Physical Properties

of Soil
Examples

Soil Mechanics (1)

(2)
‫)‪CHAPTER (1‬‬ ‫‪2023‬‬ ‫‪PHYSICAL PROPERTIES‬‬

‫ملخص القوانين‬
‫𝑉𝑉‬ ‫𝑉𝑉‬
‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫=𝑒‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫=𝑛‬
‫𝑆𝑉‬ ‫𝑡𝑉‬
‫𝑊𝑉‬ ‫𝑊𝑊‬
‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫= 𝑟𝑆‬ ‫)‪(4‬‬ ‫= 𝐶𝑊‬
‫𝑉𝑉‬ ‫𝑆𝑊‬
‫𝑡𝑊‬ ‫𝑆𝑊‬
‫)‪(5‬‬ ‫= 𝑏𝛾‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬ ‫= 𝑑𝛾‬
‫𝑡𝑉‬ ‫𝑡𝑉‬
‫𝑆𝑊‬ ‫𝑡𝑊‬
‫)‪(7‬‬ ‫= 𝑆𝛾‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬ ‫= 𝑡𝑎𝑆𝛾‬ ‫)𝑡𝑎𝑠(‬
‫𝑆𝑉‬ ‫𝑡𝑉‬
‫𝑆𝛾‬
‫)‪(9‬‬ ‫𝑊𝛾 ‪𝛾𝑆𝑢𝑏 = 𝛾𝑆𝑎𝑡 −‬‬ ‫)‪(10‬‬ ‫= 𝑆𝐺‬
‫𝑊𝛾‬
‫𝑜𝑒‪𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥−‬‬ ‫𝑜𝑉‪𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 −‬‬
‫)‪(11‬‬ ‫= 𝑟𝐷‬ ‫=‬
‫𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑒‪𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 −‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑉‪𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 −‬‬

‫العالقة بين الحجم والوزن‬

‫𝑆𝛾‬ ‫𝑆𝑊‬
‫= 𝑆𝐺 ∵‬ ‫= 𝛾‪,‬‬
‫𝑆 𝑊𝛾‬ ‫𝑆𝑉‬
‫𝑺𝑽 ∗ 𝑾𝜸 ∗ 𝑺𝑮 = 𝑺𝑾 ∴‬
‫𝑾𝑽 ∗ 𝑾𝜸 = 𝑾𝑾 ∴‬
‫‪Note that :-‬‬
‫الحظ عند حدوث تشبع ال يتغير أبدا كال من ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬حجم العينة الكلى‬
‫‪ -2‬حجم الفراغات‬
‫‪ -3‬حجم ووزن الحبيات الصلبة‬

‫)‪SOIL MECHANICS (1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪CHAPTER (1‬‬ ‫‪2023‬‬ ‫‪PHYSICAL PROPERTIES‬‬
‫أنواع المسائل فى جزء الخواص الفيزيائية للتربة‬
‫‪ -1‬مسألة ال يوجد بها قيمة وزن أو حجم معين‬
‫فى بداية أى مسألة يتم رسم ال ‪Prism‬‬
‫يتم الفرض علي حسب معطيات المسألة في الغالب يتم فرض‬
‫‪𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑆 = 1.00‬‬
‫‪ -2‬مسألة بها قيمة وزن أو حجم معين‬
‫فى بداية أى مسألة يتم رسم ال ‪Prism‬‬
‫نمأل أجزاء ال ‪ Prism‬بإستخدام المعطيات‬
‫‪Note that :-‬‬
‫فى حالة السدود الترابية حيث يتم احضار التربة الخاصة من المحاجر ‪-:‬‬

‫‪𝑉1 1 + 𝑒1 𝛾𝑑2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪𝑉2 1 + 𝑒2 𝛾𝑑1‬‬

‫)‪SOIL MECHANICS (1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

CHAPTER (1) 2023 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Problem (1)
The Bulk density of Soil 1s 1.97 gm/cm3 and its Water Content 20 % Taking the
Specific Gravity 2.65, Find the Void ratio and degree of Saturation

