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Eigenvalue Problem
Eigenvalue Problem
PROBLEM
x=L
ρA u( x, t )
F ( x, t ) F ( x + ∆x, t ) FREE-BODY
DIAGRAM
f ( x, t )∆x
x x + ∆x
EQUATION OF MOTION
dF 0< x< L; t >0
+ f ( x, t ) = ρA u
dx
INITIAL CONDITIONS:
u ( x,0) = u0 ( x) ; u ( x,0) = v0 ( x)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
du
u (0, t ) = 0 ; EA | x =L = 0
dx
dF d du
= ρA u ⇒ EA = ρA u
dx dx dx
u ( x, t ) = U ( x) F (t )
PUTTING THIS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
d 2U
EA 2 F (t ) = ρAU ( x) F(t )
dx
GIVES
d 2U Negative to ensure that
E dx 2 F
= = −ω 2 the solution does not
ρ U F blow up with time
E ρ
− α +ω = 0 ⇒ α = ±
2 2
ω = ± kω
ρ E
U ( x) = A cos(α x) + B sin(α x)
πx
U n ( x) = sin(α n x) = sin (2n − 1)
2L
ALSO…
E
⇒ ωn = αn nth NATURAL
ρ FREQUENCY
∞
u ( x, t ) = ∑ (Cn cos ωnt + Dn sin ωnt )sin(α n x)
n =1
EA U ′′ + ω 2 ρA U = 0 0 < x < L
U (0) = 0 ; ( EAU ′) | x =L = 0
r ( x) = EAU ′′ + ω 2 ρ A U = 0
∫ (EAU ′′ + ω ρA U ) w( x)dx = 0
L L
∫ r ( x) w( x)dx = 0 ⇒ 2
x =0 x =0
INTEGRATE BY PARTS ONCE…
L L
∫ ∫ ρ AU w dx + [EAU w]x=0
x=L
EA U ′ w′ dx = ω 2
′
x =0 x =0
1 2 3 4 5
N N
U ( x) = ∑ δ i φi ( x) ; w( x) = ∑ β i φi ( x)
i =1 i =1
THIS WILL GIVE THE STANDARD FORM
[ K ]{δ } = ω [ M ]{δ }
2
X1 = 0 X2 =1 X3 = 2
U(0)=0
3
U FE ( x) = ∑ δ i φi ( x) δ1 = 0
i =1
ω FE = 0.806 (0.785)
1
ω FE = 2.815 (2.355)
2
Note that these give exact nodal values of the actual mode shape
exact
exact
[ K ]{δ } = ω [ M ]{δ }
2
WITH
δ1 = 0 δ3 = 1
EXACT=0.707
THIS IS A FEATURE OF THESE COMPUTATIONS. THE
NODAL FE VALUES ARE NOT EXACT. IN FACT, THE
FE SOLUTION THINKS IT IS RIDING ON A SLOWER
MOVING WAVE (NUMERICAL DISPERSION!!!) WITH
FREQUENCY ω .
•ALL THE FEATURES OF THE FE SOLUTION SEEN IN THIS
EXAMPLE HOLD FOR ALL THE MODELS/DOMAINS THAT YOU
CAN COME ACROSS.
•IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS, THE MODE SHAPES GET
AFFECTED BY THE GEOMETRY OF THE DOMAIN AND HAVE
THE SINGULAR (STRESS CONCENTRATION) BEHAVIOR THAT
WE SAW IN THE ELASTICITY PROBLEM. HENCE, FOR THESE
CASES ALSO, WE HAVE TO USE THE PROPERLY REFINED
MESHES.
•THE NATURAL FREQUENCIES CONVERGE TO THE EXACT
ONES FROM ABOVE.
•THE FREQUENCY OF THE WAVE THAT THE FE SOLUTION
RIDES, CONVERGES TO THE EXACT ONE FROM BELOW.
THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL AXIAL WAVE PROBLEM
2 UNIFORM MESH
d u
2
+ k 2
u = f = 1 (let' s say) WITH MESH-SIZE
dx h. (linear elements)
u ( 0) = u ( L ) = 0
k 2h2
1− FE SOLUTION
cos(k h) = 3 CORRESPONDS TO λ2π
k 2h2 ANOTHER WAVE h= =
1+ WITH k
n kn
6
MESH SIZE GIVEN
∆k IN TERMS OF n
k = k − ∆k δ= ELEMENTS PER
k WAVELENGTH
•FE SOLUTION TRAILS THE EXACT SOLUTION
•THE NODAL VALUES ARE NOT EXACT