AUTOMATICALLY SOLAR PANEL

CLEANER

A Project Report submitted

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Mechanical Engineering

By

(Harsh Srivastava &

2003580409005)
Under the Guidance
Of
(ER. Avadhesh Pratap Patel)

RAMESHWARAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

MANAGEMENT, LUCKNOW

Affiliated to

Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled “Automatically Solar Panel Cleaner” submitted
by Harsh Srivastava (2003580409005), in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Technology degree in “Mechanical Engineering” at Rameswaram
Instituteof Technology & Management, Lucknow (U.P.), India from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam Technical University, Lucknow under my supervision. The project embodies
results of original work and studies carried out by student himself and contents of the
project do notform the basis for the award of any other degree to candidate or to anybody
else.

ER. AVADHESH PRATAP PATEL ER. KARUNAKAR SINGH

(Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor & HOD)

Deptt. of Mechanical Engg. Deptt. of Mechanical Engg.

RITM, Lucknow (U.P.), India RITM, Lucknow (U.P.), India

i
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project reportentitled
“AUTOMATICALLY SOLAR PANEL CLEANER” by “Harsh Srivastava” in partial
fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech. submitted in the Department
of Mechanical Engineering at “RITM, Lucknow (U.P.)” under Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow is anauthentic record of our own work carried out during a
period from to under the supervision of Er. Avadhesh Pratap Patel, Assistant Professor,
Mechanical Engineering, Department.

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our
knowledge

Harsh
Srivastava

(2003580409005)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Deep sense of gratitude to our supervisor ER. Avadhesh Pratap Patel without
his excellent guidance, consistent encouragement and constant supervision; our
bachelor’s degree would not have been possible. We have learned so much
about conducting project in engineering and life in general. We would like to
thank him for being our supervisor here at RITM, Lucknow.
We are grateful to Er. Karunakar Singh (Head of Department), all faculty
member and staff of Department of Mechanical Engineering, RITM
Lucknow for their generous support in various ways for the completion of
project.
We would like to thank our friends and classmates for all the thoughtful and
motivating discussions we had, which encouraged us to think beyond the
observable. We have enjoyed their companionship so much during our stay
at RITM Lucknow.

Harsh
Srivastava
(2003580409005)

iii
Abstract

Automatic solar panel cleaning systems are becoming increasingly popular as a way to improve the
efficiency and lifespan of solar panels. These systems use a variety of methods to remove dirt, dust,
and other debris from the surface of the panels, which can lead to significant increases in power
output. There are a number of different types of automatic solar panel cleaning systems available,
each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Some systems use water to clean the panels, while
others use brushes or wipers. Some systems are designed to be installed on the ground, while others
can be mounted on the roof of a building other structure. The cost of automatic solar panel cleaning
systems can vary depending on the size and complexity of the system, as well as the type of cleaning
method that is used. However, in most cases, the cost of the system is offset by the savings that are
generated by increased power output. Automatically solar panel cleaning systems offer a number of
advantages over manual cleaning methods. These can clean the panels more thoroughly and
efficiently, and they can also be programmed to clean the panels on a regular basis, which helps to
prevent dirt and dust from accumulating. This can lead to significant increases in power output and
the lifespan of the panels. Automatically solar panel cleaning systems are a valuable investment for
anyone who owns solar panels. These systems can help to improve the efficiency and lifespan of the
panels, which can lead to significant savings on energy costs. Here are some of the benefits of using
an automatic solar panel cleaner: Increased efficiency: Solar panels can lose up to 20% of their
efficiency when they are covered in dirt and dust. Cleaning the panels regularly can help to improve
their efficiency and generate more power. Extended lifespan: Solar panels can last for 20 years or
more, but they will eventually degrade over time. Cleaning the panels regularly can help toextend
their lifespan and prevent premature damage. Reduced maintenance costs: Manually cleaning solar
panels can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. Automatic solar panel cleaners can help to
reduce maintenance costs and free up time for other tasks. Improved aesthetics: Solar panels that are
covered in dirt and dust can look unsightly. Cleaning the panels regularly can help toimprove their
appearance and make them more aesthetically pleasing.

iv
Table of Contents

Certificate ...............................................................................................................................i
Declaration… .......................................................................................................................... ii
acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ................................................................................................................................... iv
Table Of Contents…............................................................................................................... v

1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Project Definition ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Project Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.3 Project Specifications ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Product Architecture and Components ............................................................................................... 5
1.5 Applications...................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Literature Review ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Project background............................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 Previous Work ................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3 Comparative Study .......................................................................................................................... 10
3. System Design ......................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Design Constraints ......................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Design Methodology .......................................................................................................................12
3.3 Product Subsystems and Components .............................................................................................. 16
3.3.1 Product Subsystem1: Communication .............................................................................................. 16
3.3.2 Product Subsystem2: Automatic and Control .................................................................................... 16
3.3.3 Product Subsystem3: Power ............................................................................................................. 16
3.4 Implementation ............................................................................................................................... 16
4. System Testing and Analysis ................................................................................................................... 19
4.1 Subsystem 1: Mechanical Subsystem ............................................................................................... 19
4.2 Subsystem 2: DC Motors Control ....................................................................................................19
4.3 Subsystem 3. Water Pump Control ................................................................................................. 19
5. Future Work and Expected Final Prototype ............................................................................................... 20
5.1 DC Motors Speed Control ................................................................................................... 20
5.2 Victron Solar Charge Controller Complete Termination and Setup .................................................. 21
5.3 Raspberry Pi Complete Interference and Data Mining ..................................................................... 22
5.4 Initiatives and policies of the India…............................................................................................... 24
6. Limitation and challenges… .................................................................................................................... 25
7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 25
8. References ............................................................................................................................................... 26
Appendix A: Bill of material ............................................................................................................................27
Appendix B: Program code .............................................................................................................................. 28

