TOPIC 1 – INDIGENOUS TRADITIONAL CLOTHING

PEOPLES OF LUZON - (Male) “Wanno “or g-string that

depends on the occasion or the
1. Ifugao man’s social status.
2. Ivatan - (Female) “Tapis” or wraparound
3. Gaddang skirt.
4. Kalinga - “Ulo di kang-o” traditional
5. Tinguian headdress worn by the bride or
6. Tagbanua groom or by the village
chief/shaman as a crown during
rituals.
1. IFUGAO - “Lingling-o” an ornament which is a
- “ipugo” which means “earth status of symbol.
people” or “humans”
- also means “from the hill”
WAYS OF LIFE
LANGUAGE AND DIALECT - Farming
- 4 main dialects of Ifugao: - Woodworking
o Batad Ifugao - Carving
o Amganad Ifugao - Weaving (renowned for their
o Mayoyao Ifugao and beautiful textiles and intricate
o Tuwali Ifugao patterns

BELIEFS PRACTICES

- Believes in the existence of - “bogwa” the practice of exhuming

thousands of gods, which may enter
specific sacred objects such as the
“bul-ul” (used as rituals of
protection and increase of harvest
- The belief that deities dwell within
the bulul statue, making it a sacred
object which come in pairs of 134
page 10 male and female, either
standing or seated.
the bones of the deceased person,
cleaning and rewrapping them, and
then returning them to the grave.
- ”Ca-i-sing” courtship ritual. They
unburden their feeling in native
songs rich in meanings and
insinuation.
- They practiced arranged marriage
by parents and elders of the
community.
 2. IVATAN
- Native to Batanes and Babuyan
Island in northern Philippines.
- Known for their unique culture and
shaped by isolation and the harsh
climates of Batanes island.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- “Vakul” made from vuyavuy palm
fiber. Used for protection against
DIALECT
elements.
- (Male) “Kana-I” or vest
- “Salakot” or wide brimmed hat
CULTURE
- Shaped by Batanes climate
- Folk songs (3 styles): la ji (merry or
post-work), kanta, and kalusan
(sung during work)
- Legends (kabbata) and chants
(rawod) chronicle forefathers’
adventure.
- Houses: maytuab, sinadumparan,
jinjin basements that functions as a
storage area. Has thick walls and
cogon roofing.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
BELIEFS
- Influenced by Austronesian
heritage, animism, Christian faith.
- Anitos, variety of spirits, good or
bad, residing in natural or man-
made objects.
- Belief in the afterlife. A place of
happiness and peace.
PRACTICES
- Honesty
- Bayanihan
- Payuhuan (Cooperative farming)
reflects strong community bonds
among Ivatan people.
- Kamanidungan (Comumunity
Association) enhance community
life and cooperation.
- Chirin nu Ibatan (language of the
Ivatan people)
- 2 main dialects: Basco Ivatan, main
isaland
- (Ivasay) Southern Ivatan, southern
region and Sabtang (Isamurnung)
3. GADDANG
- The term Gaddang is derived from
the word “heat” and “burned” likely
referring to their dark skin. Many
Gaddang people live in the
highlands of southeastern Kalinga-
Apayao and Eastern Bontok.
- “Aken” a lengthly piece of cloth
wound around the waistline.
- “Barawasi” or long sleeved., round
necked collarless and waist-length
blouse
- “Bakwat” belt
- “Binakaw” or headdress, indicates
status
BELIEFS TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- Based on the dichotomy between - “Bahag” 3 to 5 ft. long, 10 to 15
the earth and the afterworld, with inches wide.
rituals performed by both men and
women.
DIALECT
- 3 Dialects
PRACTICES
o Masadiit (Abra)
- “Ballauan” song ritual to appeal to o Northern Kalinga
the anitos to bless the newlyweds o South-Central Kaliinga

DIALECT
- Gaddangs speak the language of the
same name, “Gaddang” 5. TINGUIAN (Itneg)
- Located from the upland province
of Abra in northwestern Luzon
4. KALINGA
- Kalinga means “headhunter” BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
- Located in the Cordilla mountain - Kabunian, known as the creator
range of the northern Philippines - Apadel or Kalagang, guardian god
- Known for its Tattoo that - Kabangaan, modular tones placed
symbolizes count on the number of the entrance of some communities
kills (for men) and a sign of strength - Pudayen, inhabit the sangasang
and beauty (for women). which is a bamboo structure
- Iboas, spirits that lurk around
BELIEFS originally believed as god
- Maglalawa, life after death.
