FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC FLOW

The data below shows the result of the flow

of traffic at certain part of the highway by
speed →
Total distance traveled over total time of observing the arrival times for four vehicles
travel .
at t wo sections A and B that are 150 m
apart. Compute the space mean speed of the
TWO TYPES OF SPEED vehicles.
* Time Mean Speed /MK)
>
speed taking into account a point along a

roadway
> arithmetic mean of the speed .

EV
Mk =

* space Mean speed / Ms)

>
speed taking into account a segment of the solution :
roadway .

Ms =
? Ms =
n
"
> Harmonic mean of the speeds
.
Ev

-4=1/-1-7-24 -

I __ 7- 24sec
n ^
Ms = or
tz=Tt9 -37 -

Itt 3) = 6.37sec
,
'T
-

gy E
tz=Tt 12.47 -

(Ft 6sec)= 6.47sec

sample Problem 1 .
1-4=171-21.78 -

(171-12)=9 -78sec

Two sets of students are collecting traffic data at 150m

V1 =

t wo sections A and B of a highway 200 m apart. = 20 -92m / s

7. 24s
Obser vation at A shows that 4 vehicles pass that
section at intervals of 8.18 sec, 9.09 sec, 10.23 Vz= 150m
= 23.55m / s
sec, and 11.68 sec. 6- 37s

V2 = 150m
, =
23.18mV
a.) Mk= ? 6.47s
V. = 200m
= 24.45m / s
g. 1g V24 = 150m
=/ 5.34m / s
9- 78s
Vz = 200m Mk=24 -451-221-19.551-17.12
= 22m15
g. og 4 n
Ms =

-1
V3 = 200M
19.55m / s 20 78m15
Sv
=
Nk = -

10-23 Ms =
4
MK 207813-6 ) '

(20.721-11-123.55511-123.18)
= '
1-115-345
-

V4 = 200m = 17.12m / s
11.68
Uk
= 74.81 kph µ, = 20.09 Mls

Ms =
20.09 / 3. 6)
b.) Ms ? 2078m "
/ I}ffm)¥f)
=

Ms -_
72.34 kph

Ms = n = 74.81 kph
"
EV

Ms = 4

122511-119-555't
'
124.45) 't / 17.125
-

Ms = 20.42 Mls

Ms = 20.42 Mls ( 3. 6)
Us = 73.50 kph

FAHAD SINSUAT
 3.) From the following data of a freeway The spot speeds in kph observed at a road
sur veillance, there are 5 vehicles under section are 66, 62, 45, 79, 32, 51, 56, 60, 53,
obser vation and the following distances are the and 49. Evaluate the median speed in kph.
distance each vehicle had traveled when
obser ved every 2 sec. Reg 'd : median speed

32,45149151153 56160,62 66,79 ,

,

531-56
=
54-5
a.) Compute the time and space mean speed 2

b.) Standard deviation of the space distribution

speed.

a.) Ms =
? ;Mss= ?
b.) standard deviation
DENSITY AND FLOW
Us = n
"
EV
Traffic Flow / g)
N' = 24.4m
= 12.2m , ,
> number of vehicles passing through a

2s
point -

V2 = 25.8m
=/ 2. amps
> Veh / hr
2s

V3 = 247m
= 12.35mi , Traffic Density /K)
2s > number
of vehicles traveling per length
V4 = 26.7m Of the roadway .

=
13.45 Mls
2s > Veh / km

22.gg#=11-45m1s
✓ g- =

Speed
Ms =
5 > space mean speed
112.25 't / 12.9 ) 't / 12.355't (13-45)-11-41.45)
-
"

12.43 Mls
q=MsK
Ms =

Ms = 12.43/3.6)
sample Problem
Ms = 44.75 kph
1.) There are 4 vehicles passing through
Mk = 12.21-12.91-12.351-13 -451--11-4-5
an intersection of highway in a period of
5 20 seconds.
MK = 12.47

MK = 12.47 / 3. 6)

MK =
44.89 kph

' a.) Determine the space mean speed in

b.) Mk = Ms t 0 kph.
Ms
b.) Computethe flow of traffic if the
44.89=44.751-02 traffic density is 60 veh/km.
44.75

