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Dr. Mahipal Singh Rathore

 320 Years of Sultanate
TIME PERIOD No. of DYNASTY
YEARS

1206 - 1290 AD 84 SLAVE DYNASTY (Mamluk Turk/Ilbari )

1290 - 1320 AD 30 KHILJI DYNASTY (Seljuq Turk)

1320 - 1414 AD 94 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

1414 - 1451 AD 37 SAYYID DYNASTY

1451 - 1526 AD 75 LODI DYNASTY

©DrMahipalRathore
• Insulted by Khusro Khan, the Turkish nobles of Delhi
invited Ghazi Malik (then the governor of Punjab under
the Khaljis), to lead a coup in Delhi and remove Khusro
Khan.

1320 – Ghazi Malik launched an attack with the help of an

army of Khokhar tribesmen.

Khusrau Khan killed after defeats at the Battle of

Saraswati and Battle of Lahrawat.

After assuming power, Ghazi Malik renamed himself

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq – thus starting and naming the
Tughlaq dynasty. ©DrMahipalRathore
 Tughlaq Dynasty
Tughlaq Sultan Reign
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1320 - 1325
Mohammad bin Tughlaq 1325 - 1351
Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351 - 1388
Tughlaq Khan 1388 - 1389
Abu Bakr Shah 1389 -1390
Nasiruddin Mohammad Shah III 1390 - 1393
Alauddin Sikandar Shah 1393 - 1394
Nasiruddin Nusrat Shah Tughlaq 1394 -1398 Ruled different parts
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah Tughlaq 1394 -1413 of the doab region
©DrMahipalRathore
 The Tughlaqs
1320 – 1414

Longest ruling dynasty in

Sultanate period.

©DrMahipalRathore
 Ghiyas ud din Tughlaq 1320-25

•After ascending to the Delhi throne, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq adopted

a sustained and vigorous forward policy.

Thus, we see an expansion of Delhi sultanate’s borders now.

©DrMahipalRathore
1321 – He sent his eldest son Ulugh Khan (later known as Muhammad bin
Tughlaq), to Deogir to plunder the Hindu kingdoms of Warangal (now part
of Telangana).

His first attempt was a failure.

Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements

for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again.

This time Ulugh Khan succeeded.

Arangal fell, was renamed to Sultanpur, and all plundered wealth, state
treasury and captives were transferred from the captured kingdom to
Delhi Sultanate. ©DrMahipalRathore
This was followed by the
conquest + annexation of
Mabar (Tamil Nadu coast).

After this, Ulugh

(Muhammad Bin Tughlaq)
raided Odisha.

Returned to Delhi with

rich plunder.

©DrMahipalRathore
By 1324 – The Delhi Sultanate
reached up to Madurai.

1328 – The last Hindu

principality of the area –
Kampili (south Karnataka) was
annexed.

Excuse for attacking it = A

rebel (Muhammad bin
Tughlaq’s cousin) had been
sheltered there.
©DrMahipalRathore
The Expansion of Sultanate rule

©DrMahipalRathore
Bengal had been virtually independent since the death of Balban.

1324 to 1325 AD – After placing Delhi under control of his son

Ulugh Khan, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq led his army to Lukhnauti
(Bengal), and captured it after a series of battles.

As he and his favorite son Mahmud Khan were returning

from Lakhnauti to Delhi, eldest son Ulugh Khan schemed to kill
him inside a wooden structure (kushk) built without foundation
and designed to collapse, making it appear as an accident.

©DrMahipalRathore
 Architecture and Art
under Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
•Tughlaqabad fort

•Khusrau’s Tughlaq Namah

•Contemporary of Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya (‘Hunuz dilli

door ast’)

©DrMahipalRathore
Constructed Tughlaqabad in Delhi
(one of the 7 cities).

©DrMahipalRathore
Mohammed Bin Tughlaq 1325-1351
• Jauna Khan/Ulugh Khan

• Tolerant nature in religious matters.

• Novel experiments – but all failed.
• Only sultan who had received a literary, religious &
philosophical education.
• Judged harshly by contemporary historians like
Barani, Isami and Ibn Batuta.