- “Kabunyan” (God)
- Ibal, healing ritual
- ”KiDul” (God of thunder)
- Singlip, engagement ritual
CULTURE AND PRACTICES
- Bain DIALECT
- Ngilin
- Ilocano
- Paniyaw
- Aawao
- Dagdagas
- Apos
 6. TAGBANUA o Polo, god of the sea
o Sedumunadoc, sought for
- One of the oldest ethnic groups
good harvest
mainly found in the central and
o Tabiacoud, lives in the deep
northern Palawan. Research has
shown that they are possible bowels of the earth.
descendants of the Tabon Man. - During rituals, mimetic dances
- Known for blackening their teeth dramatizing animal imitations are
and wearing carved earplugs form also performed.
the hardwood bantilinaw.
DIALECT
- 2 Major Classifications:
o Central Tagbanua Tribe, - Aborlan Tagbanwa (Apurawon),
found in the western and main language
eastern coastal areas of
central Palawan.
o Calamian Tagbanua Tribe,
found in Baras coast,
Busuanga island, Coron island. TOPIC 2 – INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES IN VISAYAS
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
1. Aklanon
- “Salugin” made from the bark of 2. Ati
trees. 3. Abaknon
4. Hiligaynon
5. Suludnon
BELIEFS
6. Waray
- “Lambay” a ritual to appeal to the
deities for good weather held in
January and May. 1. Aklanon
- “Pagbuyis” and “Runsay” for - Located in the province of Aklan.
seeking protection from epidemic - “Aklanon” Spanish word. They got
and death. their name from the river “Akean”
- “Bilang” summons the pagdiwata which means “where there is boiling
- Tagbanua believe that they have six or frothing.”
souls: their “true soul” (Kiyarulwa), -
and five secondary souls (Payu) CULTURE AND TRADITION
- Major Deities:
o Mangindusa, lord of heavens
 - Known for their devotion to Santo
Nino or child Jesus. They practice
salubong or processions.
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
- “Bulakaw”, a god who lived in a
mountain called Madya-as.
- “Laon”, a chief goddess
- “Manunubo”, good spirit of the sea
- “Bangutbanwa”, for good harvest
- “Mangindalon”, prayed for sick
person
- “Soliran” performed for marriage
ceremonies.
LANGUAGE
- “Aklanon” (Akeanon), also known
as Bisaya/Binisaya
2. ATI TRIBE
- Categorized as Negritos by the
Spanish colonizers.
- The original people of Panay islands,
the central portion of the Philippine
archipelago.
- Said to have arrived first in the
Philippines 20,000 to 30,000 years
ago from Borneo by foot through an
istmus.
- Also known as Agta, Ayta, Ita, Ata,
Aeta, Batak, and Negrito. All these
names are said to mean “man”.
CULTURE AND TRADITION
- Also influenced by the customs of
the Christian Filipinos
- “Pangaluyag”, the act of courting.
LANGUAGE
- The Ati speak a Visayan language
known as Inati.
3. SAMA ABAKNON
- located on the island of Capul on the
Northern tip of Samar.
- Abaknon speak a language that is
related to the Sama called
“Inabaknon”.
PRACTICES
- Primary religion practiced by the
Abaknon Sama is Roman
Catholicism.
-
CULTURE AND TRADITION
- Fishing with set rice farming.
- Abaknon festival. Abaknon is the
name that collectively embraces all
the residences of the Island of Capul
who share a unique dialect and a
simple lifestyle.
 4. HILIGAYNON TRIBE
- The term HILIGAYNON is said to be
hispanized contraction of the
phrase “manog-ilig sang kawayan,”
meaning “people whose occupation
was to float bamboo poles
downriver to sell as building
materials.”
LANGUAGE
- HILIGAYNON, the fourth largest
language spoken in the Philippines
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- Married women wear either a
bestida (dress) or patadyon (tube
skirt)
- For Pangalag (magical protection),
many older men wear tattoos (a
crucifix, initials, or female figures).
BELIEFS
- Insulting spiritual mediums will
result to Gaba.
- Those who humiliate others will
suffer the same amount of
humiliation in turn, called “Ulin.”
5. SULOD TRIBE
- Sulod is the term used for Philippine
ethnolinguistic group inhabiting the
slopes of the mountains along the
banks of the Panay River between
Mt. Sya and Mt. Baloy in central
Panay Island.
