Name: LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 1

One-Sample T-test

T-test

T-test is a statistical test that compares the mean of two groups of data. As a parametric test, t-test assumes
the normality of data distribution and the other assumptions. Depending on the nature of samples, t-test
can be classified as follows:
a. One-Sample T-test
b. Independent Samples T-test
c. Paired Samples T-test

AS_1a.
The t-distribution was developed by an employee of Irish brewery in the person of William S. Gossett. He
chose to publish his findings using the pen name “Student”. To honor his work, the distribution is known today
as “student t-test”. Discuss briefly the history and works of this mathematician.

One-sample t-test

This is a statistical test to compare the population mean and the sample mean. The formula for this t-test
is:
𝑥̅ − 𝜇 (𝑥̅ − 𝜇)√𝑛 − 1
𝑡= 𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑡=
⁄ −1 𝑠
√𝑛
Where:
𝑥̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑠 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Its degrees of freedom is equal to 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1

Example 2.1.1. From the records of Mr. Abad, he found out that the average scores of his students
who took the 30-item pre-test in his Statistics subject is 25.5. He is interested to know whether
this has a significant difference between the scores of his 30 students who got an average
score of 28.4 with a standard deviation of 2.7. Assuming that the data set is normally
distributed, test at 0.05 level of significance.

Take note that before the conduct of hypothesis testing, we do need to be sure that we have satisfied
certain assumptions. These include:
1. The sample was selected with random sampling.
2. The variables are measured at the appropriate level for the test in question.
3. The shape of the sampling distribution of the statistic is known.

To answer the problem, we will test the hypothesis that:

𝐻0 : The mean scores of the previous students and the 30 students are equal.
𝐻𝑎 : The previous students’ and the 30 students’ mean scores differ.
Utilizing the given formula, we determine the t-computed value given that:
𝑥̅ = 28.4, 𝜇 = 25.5, 𝑛 = 30, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = 2.7
(𝑥̅ − 𝜇)√𝑛 − 1 (28.4 − 25.5)√30 − 1 (2.9)√29
𝑡= = = = 5.7841
𝑠 2.7 2.7
Advanced Statistics /LAS 1/Page 1 of 4
 The t-critical value can be obtained by looking up on the table of critical values for a t-distribution found
in the appendices of any Statistics book. However, the Microsoft Excel can help you obtain such by
entering the formula:
= T. INV. 2T (α, df) = T. INV. 2T (0.05, 29)
t-critical
It will return 2.0452.
Note that when using this method in deciding whether to accept or reject the hypothesis, if:
• t-statistic < t-critical, do not reject the Ho.
• t-statistic > t-critical, reject the Ho and conclude the Ha.
Since 5.7841 > 2.0452 we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that that the scores of the 30
students are significantly higher than the scores of the previous students.

We can also use significance-based decision making wherein we are going to calculate the probability
associated to the computed t-value using MSExcel function formula.
= TDIST(t statistic , df, tails) = TDIST(5.7841, 29, 2)
P-value
It will return 0.000.
Note that when using this method in deciding whether to accept or reject the hypothesis, if:
• P-value < α, reject the Ho and conclude the Ha.
• P-value > α, accept the Ho.
Since we set 𝛼 = 0.05 and 0.000 < 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the scores of
the 30 students are significantly higher that the scores of the previous students.

AS_1b.
The Department of Education requires school teachers to work 40 hours per week during the school year. A
district school supervisor surveyed 27 randomly selected teachers and found that they work an average of
43.7 hours a week and the standard deviation was 3.46 hours. Test if the mean number of hours worked by
the teachers in the supervisor’s school district differs from what the DepEd requires. Test using 𝛼 = 0.05. Follow
hypothesis testing procedure.
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
𝐻𝑜 :
𝐻𝑎 :
2. Decide the level of significance, 𝒂.
The hypothesis will be tested using 𝑎 = ______ level of significance with a degrees of freedom
____________________________________________________________.
3. Choose the appropriate test statistic.
The test that will be used is ___________________________________ because __________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________.
4. Compute the value of the statistical test.
Computation:

5. Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.

Compute t-critical Compute probability/ significance value
using MS Excel: using MS Excel:

𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = __________ 𝑝 = __________

Decision: Reject Ho Accept Ho Decision: Reject Ho Accept Ho

Reason: Reason:

6. Draw a conclusion.
Conclusion:

Advanced Statistics /LAS 1/Page 2 of 4

 AS_1c.
A private school wants to procure DLP projectors. An electronics company that joined the bidding process
claims that their DLP projectors have bulbs that have a length of life that is approximately normally
distributed with a mean of 800 hours and a standard deviation of 40 hours. Test the hypothesis that 𝜇 = 800
hours against the alternative 𝜇 ≠ 800 hours if a random sample of 30 projector bulbs has an average life of
788 hours. Use a 0.05 level of significance. Follow hypothesis testing procedure.

AS_1d.
The average height of females in the freshman class of a certain college has been 162.5 centimeters. The
height of 25 randomly selected female college freshmen is collected as shown in the table below. Is there a
reason to believe that there has been a change in the average height? Follow hypothesis testing
procedure and use a 0.05 level of significance in testing this claim.
Student Height Student Height Student Height Student Height Student Height
A 145 F 150 K 174 P 166 U 186
B 158 G 167 L 188 Q 188 V 183
C 167 H 187 M 176 R 199 W 182
D 193 I 180 N 155 S 159 X 178
E 148 J 176 O 140 T 198 Y 174

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Advanced Statistics /LAS 1/Page 4 of 4