Revision Unit 4

UNIT 4 QUANTUM MECHANICS
Revision
1
Syllabus
Need of quantum mechanics, photoelectric effect, Concept of de
Broglie matter waves, wavelength of matter waves in different
forms, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Concept of phase velocity
and group velocity (qualitative), Wave function and its
significance, Schrodinger time dependent and independent
equation, Particle in a box
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Usu9xZfabPM
Prof. Reji Thomas DRD-DRC November 16, 2023

What we learned so far about Quantum mechanics?
1. We had a short walk down the memory lane (1900-1927)
 Classical mechanics, relativistic mechanics, quantum mechanics and

quantum field theory
 Hertz, Planck, Einstein, Bohr, Crompton, Raman, de Broglie,
Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac, Pauli, Born
 Development of quantum mechanics
2. Classical mechanics Explained
Newton's corpuscular concepts of light-particles

Maxwell’s wave concepts of light from EM theory
Reflection, refraction –explained through particle concept-ray optic
Interference, diffraction, polarization– wave nature
It was all about light!
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

2. How QM concept helped in overcoming classical limitation?
Black body radiation ,

Wien and Rayliegh-Jean formula,
UV catastrophe
Planck’s quantum oscillator,
Photoelectric effect,
Hertz’s discovery
Einstein's photoelectric equation,
The name photon m-Work function
Crompton effect-scattering of light by electron

Raman effect-vibration spectra of molecules upon photon irradiation
All these phenomenon were successfully explained by QM

3. Characteristic properties of a wave :  and 
4. Characteristic properties of a particle: p and E

De Broglie’s hypothesis;
5. Radiation (wave)-particle duel nature connecting the wave nature
with particle nature through
the Planck’s constant..
6. Matter (particle) –wave duel nature
Used Einstein’s famous
mass-energy relation
E=mc2
6.a Various relation connecting the de Broglie wavelength

associated with a particle of mass m and having energy E

7. Characteristics of matter wave
8. Wave velocity, phase velocity, group velocity and particle

velocity
v particle velocity
vp = v g
non-dispersive- vp >vg
normal-dispersive- vp <vg
anomalous dispersive mediums-
9. Relationship between vg and vp & vg and v
dispersion
10. Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Wave-particle duality introduce the concept of uncertainty. This concept
suggest that if the particle nature of the matter becomes certain, the wave nature
becomes uncertain and vice versa.
Uncertainty in the measurements of physical quantities

11. Applications of Heisenberg uncertainty principle are
1. Non existence of electron in the nucleus

2. Existence of proton, neutrons and -particles in
the nucleus
3. Binding energy of an electron in an atom
4. Radius of Bohr’s first orbit
5. Energy of a particle in a box
6. Ground state energy of the linear harmonic
oscillator
7. Radiation of light from an excited atom

12. Wave Equation and function- Classical
Where ‘u’ is the wave function… that is the solution of the wave equation
e.g, u can be E, B or P at a position (x,y,z) at a given time t.
13. Wave function- Quantum

The characteristics of the wave functions in quantum mechanics are
  must be finite, continuous and single valued everywhere
  must be normalizable
 also must be finite, continuous and single valued

14. Schrödinger time- independent wave equations
9
free particle
14 a) Schrödinger for Schrödinger time-dependant wave equation
15. Operators, Eigen value and Eigen function
Classical expression
for total energy
16. Application of Schrödinger Equation
Particle in a box
 Electron confined in a potential well
 Restriction imposed by the boundary conditions on
the wave function
 Exploit the characteristics of the wave function-
normalization
 To find Eigen value and Eigen function
We will prove energy (Eigen value) of the particles/electrons is
discrete and is quantized.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBB39u8dNw0
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16,

2023
V=∞ V=∞
For simplicity we consider, V=∞ V=∞

1)Particle restricted to move in the x-direction
only (1 dimensional) from x=0 to x=L
V=0
2)Wall is infinitely thick and hard: Particle does
not loose energy upon colliding with the wall
3)Potential energy, V of the particle is 0 inside
the box but rises to infinity out side
This is equivalent to the case where the particle trapped inside a infinitely
deep potential well.. Let us take Schrödinger equation now

Particle in a box- Eigen value & Function
For 1 D
Eq.1
And put Eq.2 Eq.3
General solution for Eq.3 can be written as
Eq.4
Where A and B are constant. Now apply the first boundary condition. (x)=0 at x=0
B=0
Eq.5 Now we will find k and E

Particle in a box- Eigen value
Now apply the 2nd boundary condition. (x)=0 at x=L. Eq.5 gives
A≠0
Eq.6
Eq.6 is satisfied only when

Where, n= 1,2,3
or Eq.7
Now substitute Eq.2 in Eq.7
Eq.8
Energy of the particle is discrete and is quantized!!