- Known mainly for unique Binukot
tradition, as well as their popular
Binanog dance and the epic poem
Hinilawod,
- The Term “Sulod” means “interior”
or “closed place”. They are also
called “montesses by lowlanders
meaning literally “mountain
dwellers”.
LANGUAGE
- Sudlonon
- Hilagynon
- Kiniray-a, Aklanon
- Filipino, English
RELIGION
- Traditional religion and Roman
Catholicism
PRACTICES
- Puro, is a settlement lead by the
eldest man called Parangkuton,
with his title literally translates to
“one to be asked”.
- “BINUKOT”. The binukot are
selected the beautiful young
women of the tribe and are hidden
away in closed rooms, away from
the eyes of men.
 6. WARAY TOPIC 3 – INDIGENOUS
- The word “Waray” means “none” PEOPLES IN MINDANAO
or “nothing” or “not”. In Samar the
Waray called as Samarenos. 1. Bajau
2. Higaonon
LANGUAGE
3. Mandaya
- Native language is called Waray- 4. Manobo
waray. It is the fifth most spoken 5. Mamanwa
native language in the Philippines. 6. T’boli
- The Waray originate from the
eastern Visayas region provinces of
Leyte, Samar, and Biliran.

CULTURE AND TRADITION
- Waray are often stereotyped as
brave warriors, as popularized in the
tagline “basta ang waray, hindi
uurong sa away”. They are well
known to have the ability to face
danger, difficulty, pain without
being overcome by fear.
- Kuratsa, traditional dance of the
waray.
- Waray also believed in many gods
and goddesses.
1. BAJAU
- also known as Sama-Bajau. They are
also called seafaring nomads that
lived in houseboats called “lepa-
lepa” or stilt houses near coastal
areas.
- Located in Sulu Archipelago,
Zamboanga Peninsula, and Davao
region
Dialect
- “Sinama” is the most common
name for these languages, but they
are also called Bajau especially in
Malaysia.

- Subgroups:
o Sama Dea, Sama Deya, or
Sama Darat
o Sama Bihin or Sama Lipid
o Sama Dilaut, Sama Mandilaut,
Sama Pala’u, or Bajau Laut
RELIGION
- Vary among Bajau subgroups:
o Sunni Islam
o Folk Islam
o Sufi traditions
o Animism
o Small minority of Catholics
and Protestants
TRADITIONAL CLOTHIGNG
- Badu sampit (long sleeved shirt)
- Betawi (gold buttons)
- Seluar sampit (black or white
trousers)
- Podong (headpiece)
BELIEFS
- Lugu, a song. The lyrics are verses
from the Koran.
2. HIGAONON
- Located in the northern and eastern
part of the province of Bukidnon,
Mindanao Island. Their Island is
marked by the Mt. tago and
Kimangkil mountain ranges.
- They are described as the “people
of the living mountain” and “people
of the wilderness”
- The term Higaonon is derived from
the word “Higa” means (to live or
reside) “gaon” means (mountain or
highland) and “onon” means
(people).
DIALECT
- “Higaonon”, is a Manobo language
spoken on the island of Mindanao.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- Male Clothing
o Tangkulo (male headdress)
o Baklaw (bracelet)
o Salay (necklace)
o Tikos (anklet)
- Female Clothing
o Balading (earrings)
o Salay (Necklace)
o Lumbong (headdress)
o Singgil (anklet)
o Baklaw (bracelet)
CULTURE AND TRADITION
- The tribe follows arranged marriage.
- Weaver of peace. The term Hinabol
is a binukid term for handwoven
textile and comes the verb habol,
which means to weave.
- Culture of peace. The tribe practices
an ancient ritual called Tampudas hu
Balagun or the treaty of the green
vine branch. It means the cutting of
the vine, and is symbolic of the act
of cutting short feuds among the
ethnic groups.
- Habitual Laws. The tribe follows
Bunkatol Ha Bulawan Daw Nang Ka
 tasa ha Lana, which means
treasured unity of love and peace.
3. MANDAYA
- The term Mandaya is derived from
the word “Man” means (people),
“Daya” means (upland or
upstream), which translates
together to “Man-Daya” or
“Inhabitants if the uplands”.
- 5 principal groups that live in:
o Mansaka – mountain clearing
o Manwaga – forested
mountain areas
o Pagsupan – swampy bansks of
Tagum and Hijo rivers
o Managusan – near the water
o Divavaogan – southern and
western parts of Compostella
valley
- Mandaya are located in Davao
Oriental, Davao del Norte, and
Surigao del Sur.