0=2.5

/ variance )
'
O = 6.27

FAHAD SINSUAT
1.) a.) Rea 'd : Ms =
? 2.) The vehicle time headway is 2.5 sec/
vehicle and the spacing of cars
Ms 40.50 kph
measured at a point along the North
=

Luzon Expressway from a single lane is

60 m /veh over the course of an hour.
b.) Given : 60 vehlkm

Req 'd : q a.) Compute the traffic density

b.) Determine the space mean
q = Msk speed in kph.
of =/40.5014mi / hr) / Ym)
60 Veh /

Given : t= 2.5 see Wen

9=2430 Ven Ihr 5. =
60 MI Ven

Required : a.) k =
?
b.) q =
?
'

Sol n :

a.) St, =
I

=•o÷n=/% / 9%5
1 I
k = '

sit

K 16.67 veh
space Headway
=

Tam
> The distance between successive

vehicles moving in the same lane measured

b.) Ms =
?
from head to head at any instance
.

q= Msk
¥( /vein)
km
Sa
g÷ ¥
=
TH
9
= = =

z.gs/3Yn?s-)
1 Ven
Time Headway of
=

> The time interval between the passage

in the same
of the successive vehicles moving
lane measured from head to head as they
q= 1440
ve÷
pass a
point on the road .

g- Msk
-

Tn =

# ( hrlven)
1440
Veg = Ms 16.67
¥1m
Ms =
86.38 kph

FAHAD SINSUAT
3.) During peak hours, 3800 vehicles pass through
a certain highway from 9:00 am to 11:00 am,
with space mean speed of 20 kph. What is the
average space headway per vehicle?

Rea 'd : sit =

?
Given : n -3800rem
-

1- = 2hr5 Given : '

M= 20 Kph 9=2340 Veh / hv

soln :
Ms __ 52 kph
Required :S# = ? 2420Wh = 52km
*
9=38OzOn%h_ = 1900 Veh / hrs
q=Msk
°¥T
""
/
q=Msk 2340=52 / k)
1900=20 / K )
52 km/hr
1<=45 Veh / km
k= 95 Veh / km

Sit = I
sit =s*=
1*11%1-1
45rem
K
22.72in
SH '

|Y¥
Sit = 1km1
95rem

Sit =
10.53M / Veh

FAHAD SINSUAT
 FREE FL OW SPEED AN D JAM DENSIT Y

speed no .

Of vehicles
Monday / 4am ) Fast 10W

Monday 18am) " 0W High

symbolize as Sam Density

Free Flow speed
density is
if the jam zero
-

M=Mf ; K=O
N speed =

Mf
=
free-flow speed
0 j K = K,
µ =

maximum flow
G man
=
,

g- Msk-

Msmax =
¥
kmax =

combine :

9ma×=M÷ k{ .

Cfmax =
# Mfkj
9ma×=Mf¥
1-

ylk )
49ma?
( 0 . Kj)
•

y = At Bx
y
y= At BM

( UFO )
•
( )
✗ m

Formula :

K
Ms =
Mf / l -

ks
)
Sample Problem 1 b.) Ks =
?

Two Platoons of cars are timed over a 19=165 -

3µ°
distance of 0.5 km. Their flows are 114=165-310)
recorded. The first group is timed at 40
k= 165
seconds, with the flow at 1,350 vehicles per Ve÷m
hour. The second group took 45 seconds,
with a flow of 1800 vehicles per hour.
c.) qmax = 4- Mfks
a.) Determine the free-flow speed in kph .

b.) Determine the jam density in Veh / km qmax =

4- 15511165)
c.) Determine the maximum flow of the traffic stream
in vehlhr 2268.75
qmax
Vff
.
=

Given :

Group 1 Group 2

t =
40sec tz= 45sec

9=1350 Veh / hr 9=1800 vehlhr

speed :( M=×)

/ )
0.5km 3600s
µ, =

40s 1hr

M ,
= 45 Km/hr

( 36,00ms)
Nz = 0.5km

45s

Mz = 40 kph

Density ( k =
yaxis )

9 = Msk

1350 vehthr
K ,=
45 km 1hr1

K ,= 30 Veh / km

ki-Y.fi?mYY-rKz=45Vehlkm
Coordinates :

G, / 45,30 ) ; 62140,45)

k= A 1- BM

calculator : 1-1=165 ; 13=-3

A- Mf ; 19=0

M=o;k=kj

a.) Mf = ?