Particle in a box- Eigen value
• E is the Eigen value of the particle in the

potential well
• Constitute the energy level of the system
• n is the quantum number corresponds to
the energy level En
So we found out the energy (Eigen value) of the particle in a box,

with the help of Schrödinger equation
Particle in a box- Eigen function
Now we have to find the value of A, and that can be obtained by the process of
normalization
So we found out the exact wave function for this particle

Particle in a box
Probability of finding the

particle is
 Classical mechanics predict the same probability to find the particle

anywhere in the box
 But quantum mechanics different probability
 There are points where particle will never present
 Probability is different also with energy of the particles

MCQs

18
A black body appears black because it

a)Does not reflect light
b)Does not transmit light
c)Does absorb light
d)All of the above

19
If we heat a black body, it does
a) radiate electromagnetic radiation in the visible region only

b) radiate electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region only
c) radiate electromagnetic radiation in the ultra violet region only
d) radiate electromagnetic radiation in the entire EM spectrum
D
20
According to Planck’s hypothesis, the frequency of radiation from

a black body is not continuous, but only in the multiples of a
small unit called
a) Phonon
b) Proton
c) Photon
d) Polaron

21
Who gave the correct theoretical explanation for photoelectric

effect by considering the particle nature of light?
a) Einstein
b) Planck
c) Hertz
d) Maxwell
A
22
Who gave the name ‘photon’ for the quantum of light?

a) Planck
b) Rayleigh
c) Wien
d) Einstein
D
23
Which of the following phenomena show the particle nature

of light?
a) Photoelectric effect
b) Interference
c) Diffraction
d) Polarization
A
24
Rayleigh-Jeans law is deduced from Planck’s radiation formula

under the condition of
a) High frequency and low temperature

b) Low frequency and high temperature
c) High frequency and high temperature
d) Low frequency and low temperature
Ans: B
25
Which of the following phenomena show the particle nature

of light?
a)Photoelectric effect
b)Interference
c) Diffraction
d)Polarization
Ans: A

26
Wien law is deduced from Planck’s radiation formula under the

condition of
a) High frequency and low temperature
b) Low frequency and high temperature
c) High frequency and high temperature
d) Low frequency and low temperature
Ans: A

27
Einstein's photoelectric equation relate the kinetic energy of

the ejected electron to the incident photon energy and -------
a) Work function
b) Wave function
c) Both a and b
d) None of these
Ans: A

28
Maximum kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron depends
a) on the energy of the incident radiation

b) on the intensity of the incident radiation
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Ans: A

29
Saturated photoelectric current depends

c) Both a and b
Ans: B

30
For non-dispersive medium phase velocity (vp) is

independent on the wavelength of the wave and
hence group velocity vg is
a) vg > vp
b) vg < vp
c) vg = vp
d) none of the above
Ans: C
31
For dispersive medium phase velocity (vp) is

dependent on the wavelength of the wave and hence
group velocity vg is
a) vg > vp
b) vg < vp
c) vg = vp
Ans: B
32
Matter-wave is associated with moving particle. In that case, the

particle velocity is equal to the group velocity. True or False?
(a) True
(b) False
Ans: A
33
We know that quantized electromagnetic radiation is

‘photon’. Most energetic photons are
a) alpha-rays
b) beta-rays
c) gamma-rays
d) x-rays
Ans: C
34
Electrons show diffraction effects with crystals because

their de Broglie wavelength is
a) Similar to the spacing between atomic planes

b) Equal to the no. of atomic layers
c) Is very high compared to the spacing of atomic planes
Ans: A
Which of the following phenomena can not be explained by the
classical theory?
b) Crompton effect
c) Raman effect
d) All of the above
Ans: D
For a non -dispersive medium derivative of the phase or wave
velocity (Vp) with wavelength () i.e is

(a) Negative
(b) Positive
(c) Zero
(d) None of the above
Ans: C
For a normal dispersive medium derivative of the phase or
wave velocity (Vp) with wavelength () i.e is

(a) Negative
(b) Positive
(c) Zero
Ans: B
For an anomalous dispersive medium derivative of the phase or
wave velocity (Vp) with wavelength () i.e is