DIALECT
- “Kamayo”. Language widely used
by the Mandayas.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- Men’s clothing
o Dagum nang usog (man’s blue
collarless shirt)
o Pantot (trousers)
- Women’s clothing
o Dagum (cotton blouses)
o Patadyongs (tubular skirts)
o Dagmay (used to make
traditional skirts)
- Mandaya hat, made of guinit. The
design is turned into the concave
shape hat.
BELIEFS
- Mandaya believes in deities and
spirits.
- Tagginiit ta Kalibutan (creator and
controller of the universe)
- Magbabaya (lives in langit) together
with the Busaw (malevolent spirits)
and the diwatas
- Busaw (god of warriots)
- Mamao (god of the good)
- Basao (god of evil)
- Bilibulan or ugsuban (underworld)
- Maybulan (guardians of the
underworld)
- Iboll (old man)
- Ladiana (old woman)
- Marriage Practices:
o Buya – a child is promised for
marriage even before he/she
is born
o Bukug – the parents of a baby
boy secure a baby girl for
marriage to their son by
shouldering her needs from
infancy until marriageable age
o Pagul-og – a woman is
presented for marriage in
gratitude to a man for an
exceptional favor he has done
for the family.
 o Dyayon – a man forces a
woman to marry him.
o Tupa – a marriage is arranged
without dowry and the
parents assume the expenses
of the partnership
o Binaydan – a marriage is
arranged because of the love
and sincerity of a financially
stable male suitor for a girl.
4. MANOBO
- The term Manobo means “people”
or “person”. The term may have
originated from “Mansuba” a
combination of man (people) and
suba (river)
- Manobo are located mostly in
Sarangani, Agusa del Sur, Davao
Provinces, Bukidnon, north and
south Cotabato.
CULTURE
- Buya or marriage is practiced until
now and a marital union is always
for and in a consideration of dowry.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- Men’s clothing
o “Wanes”
- Women’s clothing
o “Lufid”
- “Kemage”, headdress
- “Sudong”, if it is attached to a
comb.
BELIEFS and PRACTICES
- Revolve around many unseen spirits
interfering in the lives of humans.
The spirits are also believed to have
human characteristics.
- The Manobo's use a farming system
called kaingin.
5. MAMANWA
- Mamanwa means “first forest
dwellers” derived from “man”
(first) and “banwa” (forest)
- One theory suggest that the
Mamanwas are the descendants of
the original inhabitants of the
Philippines who arrived through
landbridges.
- Mamanwas are located in the
Caraga region, southern Leyte,
Surigao del Sur, Surigao del Norte,
and Agusan del Norte.
DIALECT
- “MAMANWA LANGUAGE”
(Minamanwa)
PRACTICES
- Relies on kaingin
- Lives within communities lead by:
o Datu/ Dakula/ Hawodon –
head or village leader.
o Malaas – council of elders that
assists the Dakula.
 o Tambalon/ Tambajon/ Baylan
– work as healers and
religious leader in rituals.
- RITUALS
o Pagsangkalanlan – aimed to
invite tama and for a bountiful
harvest of wild animals.
o Hongodgod – for good
harvest of root crops.
o Kahimonan – grand festivity.
BELIEFS
- Tahaw/ Magbabaya (supreme deity)
- Abyan (the spirit)
- Tama (herder of hunting animals)
- Diyatot (lowest in the rank of
deities)
- Maradyaw and Mataro (Good and
Bad)
CURRENT EVENTS
- Poverty
- Little to no access to basic needs
- Lack of educational opportunities
- Faces threat to their ancestral
domains due to modernization.
6. T’BOLI
- Also known as “Tagabili.”
- the term “T’boli” is derived from
the combination of two words;
“t’bo” and “li” which refer to
“people living near the riverbanks”.
- They are located in the southern
part of Mindanao, specifically in the
province of South Cotabato.
DIALECT
- They speak the “T’boli language”
which belongs to the Austronesian
language family. It is part of the
South Mindanao language
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- Women’s Clothing
o Blaan (Blouse)
o T’nalak (Skirt)
- Men’s Clothing
o Malong (loincloth)
o Bongkit (Headgear)
BELIEFS
- T’boli tribe adheres to an indigenous
belief system rooted in animism and
a strong connection to the spiritual
world. They recognized various
deities and ancestral spirits.