Solution
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑆 = 1.00
𝑊𝑆 = 𝐺𝑆 ∗ 𝑉𝑆 ∗ 𝛾𝑊 = 2.65 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 = 2.65
𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑊
∵ Wc = ∴ 0.2 =
𝑊𝑆 2.65
∴ 𝑊𝑊 = 0.2 ∗ 2.65 = 0.53
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑉𝑊 ∗ 𝛾𝑊 → 0.53 = 𝑉𝑊 ∗ 1.0 →∴ 𝑉𝑊 = 0.53

𝑊𝑡 0.53 + 2.65
𝛾𝑏 = ∴ 1.97 = → ∴ 𝑉𝑡 = 1.61
𝑉𝑡 𝑉𝑡
𝑉𝑉 1.61 − 1.00
∗ e= = = 0.61 = 61% → (1)
𝑉𝑆 1
𝑉𝑊 0.53
∗ 𝑆𝑟 = = = 0.86 = 86% → (2)
𝑉𝑉 1.61 − 1.00

Problem (2)
The Bulk and dry densities of soil sample are 1.77 and 1.5 t/m3respectivity, if the
degree of saturation is 60 % what is the specific gravity and porosity. Then calculate
the amount of water added for full saturation without change of volume.

Solution

SOIL MECHANICS (1) 4

CHAPTER (1) 2023 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑡 = 1.00
𝑊𝑆 𝑊𝑆
𝛾𝑑 = → 1.5 = →∴ 𝑊𝑆 = 1.5
𝑉𝑡 1.00
𝑊𝑡 𝑊𝑡
𝛾𝑏 = → 1.77 = →∴ 𝑊𝑡 = 1.77
𝑉𝑡 1.0

∴ 𝑊𝑡 = 𝑊𝑊 + 𝑊𝑆 = 1.77
∴ 𝑊𝑊 = 0.27
𝑉𝑊 0.27
∵ 𝑆𝑟 = ∴ 0.6 = ∴ 𝑉𝑉 = 0.45
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑆 = 1.00 − 0.45 = 0.55
𝑊𝑆 1.5⁄
𝛾𝑆 ⁄𝑉
𝐺𝑆 = = 𝑆
= 0.55 = 2.73 (1)
𝛾𝑊 𝛾𝑊 1.00
𝑉𝑉 0.45
𝑛= = = 0.45 = 45% (2)
𝑉𝑡 1.00
for full saturation without change of volume
∆𝑉𝑊 = 1.00 − (0.55 + 0.27) = 0.18
∴ the amount of water added = 0.18 ton
per unit volume of total volume

Problem (3)
The Weight of partially Soil Sample is 600 gm and its Volume is 365 cm3, after oven
drying the weight of sample reduced to 543 gm . Takingthe specific gravity 2.67 , find
the water content , void ratio and degree of saturation . if the sample is saturated with
water without change in volume . find the saturated density

Solution
𝑊𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝑊𝑆 = 543 𝑔𝑚

SOIL MECHANICS (1) 5

‫)‪CHAPTER (1‬‬ ‫‪2023‬‬ ‫‪PHYSICAL PROPERTIES‬‬
‫𝑆𝑉 ∗ 𝑊𝛾 ∗ 𝑆𝐺 = 𝑆𝑊‬
‫𝑆𝑉 ∗ ‪∴ 543 = 2.67 ∗ 1.0‬‬
‫‪∴ 𝑉𝑆 = 203.4 𝑐𝑚3‬‬
‫𝑚𝑔‪𝑊𝑊 = 600 − 543 = 57‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑊 = 57 𝑐𝑚3‬‬
‫𝑊𝑊‬ ‫‪57‬‬
‫= ‪∗ Wc‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪= 0.105 = 10.5% → (1‬‬
‫𝑆𝑊‬ ‫‪543‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉 356 − 203.4‬‬
‫=‪∗e‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪= 0.79 = 79% → (2‬‬
‫𝑆𝑉‬ ‫‪203.4‬‬
‫𝑊𝑉‬ ‫‪57‬‬
‫= 𝑟𝑆 ∗‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.35 = 35%‬‬ ‫)‪→ (3‬‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉 365 − 203.4‬‬
‫𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑆 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝐹‬
‫ال يتغير حجم الجزء الصلب وال يتغير حجم الفراغات فى العينة‬