K = 1651-1-3)M
0=165-3 Mf

Mf = 55 kph
Sample Problem 2 .

The Southern Luzon Expressway was

designed to carry a free-flow speed of 50
kph and a capacity of 4000 vehicles per
interaction of a road leading to Laguna
there were 3600 vehicles counted, what
is the space mean speed of these
vehicles?

Given : 50 Kph
Mf =

4000 Veh 1hr

qmax
=

g- Msk
-

of
= 3600 ✓ eh / hr

Required : Ms =
?
qmai-dyll.sk
wht
solution
4000=4150 Mnr) 19
:

* Ms =
Mf / I
-

¥;)
Kj = 320 VM / try
*
qmax =
4- (Mt) ( Kj)
*
q=msk Ms -_
Mf /I -

¥)
✓ 3600 =
Msk Ms =
50 (I -

K = 3600 →
eq I .

Ms

✓ 9 max
4- (Mt) / K )
=
)

4000%1=14-150 KIT) Kj
Kj = 320 Ved
km

substitution eq l -
to formula

Ms =
50/1 3T¥ ) -

3220

50/1 )
Ms = -
3600

320ms

Ms
32.91K¥
=
Sample Problem 3 Sample problem 4

A portion of the extension of SLEX has a A car moves along florida at maximum speed
free flow speed of 60 km/hr and a capacity of 64 miles/hour. If the maximum flow is 1849
of 3,600 veh/hr. If in a given hour, 3,344 vehicles/hr, determine the density at which
vehiclea were countered at a specified the flow is maximum in veh/km.
point along this highway, determine the
traffic density (vehicle/km) of these 3344
:Ms=64mi÷ / )
Given 1-6091'm
vehicles. 1 mile
_- 103 Kph

Given : Mf = 60 Kph
qmax =
1849 Ven
3600 vehlhr Tv
qmax
=

9=3,344 vehlhr Required : K =

?

Required : K= ? Solution :

Sol 'n :

Ofmax # Mf Kj
=
*

Ms
-
-
Mell -

÷)
Msk
*
g=
g- Msk
-

* K= Kj
2
3344M¥ =µsK * Ms =
Mf
Ms = 3344 y 2
→ eg .

k
103 = Mf
2

9 max Mf Kj
=

Nf --
206 Kph

3600M¥ 4- 160km / ) Kj =
nr

1849=14-1206) / Kj)
Kj = 240 Veh / km Kj =
35.903 Veh
Tam
substitute eq -1 to formula :
K =
35-903

3344=60/1 ¥-0 )
k
-
2

19=17.95 Veh
11=88 Veh Tam
Tam

V
Queuing theory
vehicles / individuals lining up and waiting for service
.

Arrival Rate (t)

> the rate at which vehicles arrive at the quen point .

Departure Rate (M)

> The rate at which vehicles leaves the que n point .

Traffic intensity
> Ratio of the arrival rate to the departure rate .

A 1 arrival rate )
p =

M 1 departure rate)

QUEU MODELS

D D 1
Types Of Types Of no
of departure
.

Arrival Departure Channels

Arrival and departure :

Types Of
1.) Deterministic (D)
-

constant arrivals /equal time intervals )

2.) Markovian 1M ) uneven intervals / exponentially distributed)

example : Deterministic
1st 5
5veh_
min 2nd 10

3rd 15

example : Markovian
60 Veh 1st 1

hr 2nd t

3rd T

:
60TH I
Sample Problem 1 .