- Rituals:
o Seselong – spirit invocation
for guidance, protection, and
blessings.
o Divination – to seek answers
or insights into future events.
o Dreams and Omens –
interpreted as messages from
the spiritual world.
 o Tudbulul – a wooden figure
that represents a deity and is
believed to have the power to
bring rain, ensure good
harvest.
PRACTICES
- Sacrificial rituals – may conduct
rituals involving animals. This is to
appease the spirits.
- T’nalak festival – celebrates the
T’boli culture particulary the art of
t’nalak weaving.
TOPIC 4 – TRI-PEOPLE OF
MINDANAO
1. Lumad
2. Moro
3. Christians
- THE LAND OF PROMISE – that is
Mindanao, Philippines famously
known for.
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT MINDANAO
- For years, the Southern area of the
Philippines has been stigmatized
and ostracized by the country. It is
also have been labeled as violent,
unsafe and dangerous.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
- Mindanao, a region with a rich
cultural diversity, is home to
numerous indigenous tribes,
- The fact that the island and its
people are strongly rooted to its
indigenous and pre-Hispanic
traditions undeniably making it the
place with the purest versions of the
culture of the first Filipinos, of our
forefathers and this is very evident
in the society in the region.
THE CONCEPT OF TRI-PEOPLE IN
DEPICTING THE PEOPLES OF MINDANAO:
CHRISTIANS, MUSLIMS, AND LUMADS.
- This rich land has not only attracted
the lowly inhabitants of other
islands, but has also been a magnet
for a big fortune seeker who want
to dominate and control its vast
resources. For this reason, many
Christians have come to settle
alongside the island's original
residents – the Lumad and the Moro
people. Thus, the tri-people
character of Mindanao was born.
1. LUMADS
- "Refers to the ethno-linguistic
tribes no matter what their religion
is." There are 18 Lumad
ethnolinguistic groups namely, Atta,
 Bagobo, Banwaon, B’laan,
Bukidnon, Dibabawon, Higaonon,
Mamanwa, Mandaya,
Manguwangan, Manobo, Mansaka,
Subanon, Tagakaolo, Tasaday, Tboli,
Teduray, and Ubo.
- They inhabit various regions in
Mindanao, including Davao,
Bukidnon, Surigao, and other areas.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- features vibrant, handwoven fabrics
adorned with intricate patterns,
reflecting their cultural richness.
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
- centered around animism and a
strong connection to nature and
ancestral spirits.
- engage in rituals, ceremonies, and
traditional dances, reinforcing their
cultural identity and fostering
community bonds.
DIALECT
- Lumads speak distinct languages
and dialects based on their ethnic
groups, such as Manobo, T'boli, and
Higaonon.
2. MOROS
- The Moro were one of the original
settlers in Mindanao. Along with the
group known as Lumad in
Mindanao, the Moros are an
indigenous population that had
been living on the islands long
before the coming of Spanish
colonialism.
- Some dominant Moros tribe include:
the Maranaos, Tausug,
Maguindanao and etc.
- Moros primarily reside in the
southern Philippines, including the
regions of ARMM (Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao) and
parts of Soccsksargen.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- (Men’s clothing)
o Malong (tube skirt) or
o Kandit (waist band)
- (Women’s clothing)
o Malong or Patadyong (tube
skirt)
o Tapi or Tudong (head
coverings)
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
- Moros are predominantly Muslims,
following Islam. The Majority are
Sunni Muslims, and their beliefs and
practices align with Islamic
teachings.
- Practice daily prayers
- Fasting during Ramadan
 - Adherence to Islamic dietary laws
DIALECT
- include Tausug, Maranao,
Maguindanao, and others. These
languages belong to the larger
Malayo-Polynesian language family.
3. CHRISTIANS
- The term Christian refers to those
people who adhere to Christianity.
And they were products of the long
history of the Spanish conquest,
Christians came to Mindanao as a
product of migrations after a search
of wars in the north.
- In Mindanao, Christians are
scattered throughout the region.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- Widely based on denomination and
cultural factors. In general, includes
modest and respectful clothing,
others embrace for conservative
ones, others go for a more casual
approach.
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
- Centered around the life, and
resurrection of Jesus Christ.
- These include:
o faith in the Holy Trinity
(Father, Son, and Holy Spirit),
o the authority of the Bible, and
o the concept of salvation
through faith in Jesus.