‫𝑡𝑊‬ ‫‪704.6‬‬
‫= 𝑡𝑎𝑆𝛾 ∗‬ ‫= )𝑡𝑎𝑠(‬ ‫‪= 1.93 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3‬‬
‫𝑡𝑉‬ ‫‪365‬‬
‫)‪→ (4‬‬

‫)‪SOIL MECHANICS (1‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

CHAPTER (1) 2023 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

𝑊𝑊 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤𝑆 1000 − 𝑤𝑆
∵ Wc = → Wc = → 0.15 = → 𝑤𝑆 = 869.6 𝑔𝑚
𝑊𝑆 𝑊𝑆 𝑤𝑆
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤𝑆 = 1000 − 869.6 = 130.4𝑔𝑚
𝑊𝑆 869.6
∴ 𝑉𝑆 = = = 322.1 𝑐𝑚3
𝐺𝑆 ∗ 𝛾𝑊 2.70 ∗ 1.0
∵ 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑉𝑊 ∗ 𝛾𝑊 → 130.4 = 𝑉𝑊 ∗ 1.00 → 𝑉𝑊
= 130.4𝑐𝑚3
𝑤𝑡 1000
𝛾𝑏 = = = 2.00 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3 → (1)
𝑉𝑡 500
𝑤𝑆 869.6
𝛾𝑑 = = = 1.74 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3 → (2)
𝑉𝑡 500

𝑉𝑉 500 − 322.1
∗e= = = 0.55 = 55% → (3)
𝑉𝑆 322.1
For Fully Saturated
𝑤𝑡 1000 + 47.5
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = = 2.10 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3 → (4)
𝑉𝑡 500
∆𝑊𝑊 47.5
∆Wc = = = 0.055 = 5.5% → (5)
𝑊𝑆 869.6

Or
𝑊𝑊1 + 𝑊𝑊2 130.4 + 47.5
Wc(after) = = = 0.205 = 20.5%
𝑊𝑆 869.6
∆Wc = Wc(after) − Wc(before) = 20.5 − 15 = 5.5%

SOIL MECHANICS (1) 7

CHAPTER (1) 2023 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

(1-b)
𝑊𝑊 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤𝑆 400 − 𝑤𝑆
∵ Wc = → Wc = → 0.3 = → 𝑤𝑆 = 307.7 𝑔𝑚
𝑊𝑆 𝑊𝑆 𝑤𝑆
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤𝑆 = 400 − 307.7 = 92.3𝑔𝑚
𝑊𝑆 307.7
∴ 𝑉𝑆 = = = 114 𝑐𝑚3
𝐺𝑆∗𝛾𝑊 2.70∗1.0

∵ 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑉𝑊 ∗ 𝛾𝑊 → 92.3 = 𝑉𝑊 ∗ 1.00 → 𝑉𝑊
= 92.3 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉
e= → 0.9 = → 𝑉𝑉 = 102.6 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑆 114
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝑉 = 114 + 102.6 = 216.6 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑊 = 102.6 − 92.3 = 10.3𝑐𝑚3
𝑤𝑡 400
𝛾𝑏 = = = 1.85 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3 → (1)
𝑉𝑡 216.6

𝑉𝑊 92.3
𝑆𝑟 = = = 0.90 = 90% → (2)
𝑉𝑉 102.6
For Fully Saturated
𝑤𝑡 400 + 10.3
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = = 1.89 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3 → (3)
𝑉𝑡 216.6

SOIL MECHANICS (1) 8

CHAPTER (1) 2023 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
3
A Soil Sample if its Wet density(unit weight) is 1.9 gm/cm and its dry density is 1.7
gm/cm3, Specific gravity is 2.7 find Void Ratio , Porosity and degree of saturation