(a) Negative
(b) Positive
(c) Zero
Ans: A
39
If I know the position of a subatomic particle precisely, then
a) I know nothing about the particle’s momentum.

b) I know a little about the particle’s momentum
c) The particle must be at rest.
d) The particle can’t be at rest.
Ans: B
40
A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation, is emitted by

the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process of
beta decay. What is it?
a) High energy electron.

b) High energy positron
c) All of the above
d) None of the above.
Ans: C
41
Dual nature (particle and wave) of matter was proposed by:
a) de Broglie
b) Planck
c) Einstein
d) Newton
Ans: A
42
Wave nature of electron was experimentally verified by Davisson

and Germer through
(a) Diffraction experiment

(b) Interference experiment
(c) Polarization experiments
Ans: A
43
Which of the following is/are true for a photon

a) m0=0
b) E=h
c)
d) all of the above
Ans: D
44
Which of the following relation can be used to determine

deBlogie wavelength associated with a particle of mass m and
having energy Ek
a)
b)
c)
d) All of the above

Ans: D
45
The original Heisenberg uncertainty principle is

concerned with what two properties?
a) Mass and velocity

b) Momentum and velocity
c) Taste and smell
d) Momentum and position
Ans: D
November 16,
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD 2023
46
The propagation of sound follows wave equation. Which

physical quantity (wave function) changes w.r.t space and time?
a) Velocity
b) Electric field
c) Magnetic field
d) Pressure
Ans: D
November 16,
Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD
2023
47
In quantum physics, the wavefunction is the king!. It provides a

mathematical description of the quantum state of a particle or system.
What can the square of the magnitude of a particle's wavefunction
tell us?
a) The probability that the particle will decay at a given time

b) Whether a Higgs boson is present
c) The mass of the particle
d) The probability that the particle is in a certain place at a
given time
Ans: D
November 16,
2023
48
Which function is considered independent of time to

achieve time independent Schrodinger equation?
a) 

b)

c)
d) V, potential energy
Ans: D
November 16,
2023
49
What is the potential energy of a free particle having

mass m ?
a) 0
b) 
c)
d) mgh
Ans: A
November 16,
2023
50
The values of Energy for which Schrodinger’s equation can

be solved is known as _____________
a) Eigen Vectors
b) Eigen Values
c) Eigen Functions
d) Operators
Ans: B
November 16,
2023
51
Which quantity is said to be degenerate when HΨn = EnΨn?
a) Eigen Vectors
b) Eigen Values
c) Eigen Functions
d) Operators
Ans: C
November 16,
2023
52
When a Laplacian operator (2) and Energy (E) operate on wave

function (), we get the wave equation , which is
this eqn
a) Time dependent Schrodinger equation

b) Time-independent Schrodinger equation
c) Both (a) and (b)

53
The characteristics of the wave functions in quantum mechanics are
a)  must be finite, continuous and single valued everywhere

b)  must be normalizable
c)  must be finite, continuous and single valued
d) All of the above

54
The energy of a particle at a level ‘n’ in infinite potential well

is
(a) Proportional to n2
(b) Proportional to n
(c) Inversely proportional to n2
(d) Inversely proportional to n

55
The momentum of a particle in infinite potential well is
(a) Proportional to n2
(b) Proportional to n
(c) Inversely proportional to n2
(d) Inversely proportional to n

56
The Momentum of a particle in infinite potential well of length L is
(a) Proportional to L2
(b) Proportional to L
(c) Inversely proportional to L2
(d) Inversely proportional to L

2023
57
Which quantity is said to be degenerate when HΨn = EnΨn?
a) Eigen Vectors
b) Eigen Values
c) Eigen Functions
d) Operators

2023
58
If we heat a black body, it does
a) radiate Photons in the visible region only

b) radiate Photons in the infrared region only
c) radiate Photons in the ultraviolet region only
d) radiate photons in the entire electromagnetic spectrum

2023
59
Which of the following phenomena show the wave

nature of light?
b) Crompton effect
c) Raman effect
d) Polarization

2023
60
Wave nature of electron was experimentally verified by

Davisson and Germer through
a) diffraction experiment
b) interference experiment
c) polarization experiments

2023
61
In an anomalous dispersive medium phase velocity (vp) and

group velocity (vg) are different. Which of the following is
correct in that case
a) vg>vp
b) vg<vp
c) vg=vp

2023
62
The Energy of a particle in infinite potential well of length L

is
a) Proportional to L2
b) Proportional to L
c) Inversely proportional to L2
d) Inversely proportional to L

2023
63
A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation, is emitted

by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process
of beta decay. What is it?
a) High energy electron.

b) High energy positron
c) All of the above
d) None of the above.