- Different denominations may have
distinct doctrinal nuances, such as
views on sacraments,
predestination, or the role of Mary
- Worship services includes: Mass,
prayer, reading of scriptures.
- Prayer includes: individual and
communal prayer.
- Sacraments/ Rituals: Baptism,
Eucharist (Holy Communion)
- Acts of Charity: charitable activities
and helping those in need
DIALECT
- Primary language of communication
depends on the local context and
the denominational traditions.
TOPIC 5 – BANGSAMORO
- Bangsamoro is an autonomous
region in the Philippines established
to address the historical struggles
and aspirations of the Moro people.
- It grants the region more self-
governance powers to promote
peace, development, and the
preservation of the cultural identity
of the Bangsamoro community.
- The establishment of Bangsamoro
was the culmination of several years
of peace talks between the
 Philippine government and several
autonomist groups.
- The people of the Bangsamoro
region, including Muslims, Lumads,
and Christians, have a culture that
revolves around kulintang music, a
specific type of gong music, found
among both Muslim and non-
Muslim groups of the Southern
Philippines.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING
- Malong, rectangular or tube-like
wraparound skirt.
- Women wear Hijab.
- Men wear polos and pants with a
hat called taqiyah.
- Yakan
o Yakan Zawal – striped
GOVERNANCE OF SHARIA LAW
trousers
o Badju Yakan – Men’s button
up shirt
o Yakan Pis – Head scarf
o Seputangan Teed – Apron
o Sakan Pinalantupan – Sash
o Pagal Bato – Bride’s button up
jacket
o Batawi – Brass buttons
BELIEFS
- The Bangsamoro people, mainly
composed of various Muslim ethnic
PRACTICES
groups in the Philippines, often
share common beliefs rooted in
Islam. These beliefs include the:
o oneness of Allah,
o the importance of the Quran,
and
o adherence to the teachings of
Prophet Muhammad.
- The basic tenets and practices of
Islam within the Bangsamoro
culture revolve around the Five
Pillars of Islam, including:
o Shahada (declaration of faith),
o Salat (prayer),
o Zakat (charitable giving),
o Sawm (fasting during
Ramadan), and
o Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
- governance through the application
of Sharia law.
- Sharia law plays a crucial role in the
governance of the Bangsamoro,
guiding legal and ethical principles.
Its application reflects the
integration of Islamic values into the
region's legal framework,
influencing matters of family law,
dispute resolution, and moral
conduct.
- Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha
 - Daily prayers, fasting during
Ramadan, and adherence to Islamic
teachings significantly shape their
way of life
- Sultanate system where local
leaders, known as Sultans, hold
authority
- Singkil – traditional dance
- Pagana – native way to welcome
guests and visitors
LANGUAGE
- Major Dialects
o Maguindanaon - spoken by a
majority of the population of
Maguindanao del Norte and
Maguindanao del Sur
o Maranao
o Yakan
o Tausug
o Sama
o Iranun
o Tiruray
o Sabah Malay
TOPIC 6 – CURRENT ISSUES
AND CHALLENGES OF IPS
- 14.7 million Indigenous Peoples (IPs)
from 110 ethno-linguistic groups
primarily in Northern Luzon and
Mindanao.
- The "Indigenous Peoples Rights
Act" (IPRA) recognizes IPs' right to
manage ancestral domains and is
the cornerstone of current national
policy on IPs. The Constitution also
mandates state protection and
promotion of IPs' rights.
Key Issues and Challenges facing IPs
in the Philippines:
1. Land Rights - Displacement and
Encroachment: Indigenous
communities often face threats
to their ancestral lands due to
infrastructure projects, mining,
logging, and other forms of
development.
2. Resource Exploitation -
Extraction Industries: Indigenous
lands are often rich in natural
resources, attracting interests
from mining and logging
industries.
3. Marginalization and
Discrimination - Indigenous
peoples in the Philippines may
experience social and economic
marginalization, leading to
disparities in access to education,
healthcare, and other essential
services.
4. Cultural Preservation - Cultural
Erosion: Globalization, migration,
and modernization contribute to
the erosion of traditional cultures
and practices among indigenous
communities. Efforts to preserve
and revitalize indigenous cultures
are crucial.
5. Education and Health - and justice systems of indigenous
Indigenous communities often
have limited access to quality
education and healthcare
services. This contributes to
disparities in well-being and
development outcomes.