©DrMahipalRathore
The sudden expansion of the Delhi Sultanate to southern
India and to the east + Orissa = created tremendous
administrative and financial problems.

These had to be faced by Muhammad bin Tughlaq now.

©DrMahipalRathore
 Transfer of capital
• Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) for
better “central” control.

• He forced royals, common people &

Sufis to move to Daulatabad, but
many of them died in the rigorous
journey (1500 Km).

• After 2 years, the Sultan abandoned

Daulatabad & asked them to return
to Delhi.

©DrMahipalRathore
• Since, money is a medium of exchange, today all countries
have token/fiat currencies – paper notes – so that they do
not have to depend on the supply of gold and silver.

14th Century – Global value of silver suddenly fell.

In China, Kublai Khan had successfully implemented a

token currency (paper based).

The Mongols of IlKhanate (Iran) also experimented with it.

©DrMahipalRathore
 MBT’s Token Currency

• MBT introduced bronze and copper coins at par value of

silver Tanka.

Exchanged silver coins for all copper coins (medieval

demonetization?).

This move was not well received by people of India.

• The introduction of copper coins at par value of silver Tanka

led to forgery, hence the Sultan had to stop the circulation.
©DrMahipalRathore
Silver coins

©DrMahipalRathore
The Forced token currency coins

©DrMahipalRathore
• To overcome financial difficulties, he imposed heavy tax
revenue in Doab, which led to strong revolt from peasants
(as at the same time a strong famine was also ravaging).

• Later, Sultan launched a scheme by which “Takkavi loans”

(Loan for cultivation) were given to farmers to buy seeds &
to extend cultivation.

©DrMahipalRathore
• A separate department for agriculture “Diwan – i – Kohi” was
established.

• Model farm created – This experiment was further continued

by Firoz Tughlaq

• On Muhammad Bin Tughlaq’s Death, Barani quoted “Finally

sultan was freed from people & people from sultan”

• Barani called him as ‘’a mixture of opposites.’’

©DrMahipalRathore
 Jahanpanah
• Jahanpanah was the fourth city of Delhi.

• Jahanpanah was built in 1327 by Muhammad-bin-Tughluq

(1325-51).

• It was built by enclosing the then inhabited area between

Qila Rai Pithora and Siri, the finest two cities of Delhi.

©DrMahipalRathore
• The stone-built walls of the city
cross the Delhi-Mehrauli road.
• The relicts of the walls still
traceable at several places such
as to the north of Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT), to
the north of Begampur and
south of the Khirki mosque, to
the north of Chirag Delhi at
Satpula, and close to the Hauz-
Rani gate of Qila Rai Pithora.

©DrMahipalRathore
1000 to 1060 – Lal-Kot founded by Anang
Pal II.

1303 – Siri founded by Alaudin Khilji.

1321 – Tughlaqabad founded by

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

1327 – Jahanpanah founded by

Muhammad-bin Tughluq.

©DrMahipalRathore
1354 – Firuzabad founded by Feroze
Shah Tughlaq.

1533 – Purana Qila founded by Sher

shah/Humayun.

1639 – Shahjahanbad founded by

Shah Jahan.

1911 – New Delhi established by

British Raj.
©DrMahipalRathore
 Rebellions and loss of Deccan

• Madurai Sultanate.
• 1336 Vijayanagar kingdom
• 1347 Bahamani kingdom
• Governors of Oudh, Multan and Sind revolted against the
authority of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
©DrMahipalRathore
 Ibn Batuta

• Traveller from Morocco

• Travelled to 40 countries (if counted
today)
• Visited India during MBT’s rule
• Acted as Chief Qazi of sultanate in Delhi
for 6 years
• Ran from MBT finally
• Book- The ‘Rihla’
©DrMahipalRathore
Firoz Shah Tughlaq 1351-1388 CE
• MBT’s cousin

After MBT died – Power vacuum

Reluctant ruler

Ruled a diminished empire

©DrMahipalRathore
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