2023
64
The original Heisenberg uncertainty principle is concerned

with what two properties?
a) Mass and velocity

b) Momentum and velocity
c) Taste and smell
d) Momentum and position

2023
65
If I know the position of a subatomic particle precisely, then
a) I know nothing about the particle’s momentum.

b) Limited information about the particle’s momentum
c) The particle must be at rest.
d) The particle can’t be at rest.

2023
66
Wien’s law is deduced from Planck’s radiation formula under

the condition of
a) Short wavelength and low temperature
b) Long wavelength and high temperature
c) Short wavelength and high temperature
d) Long wavelength and low temperature

2023
67
Electrons show diffraction effects because their de Broglie

wavelength is similar to
a) spacing between atomic layers

b) no. of atomic layers
c) nature of atomic layers
d) positioning of atomic layers

2023
68
Which function is considered independent of time to achieve

time-independent Schrodinger equation?
a) 
b)

c)

d) V, potential energy

2023
69
According to Planck’s hypothesis of atomic oscillator, the

frequency of radiation from a black body is not continuous, but
only in the multiples of a small unit called ‘Quanta’. What is
this ‘quanta’?
a) Phonons
b) Protons
c) Photons
d) Polarons

2023
70
Rayleigh-Jeans law is deduced from Planck’s radiation formula

under the condition of
a) Short wavelength and low temperature

b) Long wavelength and high temperature
c) Short wavelength and high temperature
d) Long wavelength and low temperature

2023
71
Which of the following phenomena show the particle nature of

light?
b) Interference
c) Diffraction
d) Polarization

2023
72
Saturated photoelectric current depends

c) Both a and b

2023
73
In photoelectric experimental set up, reversing the polarity of the

voltage applied to the collector reduces the current and finally
current become zero at a particular voltage Vo called the stopping
potential. In photoelectric current, this Stopping potential
depends
a) on the potential energy of the bound electron

b) on the kinetic energy of the ejected electron
c) work function
d) On the intensity of the incident radiation

2023
74
The eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian of a system refer to

what property of the system?
a) Energy
b) Probability of finding the particle
c) Position of the particle
d) Momentum

2023

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UNIT 4 QUANTUM MECHANICS

Prof. Reji Thomas DRD-DRC November 16, 2023

1. We had a short walk down the memory lane (1900-1927)

 Classical mechanics, relativistic mechanics, quantum mechanics and

2. Classical mechanics Explained

Newton's corpuscular concepts of light-particles

It was all about light!

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

Black body radiation ,

Crompton effect-scattering of light by electron

All these phenomenon were successfully explained by QM

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

4. Characteristic properties of a particle: p and E

6.a Various relation connecting the de Broglie wavelength

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

8. Wave velocity, phase velocity, group velocity and particle

Uncertainty in the measurements of physical quantities

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

1. Non existence of electron in the nucleus

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

13. Wave function- Quantum

 also must be finite, continuous and single valued

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

15. Operators, Eigen value and Eigen function

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16,

For simplicity we consider, V=∞ V=∞

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

And put Eq.2 Eq.3

General solution for Eq.3 can be written as

Eq.5 Now we will find k and E

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

Eq.6 is satisfied only when

Now substitute Eq.2 in Eq.7

Energy of the particle is discrete and is quantized!!

• E is the Eigen value of the particle in the

So we found out the energy (Eigen value) of the particle in a box,

So we found out the exact wave function for this particle

Probability of finding the

 Classical mechanics predict the same probability to find the particle

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

A black body appears black because it

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

If we heat a black body, it does

a) radiate electromagnetic radiation in the visible region only

According to Planck’s hypothesis, the frequency of radiation from

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

Who gave the correct theoretical explanation for photoelectric

Who gave the name ‘photon’ for the quantum of light?

Which of the following phenomena show the particle nature

Rayleigh-Jeans law is deduced from Planck’s radiation formula

a) High frequency and low temperature

Which of the following phenomena show the particle nature

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

Wien law is deduced from Planck’s radiation formula under the

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

Einstein's photoelectric equation relate the kinetic energy of

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

Maximum kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron depends

a) on the energy of the incident radiation

Prof. Reji Thomas DRC-DRD November 16, 2023

Saturated photoelectric current depends

a) on the energy of the incident radiation