NAMA: Muhammad Izzaib

Kelas: Manajemen 3D

NO: 15

NIM: 044325158

1. Economic sanctions are trade and financial penalties imposed by one or more countries
against a targeted state, self-governing group or individual. Economic sanctions include
various forms of trade barriers, tariffs and settlement of financial transactions. As example is
Economic sanctions against Russia, which aim to stop aggression against Ukraine, are
classified as complex goals, so the probability of success tends to be small. This happened
when Western countries imposed sanctions on Russia for the Crimea case, where after eight
years, Crimea was still claimed as Russia's property, so these sanctions lost their purpose
and momentum.

2. To be considered a financial center, a city must have a high focus on financial institutions,
well-developed infrastructure and communication systems.
Not only that, the city must have the ability to print international and domestic trade
transactions in large numbers.
to become a financial center, a city is also required to be able to implement flexible financial
policies.

3. 1. Income per capita

Per capita income, both in terms of GNP and GDP, is one of the macro-economic indicators
that has long been used to measure economic growth. In a macroeconomic perspective, this
indicator is a part of human welfare that can be measured, so that it can describe the
welfare and prosperity of society. It seems that income per capita has become a
macroeconomic indicator that cannot be ignored, even though it has some drawbacks. So
that the growth of national income, so far, has been the goal of development in third world
countries. As if there is an assumption that the welfare and prosperity of society is
automatically shown by an increase in national income (economic growth). Even though,
some experts consider the use of this indicator to ignore the pattern of distribution of
national income. This indicator does not measure income distribution and welfare
distribution, including equal access to economic resources.

2. Economic structure

It has been assumed that an increase in per capita income will reflect structural
transformations in the economic field and social classes. With economic development and
an increase in per capita, the contribution of the manufacturing/industrial and service
sectors to national income will continue to increase. The development of the industrial
sector and the improvement in the wage rate will increase the demand for industrial goods,
which will be followed by the development of investment and the expansion of the
workforce. On the other hand, the contribution of the agricultural sector to national income
will decrease.

3. Urbanization

Urbanization can be interpreted as an increasing proportion of the population living in urban

areas compared to rural areas. Urbanization is said not to occur if population growth in
urban areas is equal to zero. In accordance with the experience of industrialization in
Western European countries and North America, the proportion of the population in urban
areas is directly proportional to the proportion of industrialization. This means that the
speed of urbanization will be higher according to the speed of the industrialization process.
In industrialized countries, the majority of the population lives in urban areas, while in
developing countries the largest proportion lives in rural areas. Based on this phenomenon,
urbanization is used as an indicator of development.

4. Savings Figures

The development of the manufacturing/industrial sector during the industrialization stage

requires investment and capital. Financial capital is the main factor in the process of
industrialization in a society, as happened in England in general in Europe at the beginning of
the growth of capitalism which was followed by the industrial revolution. In a society that
has high productivity, this business capital can be collected through savings, both private
and government.

5. Quality of Life Index

The Quality of Life Index (IKH) or the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is used to measure
the welfare and prosperity of society. Macroeconomic indexes cannot provide an overview
of people's welfare in measuring economic success. For example, a nation's national income
can grow steadily, but without being followed by an increase in social welfare.

The quality of life index is calculated based on:

(1) average life expectancy at one year of age,

(2) infant mortality rate, and

(3) literacy rate.

In the quality of life index, the average life expectancy and infant mortality rates can
simultaneously describe the nutritional status of children and mothers, health status, and
family environment which are directly associated with family welfare. Education is measured
by literacy rate, which can describe the number of people who have access to education as a
result of development. This variable describes the welfare of the community, because the
high economic status of the family will affect the educational status of its members. By its
makers, this index is considered the best for measuring human quality as a result of
development, in addition to income per capita as a measure of human quantity.
 6. Human Development Index ( Human Development Index )

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has developed other development
indicators, in addition to some of the existing indicators. The basic idea underlying the
creation of this index is the importance of paying attention to the quality of human
resources. According to UNDP, development should be aimed at developing human
resources. In this understanding, development can be interpreted as a process that aims to
develop choices that can be made by humans. This is based on the assumption that
improving the quality of human resources will be followed by the opening of various choices
and opportunities to freely determine the way of human life.

