Some Basic Derivatives (1)

Proof:

Example:

Proof:
Example: (2)

Example:

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Trigonometric Functions

PROOF:
Now (3)

and
 (4)

PROOF: Assignment
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Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Function

PROOF:

′ (𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥+ℎ − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥
𝑒ℎ − 1
𝑓 = lim = lim = 𝑒 lim = 𝑒𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑒 ℎ− 1
[∴ lim = 1]
ℎ→0 ℎ

1⁄
As since lim (1 + ℎ) ℎ =e
ℎ→0
1⁄
That is (1 + ℎ) ℎ ≈𝑒
⟹ 1 + ℎ ≈ 𝑒ℎ
𝑒ℎ− 1
⟹ ≈1
ℎ

𝑒ℎ − 1
lim =1
ℎ→0 ℎ
 (5)

PROOF:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
ln(𝑥 + ℎ) − ln(𝑥)
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

1 ℎ
= lim ln (1 + )
ℎ→0 ℎ 𝑥
1
ℎ ℎ
= lim ln (1 + )
ℎ→0 𝑥
𝑥 1/𝑥
ℎ ℎ 1
= ln [ lim (1 + ) ] = ln [𝑒 1/𝑥 ] =
ℎ→0 𝑥 𝑥
 New Derivatives from Old (6)
1) Algebra of Derivatives
Example: (7)

Theorem: (Differentiability of Polynomials)

A polynomial function P(x) is differentiable everywhere.

PROOF : Assignment.
 (8)

Theorem: (Differentiability of RATIONAL FUNCTIONS)

A rational function P(x)/Q(x) is differentiable everywhere except at the points
where the denominator Q(x) is zero.
 (9)

PROOF:
 (10)
2) Derivatives Of Compositions

That is,

GENERALIZED DERIVATIVE FORMULAS

 (11)

Since

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(12)
(13)
 (14)
DERIVATIVES OF THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
(15)
 (16)
Hyperbolic Functions
(17)
 (18)
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
(19)
Exercise (20)
Implicit Differentiation (21)
The functions given by equations of the form
y = f (x)
in which the dependent variable y on the left is given explicitly by an expression on
the right involving the independent variable x.
A function in this form is said to be in explicit form.
For example, the functions

are all functions in explicit form.

➢ Sometimes practical problems will lead to equations in which the function y

is not written explicitly in terms of the independent variable x; for example,
equations such as

Since it has not been solved for y, such an equation is said to define y implicitly as
a function of x and the function y is said to be in implicit form.

Remark: An equation in x and y can implicitly define more than one function of
x. This can occur when the graph of the equation fails the vertical line test, so it is
not the graph of a function of x.
For example, if we solve the equation of the circle
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
for y in terms of x, we obtain 𝑦 = ±√1 − 𝑥 2 , so we have
found two functions that are defined implicitly by above,
namely, f1(x) = √1 − 𝑥 2 and f2(x) = − √1 − 𝑥 2 .
The graphs of these functions are the upper and lower
semicircles of the circle
 (22)
This leads us to the following definition.

Example: The graph of 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 is not the graph of a function of x, since it does

not pass the vertical line test, see figure below

Remark: it is difficult or impossible to do this for some equations. For example,

the equation
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 6𝑥𝑦
can be solved for y in terms of x, but the resulting formulas are too complicated
to be practical.

Other equations, such as 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝒙𝒚) = 𝒚, cannot be solved for y by any elementary

Method, it may not be possible to find explicit formulas for those functions.
 (23)

Example:
(24)
 (25)

Figures 7 and 8 show three more curves produced by a computer algebra system
with an implicit-plotting command.
 (26)

Exercise-3.1

True–False Determine whether the statement is true or false. Explain your answer.
 (27)
HIGHER DERIVATIVES
(28)
Higher Derivatives :
If f is a differentiable function, then its derivative f  is also a function, so f  may have a

derivative of its own, denoted by ( f  ) = f  . This new function is called the second
derivative of f because it is the derivative of the derivative of f .
Using Leibniz notation, we write the second derivative of y = f ( x ) as

Example :