Solution
‫في هذه المسألة يمكن فرض الحجم الكلي بواحد‬
Wet density = Bulk density
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑆 = 1.00
𝑊𝑆 = 𝐺𝑆 ∗ 𝑉𝑆 ∗ 𝛾𝑊 = 2.7 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 = 2.7
𝑊𝑆 2.7
𝛾𝑑 = → 1.7 = → ∴ 𝑉𝑡 = 1.6
𝑉𝑡 𝑉𝑡
𝑉𝑉 1.6 − 1.0
∗e= = = 0.6 = 60% → (1)
𝑉𝑆 1.0
𝑉𝑉 1.60−1.00
∗𝑛 = = = 0.375 = 37.5% → (2)
𝑉𝑡 1.60

𝑊𝑡 𝑊𝑆 + 𝑊𝑊 2.70 + 𝑊𝑊
∗ 𝛾𝑏 = = → 1.90 =
𝑉𝑡 𝑉𝑡 1.60
∴ 𝑊𝑊 = 0.34
∵ 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑉𝑊 ∗ 𝛾𝑊 → 0.34 = 𝑉𝑊 ∗ 1.00 → ∴ 𝑉𝑊 = 0.34
𝑉𝑊 0.34
∗ 𝑆𝑟 = = = 0.57 = 57% → (3)
𝑉𝑉 1.60−1.0

SOIL MECHANICS (1) 9

CHAPTER (1) 2023 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The weight of a soil sample is 320 gm and its volume is 210 cm3. The water content is
17 % and the specific gravity is 2.68. Draw the 3-phase diagram from which find
volume of air voids. Void ratio and degree of saturation ( 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝛾𝑊 = 1.00 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3 )

Solution
𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑡 − 𝑊𝑆
∵ 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑊𝑐 =
𝑊𝑆 𝑊𝑆
320 − 𝑊𝑆
∴ 0.17 = ∴ 𝑊𝑆 = 273.5 𝑔𝑚
𝑊𝑆
𝑊𝑆 273.5
∴ 𝑉𝑆 = = = 102 𝑐𝑚3
𝐺𝑆 ∗ 𝛾𝑊 2.68 ∗ 1.0
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑊𝑡 − 𝑊𝑆 = 320 − 273.5 = 46.5𝑔𝑚
𝑊𝑊 46.5
𝑉𝑊 = = = 46.5 𝑐𝑚3
𝛾𝑊 1.00
∗ 𝑉𝑎 = 210 − (102 + 46.5 ) = 61.5 𝑐𝑚3 (1)
𝑉𝑉 = 210 − 102 = 108 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑉 108
∗e= = = 1.06 = 106 % (2)
𝑉𝑆 102
𝑉𝑊 46.5
∗ 𝑆𝑟 = = = 043 = 43 % (3)
𝑉𝑉 108

SOIL MECHANICS (1) 10

CHAPTER (1) 2023 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Cylindrical Sample of Soil has a diameter of 3.57 cm and height of 10 cm, the wet
weight is 181.5 g and the dry weight is 152 g, The Specific gravity of Soil particles is
2.80.
I. Calculate the weight of water , which has to added to reach the water content of
28%
II. Find The void ratio and the degree of saturation after the wetting

Solution
 
v *D *H 
2
*3.57 2 *10  100cm3
4 4
wt  181.5 g
ws 152
vs    54.3cm3
Gs *  w 2.80*1.0
After adding water
𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤
𝑤𝑐 = → 0.28 = ∴ 𝑤𝑤 = 42.56 𝑔𝑚
𝑤𝑠 152

𝑣𝑣 100 − 54.3
(1) 𝑒 = = = 0.84 = 84%
𝑣𝑠 54.3
𝑣𝑤 42.56
(2) 𝑠𝑟 = = = 0.93 = 93%
𝑣𝑣 100 − 54.3

SOIL MECHANICS (1) 11