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Anaphy Lec 3
Anaphy Lec 3
Lecture | Chapter 3
CELLS: THE LIVING UNITS
➢ are specialized structures or membrane-bound ➢ The force required to prevent the movement of H2O
compartments within the cell that have specific across a selectively permeable membrane
functions. ➢ The measure of the tendency of H2O to move by
osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane.
TYPES OF OSMOTIC SOLUTIONS
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION • Receptor – mediated endocytosis -the movement/transport
of a substance into the cell after binding with the receptor
➢ lower conc. of solutes & higher conc. of H2O than molecule
the cytoplasm of the cell
➢ Solution has less tone, or osmotic pressure than
the cell
EXOCYTOSIS
➢ H2O moves into cell → swell → rupture (lysis) ➢ movement out of cells by vesicles
➢ allows the release of materials from cells.
ISOTONIC SOLUTION ➢ secretion of materials from cells by vesicle
formation.
➢ equal concentrations of various solutes and water ➢ e.g. secretion of digestive enzymes by the
on both sides of the cell membrane pancreas secretion of mucus by the salivary
➢ The cell neither shrinks nor swells glands.
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
ORGANELLES
➢ higher concentration of solutes and a lower NUCLEUS
concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the • contains 23 pairs of
cell. chromosomes, which consist of
➢ H2O moves from the cell into the hypertonic DNA and proteins
solution → cell shrinkage, or crenation • the chromosomes are loosely
coiled and collectively called
CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT MECHANISM chromatin
• Nucleoli – diffuse bodies with no
➢ the movement/transport of large, water-soluble surrounding membrane that are
molecules or electrically-charged ions across a found within the nucleus; consist
membrane by means of a carrier molecule. of RNA and proteins; and are the
sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis
➢ exhibits specificity - only specific molecules are and ribosomal subunit assembly.
transported by the carriers
TYPES:
MITOCHONDRIA FLAGELLA
• Small organelles with inner and • Longer than
outer membranes cilia
separated by a space • Usually occur
• outer membranes have a smooth only 1 per cell
contour, but the • Found on
inner membranes have numerous sperm cell
folds, called surface
cristae • Propel sperm
• Mitochondria are the major sites for the cells
production
of ATP, which cells use as an energy
source.
• Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration, MICROVILLI
requiring O2 to break down food molecules to • do not actively move as cilia
produce ATP. and flagella do
• abundant on the surface of
cells that line the
CYTOSKELETON intestine, kidney, and other
- cell’s framework areas in which
- made of proteins absorption is an important function.
• increase surface area of certain cells and thus,
FUNCTION .
- supports the cell
- holds organelles in place
- enables cell to change shape WHOLE CELL ACTIVITY
• Composed of microtubules, microfilaments,
and intermediate filaments. ➢ A cell’s characteristics are ultimately determined by
the types of proteins it produces, which are
Microtubules determined by the genetic information in the
• largest diameter nucleus.
• support the ➢ Understanding how genetic information is used in
cytoplasm of cells, the cell and distributed to daughter cells is important
assist in cell for understanding basic cellular activity
division, and form
essential components DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
of cilia and • A long molecule that contains our
flagella. unique genetic code. Like a recipe
Microfilaments book, it holds the instructions for
• smallest diameter making all
• involved with cell movement the proteins in our bodies.
Intermediate filaments • Contains four basic building blocks
• smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in or bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C),
diameter than microfilaments guanine (G) and thymine (T).
• The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the
information available for building and maintaining an
organism
• DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with
G, to form units called base pairs.
• Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a ➢ Of the 23 pairs, 1 pair is the sex chromosomes, 2 X
phosphate molecule. chromosomes (female) or an X chromosome and a
• Together, a base, sugar, and Y chromosome (male).
phosphate are called a nucleotide. ➢ The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called
• nucleotides joined together to form autosomes
two nucleotide strands ➢ The sex chromosomes determine the individual’s
• has a unique ‘double helix’ shape, sex, and the autosomes determine most other
like a twisted ladder.
characteristics
• with the base pairs forming the
ladder’s rungs and the sugar and
phosphate molecules forming the vertical MITOSIS
sidepieces of the ladder ➢ cell division that occurs in all cells except sex cells
• Each DNA molecule contains many different genes ➢ a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells with
• GENE – a sequence of nucleotides that provides a the same amount and type of DNA as the parent
chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein cell.
• DNA can replicate, or make copies of itself
➢ divided into four stages: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase
GENE EXPRESSION
➢ The ultimate expression of a gene is the production
of a protein from the information contained in DNA
➢ its effect on physiology contributes to the trait or
'phenotype' we observe.
➢ The information encoded in a gene goes through a
multi-step process in which it is copied, transported,
read, and finally, used as a template for building
proteins.
➢ involves transcription (making a copy of a gene)
and translation (converting that copied information
into a protein
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
✓ ANAPHASE
➢ chromatids separate
➢ moved towards opposite poles by the spindle fibers
➢ cleavage or pinching in is evident
➢ cytoplasm begins to divide
✓ TELOPHASE
➢ chromosome disperse
➢ nuclear envelop is forming again
➢ spindle fibers disappear
✓ CYTOKINESIS
➢ cytoplasm divides
APOPTOSIS
• Cellular clock
• Death genes
• DNA damage
• Free radicals
• Mitochondrial damage