A freeway has three lanes in each sirection and has a maximum flow of 100 vehicles/min. It
is operating at 50 vehicles/min. A collision occurs, blocking the two lanes and restricting the
flow of the third lane to 25 vehicles/min. The freeway has a constant speed of 60 vehicles/hr
and its three-lane jam density is 60 vehicles/min. The incident is completely cleared in 30
minutes and traffic returns to normal as soon this happened.
a.) Determine the length of qnen 20 minutes after the collision
b.) Determine the longest vehicle qnen
c.) In how
many
minutes will the auen dissipate ?
d.) How many vehicles were affected by the accident .

e.) Compute the total delay due to accident

f) What is the average

Given :
qma×= woven / min /_ three lanes b.) ①max =
?

µ
✗ =

=
50

25 Veh / min
vehlmin
)
<
y > µ i. Q
^

.
to -30

-1=30 mins
loot =
/
100 to -30)
solution :

'

50T →
i. Qmax
✗ = 50 Veh / Min est !
I 1- I 1 I 1 1 )
M = 25 Veh / min to to 4050 60
30 W

Me = 100 Veh / min

4--50-1 030=501--25-1
M = 25-1 ① 30=50/3) -
2513)
Me =
100T
no .

Of vehicles Qzo = 750 Veh

I
I
c.) 0=0 .
:X =M

t / mins)
if do to do to 50-1=100 /to -30) 1- 750
>

v v
Ven Ven

a) Qzo = ?
to = 45min
veh
d.) Affected / always arrival rate )
^

intersect
* +
✗ 4g = 50T
got 0120
; ;

it
•
, i 1 I

60
1st
745=50/45)
01020 30 4050 70

✗ 45=2250 Veh
Qzo = A M

Qzo = 50T -25T e.)

Qzo= 50120 ) -25120) n

④ zo = 500 Veh
;

i.
i
i.
Qmaxi
! .

,
TOTAL DELAY
, ,
É , É l s

£ ( Qmax ) ( )
to
10 20 3040 45

1-D=
12-(7507/30) t 2- (7507/45-30)
f- (7507/45) = 16875 Veh_
1- D= 16875 Veh / min
min
f.) Dave =
?

Dave = TD

= 16875 Veh . min

2250 Veh

Dave = 7- b- mins
Sample Problem 2 Dave =
2700 Ven min
-

60min
A single toll gate at an expressway opens at exactly
Gave =
45 Ven
9:00AM. Vehicles arrive at a rate of 720 vehicles per
hour. At 9:30, the arrival rate reduces into 360
vehicles per hour and continues at that level for the d.) Find the average time spent by
remainder of the day. Nine (9) vehicles can be served each vehicle waiting at the toll gate .

by the toll gate every minute. Using D/D/1 queueing

model,
Dave
¥
=

Given :

Ven? / form;D
7=720 ' 4=12-11-6 It -30)
= 12th /min
✗ =
1213071-6 140-307

360M¥ (jY_mm)
£ N
130 =
= 6 vent min
= 540 veh =

M = 9 Veh / min Dave = 2700 Went mins

540 vent

7 = 12T ; ✗ 30=6-1 ; M = at Dave = 5min,

to -30
1 ,

= 6 /to -30 )
let
•
Q -0
i. qmax
i
12T i 9T

¥
.

I 1 I
'

1 I
0 10 20 30 40 50

a.) at what time after 9:00AM will the qneu dissipate

Q = 0 : ✗ =M

12130 ) 1- 6 /to -30) =

9to

to = 60 mins

b.) Evaluate the maximum a new length.

① max = 12/30 ) -

9130)

90 veh
Qmax =

Jin

c.) Find the average qneu length

Q are = TD

to

TD =
I / Qmax ) ( to)
TD =

12-(90×60)
TD =
2700 veh min .
sample Problem

A ramp meter operates during the morning peak period. Ramp meter cycles
vary with time as shown in the table below. The metering scheme allows one
vehicle per cycle to pass the signal. The table below gives the number of
vehicles demanding service on the ramp during the particular time intervals, the
cumulative demand for the ramp for the morning peak and the ramp meter cycle
for each interval.