6. Legal Recognition and Rights -
Recognition of Ancestral
Domain: The legal recognition
and protection of ancestral
domain rights are essential for
the wellbeing of indigenous
communities. Issues related to
the titling and demarcation of
ancestral lands can be complex.
7. Conflict and Peacebuilding -
Conflict Over Resources:
Competition for land and
resources can lead to conflicts
between indigenous
communities and other
stakeholders.
8. Climate Change Impacts -
Vulnerability: Indigenous
communities may be particularly
vulnerable to the impacts of
climate change, including
changes in weather patterns and
the loss of traditional livelihoods.
9. Customary Laws and Justice
Systems - Recognition and
Integration: Integrating and
recognizing the customary laws
communities within the national
legal framework can be a
challenge but is crucial for
promoting justice and resolving
conflicts.
10. Participation in Decision-Making
- Inclusive Governance: Ensuring
the meaningful participation of
indigenous peoples in decision-
making processes at local
regional, and national levels is a
key challenge. This includes
participation in matters affecting
their lands and communities.
- Efforts by government agencies,
nongovernmental organizations,
and indigenous advocacy groups are
ongoing to address these
challenges. It's advisable to refer to
more recent reports and studies for
the latest developments in the
situation of indigenous peoples in
the Philippines.
TOPIC 7 – PEACE EDUCATION
I. Fundamental Concept
o Peace
o Violence
o Conflict
II. Selected Issues
 o Overview of Peace Challenges
o Challenging the War System
I. Fundamental Concept
- PEACE
is not only the absence of war and
other forms of direct/physical
violence but is also the presence of
conditions of well-being and just
relationships in the various spheres
of human life (social, pol., eco.) as
well as between humans and the
natural environment.
- The various levels of peace include:
o personal or inner peace,
o interpersonal peace,
o intergroup or social peace,
o peace between & among
states, and
o peace between humans and
our Earth home and even
beyond it.
- VIOLENCE
Humanly inflicted harm, as
distinguished from harm that comes
from non-human causes
HOLISTIC DEFINITION OF PEACE
- Negative Peace:
o Absent of direct/Physical
violence (macro and micro)
- Direct violence:
o War, killings, torture
- Positive Peace:
o Presence of conditions of
well-being and just
relationships: social, eco., pol.,
ecological.
- Structural violence:
o Poverty, hunger
- Socio-cultural violence:
o Racism, sexism, rel.
intolerance
- Ecological violence:
o Pollution, overconsumption
- CONFLICT
A natural part of life, conflict cannot
be avoided. Conflict occurs when
beliefs, values, and actions are
unacceptable to another
person/group and hence resisted.
II. The Challenges
1. Physical/ Direct Violence -
micro & macro levels (armed
conflicts). Some are bet. gov’t
 & non-state armed actors
(internal rebel groups)
2. Structural Violence
Proportion of poor Filipinos
registered at 23.7 % in the first
sem. Of 2021.
3. Socio-Cultural Violence –
sexism, racism, discrimination
vs. IPs and other religions
4. Ecological Violence
deforestation, mining
THE ETHICAL/MORAL CHALLENGE: WHAT
OUR VARIOUS FAITH & SPIRITUAL
TRADITIONS SAY:
Shared fundamental peace teachings:
- Love and compassion
- Nonviolence
- Justice and fairness
- The Golden Rule*
- Basis for Interfaith Unity
Hence, our rationale and motivation:
- An Ethical imperative
o Upholds the dignity & life of
all humans and all of creation
o Upholds the other ethical
norms taught by spiritual &
humanitarian traditions
- A Practical Necessity
o Seeks to reverse the negative
impact of violence: human,
material & environmental
-
III. ISSUE FOCUS: CHALLENGING
THE WAR SYSTEM
- An online survey on Debate.Org
(until 2021) shows 65% saying YES to
the question: Are humans naturally
–
violent?
- We need to challenge the belief that
violence is inherent in human nature
and thus cannot be avoided because
it can be used to justify the use of
violence and war as a means to
respond to conflicts.
THE SEVILLE STATEMENT ON VIOLENCE,
Main Points:
1. It is scientifically incorrect to say
that we have inherited a tendency
to make war from our animal
ancestors. Very few species fight
among themselves and none use
weapons. Warfare is a human
invention.
2. It is scientifically incorrect to say
that human genes produce violent
behavior. They provide the potential
for behavior but how a person
 actually acts depends on how s/he
was raised.
3. It is scientifically incorrect to say
that humans have a violent brain.