Economic growth is considered as an important factor in human life, but will not
automatically affect the increase in human dignity and worth. In this connection, there are
three components that are considered to be the most decisive in development, long and
healthy life, acquiring and developing knowledge, and increasing access to a better life. This
index is made by combining three components. These three components are:

(1). average life expectancy at birth,

(2). average educational attainment at the elementary, junior high, and high school levels,

(3). income per capita calculated based on Purchasing Power Parity .

Human development is closely related to increasing human capabilities which can be

summarized in increasing knowledge, attitudes and skills , in addition to the health status of
all family members and their environment.

4. In Indonesia, fiscal policy is carried out by the Fiscal Policy Agency (BKF), which is an echelon
I level unit under the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia.
BKF's role is to formulate fiscal and financial sector policies with a scope of tasks covering
macroeconomics, state revenue, state spending, financing, the financial sector and
international cooperation.
Referring to the State Finance book written by Pandapotan Ritonga., SE., M.Sc, there are
many examples of fiscal policies that have been implemented by Indonesia, including:
Fuel Subsidies Reduction.
There is a tax amnesty in 2017, namely a tax amnesty program for taxpayers who are late, in
arrears, and do not report their assets.
Tax relaxation that will take place from 2020 to early 2021 to increase people's purchasing
power.

5. Production/income coverage

As a monetary measure, GDP refers to the amount of goods and services produced by
production units in a country in one year. That is, GDP includes the total income earned
nationally, both generated by its own citizens and foreign nationals living in the country or in
that country. While GNP refers to the total value of goods and services produced by its
citizens both living inside and outside the country in one year.

Simply put, GDP calculates the country's total income from the scope of regional boundaries,
while GNP calculates the country's total income from the scope of citizens. GDP does not
take into account the income of its citizens living or domiciled abroad, but from foreign
nationals living in the country. On the other hand, GNP takes into account the total income
derived only from its citizens, both living inside and outside the country, and does not take
into account the income of foreign citizens living in the country.

How to calculate it

The difference between GDP and GNP can also be seen from the formula or how to calculate
it. GNP can be calculated after the value of GDP is known. To calculate GDP itself there are
three methods that can be done, namely:

Expenditure approach
The formula for calculating GDP with this approach is:

Y = C + G + I + (X – M)

Information:
Y = GDP
C = Consumption
G = Government Spending
I = Investment
X = Export
M = Import

Revenue approach
The formula for calculating GDP using the income approach method is:

Y=r+i+w+p

Information:
Y = GDP
r = Rent
i = Wages
w = Interest
p = Profit

production approach
The formula for calculating GDP using the production approach method:

Y = ΣP.Q

Information:
 P = Price
Q = Quantity

Although the formulas of the three methods are different, all three will lead to the same
results because the total expenditure on goods and services is equal to the value of goods
and services produced or produced which is the same as the total income paid to the factors
that produce goods and services. .

The value of GDP can be calculated based on current prices and constant prices. Calculation
of GDP on the basis of current prices aims to determine the development of the structure of
the real economy in that year. Meanwhile, the use of constant prices, namely prices that
apply in a certain year to calculate GDP in order to know the economic development from
year to year.

6. Social inequality in society occurs due to two factors:

1. Internal Factors

This factor comes from within a person. The low quality of a person becomes one of the
internal factors. Social inequality can arise due to poverty that restrains society.

2. External Factors

This factor is a factor that comes from outside a person. This factor can occur because of the
existence of bureaucracy or state legal rules that restrain the community so that they have
difficulty developing themselves.

This social inequality can trigger structural poverty symptoms.

In addition to the factors above, social inequality can occur due to several other factors,
namely demographic conditions, educational conditions, economic conditions, health
conditions, poverty, lack of jobs, differences in social status, and geographical location.