'

Time Period 15min volume cumulative volume Meter cycle

6:30 6:45 75 75 6
-

6:45 -

7:00 100 175 10

7:00 -

7:15 125 300 12

7:15 -
7:30 110 410 12
7:30 -

7:45 80 490 10

7:45 -
8:00 65 555 6

a.) What are the service rates for meter cycle 12s ?
15min /60 )
spy , = = 754th / 15min
12s

Iveh SRZ
=

12s -15min 160 )

b.) What are the service rates for meter cycle 10s

15160 ) 90rem
SRO = =

10 15min
,

c.) What are the service rates cycle les

15160 )
150 Veh
5136 = =

F-
-

15 mins

d.) Determine the time qneu on the ramp begins and ends .

6:45 and 8:00am

e.) Determine the longest qn.eu

 Given from an observation
along EDSA during rush hour .

Mean free speed =

64 Kph
Jam Density = 120 Veh 1km

a.) Determine the maximum flow of traffic

9 max =
Mf Kj

9 max
(64*14)/ no
Y÷m )
9 max
1920M¥
=

b.) Determine at which the flow of traffic is maximum .

V=
21Mt
V =

12-164 )
V =
32 kph

c.) Determine the

density at which the flow of traffic is maximum

kik
K=

lZ0vzehlkm_
=

K = 60 Veh 1hr

1.) speed portion of the density of vent mile

The highway m¥es_
mean flow at a is 62.8 & a jam 110

mif÷ /
Given :
Nf 62-8
Yf
=
= 101-0452

/Hain)
Kj = 110 Veh I
mile

Kj 68 37
Vk÷
= '

a.) Density when the flow is maximum

9. =
& Mf Kj Km/hr Veh/km

9. =
f- (101-045)/6837 )

9 = 1727-111
¥1
of
=
Ms K

1727-111
÷h =
Us K

Ms
=MY
Ms =
Mf / I
-

÷) 1M¥ (1010451/1-6%37)
=
K=
34.22k¥
 b.) Maximum capacity in venlnv

9-Max =

4- Mf Kj
1-41101.0451/68.37 )
=

9 Max =
1727.11
V¥
c.) speed of maximum flow

Ms

Ms
=

=
101.0451m 1¥

50 y
.
hr

KI
-

3!j÷§¥"¥
hi

3.) Due to closure of certain lanes of a

highway /under repair ) , the capacity

Given
110T¥
:
K, =

Mf =
64 kph

qmax
IT Nif Kj
=

41641¥) / 0%1*1
= "

1760
V¥r
=

upstream = 0-8011760)
=
1408 vehl.hr
 6.) Determine the service rate of one toll booth every 10min

a.) se
10k¥
-
-

SR =

10 min

b.) maximum qneu

0=1100 -

(2001-3001-300)
0=300 Vehicles

c.) longest delay

-40min
longest delay
 Peak Hour Factor ( PHF )
volume to the maximum of flow within the
the ratio of total hourly rate hour .

V > total Volume in 1 hour

PHF =

4 /Vig ) > Peak 15min flow

1.) Time a.) Peak hour

8:00 -

8:15 32 b.) Peak Hour Volume

8:15 -
8:30 37 c.) Peak Hour Factor

8:30 -
8:45 29
8:45 -
9:00 33

9:00 -
9:15 37

9:15 -
9:30 19

a.) 8:00
-
9:00

321-371-291-33=131 Veh

8:15 -

9:15

321-371-297331-37=136 Veh

8:30 - 9:30

37 1- 291-331-371-19=118 Ven

b.) Peak Hour Volume

PHV= 136 Veh

c.) Peak Hour Factor

PHF =
I
4145)

= 136

4137)
= 0.92

2.) For the given data shown

time V01

6:00 -
6:15 375

6:15 -
6:30 380

6:30 -
6:45 412

6:45
-
7:00 390

a.) Peak Hour

6:00 -
7:00

3751-3801-4121-390=1557 Ven

b.) PHF =L c) Design Hourly Volume

41%-7
DHV =PHV_
= 1557 PHF

4¥ =I557_
=
0.94 0-94

= 1656.382 Ven
Accident Analysis
AADT -
Annual Average Daily traffic
24hr traffic volume at
given location over a
full year
The average a
.

ADT -

Average Daily traffic

-

the average 24hr .

traffic volume at a given location

for a speed of time less than a
yr
.

Directional Design Hourly Volume

DDHV = / K ) (D) (AADT )

K =
proportion of AADT occurring at Peak hour

D= peak hour volume proportion in the major direction

.