We have the potential to act
violently, but whether we do or not
is shaped by how we were socialized
or brought up.
4. It is scientifically incorrect to say
that war is caused by instinct.
Violent behaviors associated with
war are not in-born but something
humans have learned.
THE TRUE FACE OF WAR
1. A war dehumanizes us & the
COMPONENTS OF ALTERNATIVE GLOBAL
“enemy”. It sets us into “enemy
SECURITY SYSTEM
thinking”. Our differences with
outgroups are exaggerated allowing
xenophobia. Real or invented
threats make us sacrifice everything
in war, even to the extent of
committing genocide.
2. Deaths and suffering caused by war
are appalling. 1989-2012: the high
estimate of battle deaths world-
wide, including civilians, is 116, 056,
674.
o historically at least half of all
deaths in wartime have been
civilians
o 89.3 million forcibly displaced
worldwide, 2021.
o Sexual violence against
women is prevalent during
armed conflict
o Children cannot live normal
lives &, worse, are recruited as
child soldiers.
3. Wars destroy the environment.
- The war system encourages nations
toward more and more military and
arms spending to “prepare” them
for any possible threat.
- Global mil. spending in 2021: $2113
billion
1. Demilitarizing security - NV
norms & alternatives to military
intervention (non-provocative
security posture, Disarmament)
2. Managing Conflict without
Violence - Shift to pro-active &
non-provocative posture
3. Creating a Culture of Peace
(CoP) - A set of beliefs, values
and behaviors that is based on
respect for life, ending all forms
 of violence, and practice of
nonviolence through education,
dialogue & cooperation
- Replace the old story: “History is
but a succession of wars” & tell a
new story: “Humans are
interconnected and should develop
a “partnership society.”
- Nurture our global & planetary
citizenship through Peace
Education.
TOPIC 8 - SITUATION IN
MINDANAO
- A study conducted by the Mindanao
Development Authority (MinDA)
showed that the island-region now
enjoys a “general atmosphere of
peace and order, from a place of
concern.”
- Adrian Tamayo, MinDA public
relations division head and author of
the study, noted the agency started
in August 2022 the first region-wide
study “on the experience of safety;
demonstrated respect of the police
to the community; people’s trust on
the police; and the overall
satisfaction on the police services to
secure the community so that
residents can freely live, work, and
do business without fear of harm or
threat.”
A survey was conducted in the first
quarter of 2023 involving 7,000
respondents from Mindanao’s six regions.
- The results of the “Mindanao Trust,
Respect, Safety, Satisfaction
Survey” revealed a favorable
perception among those surveyed,
with the tallies at 91% trust, 90%
satisfaction, 90% respect, and 88%
safety.
- The study noted that people in
Mindanao “enjoy the benefits of
safe and secure communities
resulting from trustworthy police
services across regional offices.”
- Among Mindanao’s six regions,
Davao Region and Northern
Mindanao enjoyed the highest
public trust at 92%.
- The study attributed the high trust
among respondents in the Davao
Region to having been declared as
“insurgency-free” while Northern
Mindanao was recognized “as
among the top contributors of
addressing the armed conflict in the
country.”
 - During his recent visit in Davao City
- In terms of respect, BARMM and on July 29 for the distribution of
Northern Mindanao posted the assistance to flood victims, he
highest with 92%, followed by lauded President Ferdinand R.
Caraga with 90%, Davao Region 89%, Marcos, Jr. for lifting Proclamation
Soccsaksargen with 89%, and No. 55 which declared the state of
Zamboanga Peninsula with 88%. national emergency on account of
lawless.
- For safety, Northern Mindanao,
BARMM and Zamboanga Peninsula
posted the highest safety ratings at
89% while Davao Region, Northern
Mindanao and Soccsksargen with
88%.

DOES MINDANAO HAVE A PEACE AND

ORDER?
- A study conducted by the Mindanao
Development Authority (MinDA)
showed that the island-region now
enjoys a “general atmosphere of
peace and order, from a place of
concern.”

IS MINDANAO A LAND OF PROMISE?

- BUTUAN CITY — The island of
Mindanao recouped its notable
prestige as the ‘Land of Promise,’
when President Ferdinand R.
Marcos Jr. issued Proclamation No.
298 lifting the state of national
emergency on account of lawless
violence.

DID PRESIDENT MARCOS LIFT A STATE OF

NATIONAL EMERGENCEY IN MINDANAO?