but not continuous functions. While an improper
integral is typically written symbolically just like a standard definite integral, it represents a limit of
a definite integral or a sum of such limits; thus, improper integrals are said to converge or
diverge.

Improper integrals may be in any of the following forms:

The first three forms are improper because the integrals are taken over an unbounded interval.
(They may be improper for other reasons, as well, as explained below.) Such an integral is
sometimes described as being of the "first" type or kind if the integrand otherwise satisfies the
assumptions of integration. Integrals in the fourth form that are improper because f(x) has a
vertical asymptote somewhere on the interval [a,b]. may be described as of the "second" type or
kind. Integrals that combine aspects of both types are sometimes described as being of the "third"
type or kind.
 Curvature in Action
From Theory to Practice: Designing a Bridge that Defies Gravity

• Real-World Challenge: Constructing a suspension bridge with

elegant and structurally efficient cables, capable of withstanding
significant loads and minimizing visual clutter

• Curvature as the Solution: By designing the cables with a catenary

curve, based on the natural hanging shape of a chain under its own
weight, we achieve optimal load distribution and minimize cable
cross-section, resulting in a visually slender and structurally sound
bridge.

• Impactful Implications: Catenary curves are crucial for designing

aesthetically pleasing and structurally efficient suspension bridges
worldwide , including Golden Gate Bridge, Brooklyn Bridge, and
Akashi Strait Bridge. Their use optimizes material usage, reduces
construction costs, and enhances the bridge's visual appeal.
References
• B.S. Grewal - Higher Engineering Mathematics

• John Bird - Engineering Mathematics

• Wikipedia - Differential Calculus

• Wikipedia - Integral Calculus

• Wikipedia - Improper integral
• Wikipedia - Calculus