< 60%

40% >

Accident 100 million vehicle miles of travel for segment of

Rate for a a
highway
A (100×106)
R =

ADT/M) 13654

Accident rate per million for entering vehicles for an intersection

A (1×106)
R =

(API ) /N)/365 )

severity Ratio

SR =
fatal t injury accident
fatal t
injury accident + Property Damage

1.) The projected AADT

of a proposed facility 33,000 is vent day .
If the proportion of AADT in design hour is 161
. and the

peak
-
hour directional distribution is 65.35 Det .
the DDHV -

Given : AADT =
30,000

K= 161 '

D= 65%

DDHV = AADT (K) (D)

= 33,000 (-16/1.65)

=
3432 ✓ eh
/ day
2.) The number of accident for 6 years recorded
in a certain intersection of a
highway is 4877 .
If the average is

647 What . is the accident rate per million .

R= A (1×104)
ADT (N ) /3651

= 4877/1×-104
(647)1611365)
= 3441.95

=
3442

3.) The number of accidents for b- years recorded in a 10 mile long highway is 2345 If the
.

average daily traffic is

502 what ,
accident rate per hundred million entering ven ?

⇐
¥¥¥:÷ ,

13=2345 (100×106)

502 (5) (365×10)

13=25596.245

R =
25597

4.) Data on traffic accident for b- years recorded on a certain sketch of two highway is shown below .
Determine the SR .

Year Property Damage fatal

injury
2001 213 67 5

2002 178 89 4

2003 152 55 3

2004 183 74 2

005 245 21 I

971 314 15

SR = fatal t injury
fatal t injury 1-
property damange

SR =
15 + 314

151-3141-971

SR =
0.253
seat work

g.) A freeway is to be designed as

passenger
-
car -

Only facility for an AADT

of 35000 Veh / day .

is estimated that the freeway will have

free flow speed of 70 mph The
a .
design will be for commuters

and the peak hour

factor traffic travelling in the peak direction The K .
-

factor for this freeway is

0.148 , determine the directional design hourly volume .

Given : 15--0-148

M = 70 mph

AADT = 35.000

D= 0-65

Required :
DDHV =
?
'

So / n :

DDHV =/D) ( AADT ) / K)

=
(0-65)/35000 ) (0-148)
DDHV = 3367 Veh / day

Given : N = 0.4×2-36×+1000
✗ = 20 yrs

N = ?

501h :

N= 0.4/2072-361207+1000
N =
440 accidents

Given : A- =
5432
ADT =
476

N = 6 yrs

Required : R := ?
solution

R=
A (1×106)
ADT ( N ) / 365)

R= 5432/1×106)
476 / 6) 1365 )

13=5211
 931 293 131--1

Given :
512=0.24863

Required : fatal ?
Solis :

fatal 1- Injury
SR =

fatal 1- Injury 1- Prop Damage

.

0-24863=131--1 t 293
131--11-2931-961
✗= 11.997

✗ = 12 fatal

4:00 -5 : 00=671-761-711-94 = 308

4:15 -5 : 15=761-71 1-941-103=344

4:30 -

5:30 =
711-941-1031-114=382
4:45 -
5:45 = 941-1031-1141-135=446
5:00 -
6:00 = 1031-1141-1351-113=465

5:15 -
6:15 =
1141-1351-1131-90=352

5:30 -

6:30 =
1351-1131-90477
=
415

a.) Peak Hour

5:00 6:00
-

b.) PHVF c.) DHV

PHF=¥ ,
DH "
,¥¥-
465
=Y÷
PHF =

4/1357 ,

PHF - O -

861 PHV =
5.40-07
Sight Distance
The length of roadway visible to a driver .

The two types of sight distance common in roadway design are stopping sight distance

distance
and passing sight .

Eye level line of sight

I <
object
I
☐

SD ,

Sight distance elements

1.) Driver Eye Height
> is the observed eye height of a driver

2.) Object Height

>
possible object in the path of vehicle
.

3.) Design speed

> maximum safe speed that can be maintained over specified section of Highway .

SSD > It is the distance required to see an object on the roadway .

Two Components of SSD

Reaction Distance

> Distance travel while the drivers perceives a hazard .

dr =
Vtr

v= Velocity ; tr = Reaction time

AASHTO suggest value of Reaction time to 2.5sec

Braking Distance

The distance require for vehicle to slow down and stop .

V2 V2
db= Or db =
in kph
291ft 6) 254 f

v =
velocity in Mls
'

9=9.81 MIS
f coefficient of friction
=

6 =
grade of a roadway •• 3- de
d, = ✓ Bt , 1-
Izatt min PSD -_
3- dat dztdq

SSD Vtr V2 dz= Vatz

=
+
min PSD 4 l d3
=
d
2g (-1+-6)

Passing sight Distance

> is the minimum distance open to the vision of the driver of a vehicle intending
to overtake the slow vehicle ahead safely against the traffic in the opposite direction .

>
incoming vehicle PS D= dit dztdztdy
" "
.

Overtaken
iii.
'

"

<

iii.
'

-
-

vehicle
-
-
- -
-
. -

. -

:-.
.

.
,
>
.

÷
/
i.
 A man is driving his car at a speed of 80kph sees an obstruction along its way. Calculate the minimum
sight stopping distance required if
a.) The Car is on level road
b.) The car is on +5% grade road
c.) The Car is on -4% grade road
Use f=0.15

Given : V=8OkPh
-5=0.15 c.) 6=-41 .

a.) level Road b.) 6=1-51 .

SSD -_ 284.37m
SSD __ Vt -1 V2
V2
SSD -_
vtt
2gf 291ft 6)

1¥)
' >

SSD
-1%0,112.571-(8%-6) 219.81 ) / 0.15 ) ssD=( ¥ ) / ,
2. g) +

219-817/0.151-0.05)
5513=223 -35m
SSD __
181.40m

Calculate for the design speed of the specific section of a highway as vehicle approach a
pedestrian lane with sight distance of 82m on a -2.5% grade.Use f=0.33

Given : SSD __ 82m

f- =
0.33

6=-2.51 .

Required :V= ?
Solin :
V2
82=11/2 -5s)t
2/9.81/(0.33-2.51)

✓ =
15.91 .

A car moving at 80kph on a level road suddenly sees an obstruction 76m ahead. If the perception reaction time
is 0.5 seconds and the coefficient of friction between the tires and pavement is 0.4, how far from the obstruction
will it stop?
76m

SSD ✗
BYB.am#m

Given : -1=0.4 Sol 'n :

'

5513=76 -

✗
I :?)
4¥ / loss>
>a- ✗
+
tr = 0.5sec
,

V=8Okph 219.81>(0-4)
✗= 1.96m
 Find the minimum sight distance to avoid a head on collision of two cars approaching at 90kph and
60kph on an inclined road. The first car is moving uphill while the second is moving downhill. Given
t=2.5 seconds, f=0.70, G=2% and brake efficiency of 50% in either vehicles.

Given : tr-2.to seconds 501h :

-5=0.70 SSD -_ SSD , + SSDZ

6=21 '

1¥ )
.

-1¥) /
SSD '
e- 50% 2.5s )+
4=90 kph 219.81>((0.70×501)+21)
Vz= 60 kph 5517=148 -60m

55132=79.93

5513=228 -53m

At what was a car traveling when breaks are applied then skids 16m before coming to stop?
Assume that the friction developed between tires and pavement is 0.4

Given : db=I6m Solis :

-1=0.4 db= v2 V2 V= 1121m / s 13.6 )
; 16m =

zgg 219.81710-4 ) V= 40.34 Kph

PSD PROBLEM

Compute the passing sight distance that vehicle A could move while overtaking the slow vehicle B before the
oncoming vehicle C.
Speef of car B=88kph
Speed of car A= 96kph Perception-reaction time=2.5 sec Average acceleration= 2.4 m/s
Time Passing vehicle occupies the left lane = 10.4 seconds
Distance between the passing vehicle the opposing vehicles = 84m

Given : VB -_
88 Kph PSD =
ditdztdztdy
VA 96 Kph di=VBt ,
talat ?
=
= 68 -61m

.am/sZti--
9=2
2.5sec d2=VA -12=277 -33m
-12=10 -4sec dz -84m
-

d3=84m
d4=}_dz=}- (277-33)--184-89
PSD= 614.83m Min
.PSD=4zdztd3
=
¥127733) 84

Min . PSD -_
453.77m
Sight distance requirement for vertical parabolic curves
> For highways , the usual basis for the minimum length of parabolic curves
may be sight
distance .

Sight distance for summit curves

> For summit / or crest ) curves , the minimum length for sight distance criterion depends on

the height of the driver 's eye and the height of the object to be seen the crest
over
of
the curve .
s

s < L

hi [ JA BBE hz
PVC PVT
L

There are two cases to be considered

CASE 1 :S < L -
[ = AS Where :S =
sight distance
)
'
2001 hi t hz L =
length of vertical curve

>
A =
absolute value of the algebraic diff .

CASE 2 : s > L L =
2s -
200 / hit hz ) A =
1g ,
-

gal in
grades
A h, eye height
-

ha =
Object height

Head light Sight distance for sag curves

1- gz
PVC
PVT

g,

h)
-

" s Stano
µ,
-
CASE 1 : s < L L =
AS

2001h 1- Stano )

CASE 2 :S > L L = 2001h 1- Stano )

zs -

If Walang value
hz= Stan 10 light sight distance
substituting h, = 0.6
'
,
and
2
in the head
>
formula .

As As As
[
0-7=200/0.6 t Stant)
= =

2001h 1- Stan 120 t 3.5s

Consequently ,
2001h 1- Stano ) 1201-3.55
[ = zg -

= zs -

A A

>
CASE 1 : s < L
[ = As

1201-3-55

CASE 2 : s >L L =
2s - 1201-3.55
A
 Appearance criterion

a.) When V > 60 kph but -1<21 .

use L= 60m

b.) when V2 60 Kph

use L= 60m

c.) When -1<21 .

use L=60m

d.) When V2 60 kph and A >_ 21 ,

COMFORT CRITERION ( FOR SAG CURVES ONLY )

AVZ
use L= [= length of vehicle
395 A -_
1g -921
,

sample Problem : SIGHT DISTANCE FOR VERTICAL CURVES

Determine the minimum length of a crest vertical curve between +0.5% grade and a - 1.5%
grade of a road with a 80 kph design speed. The vertical curve must provide a stopping sight
distance of 180m to meet the required appearance criteria assume eye height of 1.07m and
object height of 0.15m.

Given : Solin :

-
0.5% -1.5% L = AS

)
'
2001 hi t hz
A- = 0.5 -

f- 1.51 ) /
.
=
21 .

✓ =
80 Kph L =
2118072
s = 180m 200 / 1.07 to -155
h ,
__ I -07m L =
160.3m

hz = 0.15m s > L

180m 160.3

Proceed to case 2
2
200 / hit hz /
L 2s
-
=

1=2/180) -
200
( 1.07 t 0.1512
2

L = 157.9m

s > L ✓

180 > 157.9 ✓

criterion
Appearance
80 kph > 60 kph

21 .
= 21 .

L=2V

1=2180 )
'

L = 160m
 A tangent grde of -1.0% meets a +0.5% tangent grade to form a vertical parabolic sag
curve. If the curve must provide a 200m stopping sight distance and have a 110kph design
speed, determine the minimum length required.

Given :

A =
11-1.01 ) .
-

lo 5) 1
-

A = 1. 51 .

S = 200m

✓ =
110 kph

case 1 : s < L

>

L = As

1201-3-55

L = I -5 ( 20072
120 t 3.5 (200 )
L = 73 .
2m

s < L

200 7 73.2 ✗

case 2 :S > L

L = 2s - 120 t 3- 5s

L = 21200 ) - 120 t 3.51200)

1- 5

L = -
146.7m

Appearance criterion
110 Kph > 60 Kph
1- 5 % < 21 .

L =
60m

Comfort Criterion

L = A V2

395

2
L =
1.51110 )
395

L =
45.95m

L =
60m Wtc is lesser than or

nearer than 5- 200m