v
 1. Introduction

1.1 Project Definition

There is more than enough solar radiation available around the world to satisfy the demand for
solar power systems. The proportion of the sun’s rays that reach the earth’s surface is enough to
provide for global energy consumption 10,000 times over. On average, each square meter of land
is exposed to enough sunlight to produce 1,700 kWh of power every year. Solar Panel has a huge
effect on our world. It can help our environment to be better without using other power generation
plants that can harm the environment, but solar power plant needs to be cleaned at least every 3
days. It generally depends on the country for example in the Middle East, it needs to be cleaned
every day so it will cost so much. There are a lot of techniques for cleaning the solar panels; our
idea is to design a smart solar panel that cleans itself automatically and remotely in order to
maintain a high level of efficiency of the solar panel.

1.2 Project Objectives

1. Design a solar panel cleaning system which can increase the efficiency of solar panels.
2. Increase the use of solar panels.
3. Make the cleaning of solar panels simple and automated.
4. Minimize human intervention.
5. A cleaning system that does not affect the quality of the original solar panel.
6. An environmentally friendly cleaning system.

1.3 Project Specifications

1. The solar panel cleaning system operates automatically and remotely.

2. Increase the efficiency at least by 10%.
3. Recycle the cleaning water.
4. An autonomous mechanism brush to clean the 100 W solar panel.

4
1.4 Product Architecture and Components

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows the subsystems that we are going to implement in our project. We have two main
subsystems which are Mechanical subsystem that is in the left of the block diagram, and the
Control subsystem that is shown in the middle and the right of the block diagram. The Mechanical
subsystem contains the cleaner along with the DC motors and the stand that holds the solar panel
along with the rechargeable battery and the water pump. The Control subsystem contains the
relay, solar charger, Bluetooth module and the microcontroller.

1.5 Applications

• In Solar Power Plants.

• In residential houses that use solar power.

5
 Literature Review:

2.1 Project background

One of the major issues that people face with the installation and the use of solar panels is the cost
that is involved in it. But the cost can be drastically reduced by increasing the efficiency of each
solar panel and hence reducing the number of solar panels that needs to be installed. Using a
smaller number of solar panels in order to get the required electricity will not only be cost
efficient but will also help in having a positive impact on the environment. In order to improve the
efficiency of the solar panels, there are two main aspects that need to be considered; the first
aspect is the amount of light that falls directly on the solar, and the second aspect is how much of
this light energy is capable of using effectively in order to generate power. The issue that is faced
with the use of solar panels is the dust that forms over it. Dust on the cells of the solar panels
reduces the efficiency of the solar panels to a large extent especially in Saudi Arabia where dust
and sand storms are very common. Hence there will be an automated system that will periodically
clean the solar panels in order to make sure that they perform at peak performance level. The use
of right fabrication and controllers will help in making this project possible.

6
2.2 Previous Work

 Previous Projects 1:

The electrical energy produced by photovoltaic cells depends upon solar irradiance falling on the
top of the panel. To maximize the exposure of photovoltaic cells to solar irradiance, solar voltaic
cells are installed outdoor. In outdoor environment, dust starts to accumulate on the surface of
photovoltaic panels and as a result reduces the effective solar irradiance falling on the surface of
photovoltaic panels. Similarly, other bird droppings, ice, and salt layer on photovoltaic panels also
obstruct solar irradiances falling on solar panel. To tackle these issues, cleaning systems for
photovoltaic cells are used. Surajit et al. (2018) have discussed in detail different types of cleaning
systems that used for cleaning solar system. Among different types of technologies used to clean
solar panels, autonomous cleaning robots have emerged as a leading technology. Autonomous
cleaning robots slide on the surface of the solar panel and clean the solar panel using soft brushes
which don’t scratch the surface of the panels. The head is attached to motorized trolleys which move
it horizontally. The vertical motion of the head is usually controlled by the belt-driven system.
Grando et al. (2017) have also surveyed different types of solar cleaning projects and technologies.
In their analysis, they have discussed the working of solar brush UAV robot, Ecoppia E4, wash
panels, and Nomad cleaning systems. Solar brush robot is a drone that flies very close to the surface
of solar panel and cleans the panel through air pressure and by gently rubbing its tail on the surface
of the panel. The main advantage of using this type of robot is that very little area of the robot is in
direct contact with the panel. This significantly reduces the chances of damage to the panel. The
solar brush UAV robot is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Solar Brush UAV Panel.

7
 • Previous Projects 2:

Ecopia solar cleaning robot uses a slightly different technique to clean the solar panel. In this system,
a guiding railing is attached over the solar panels as shown in Figure 3. The guiding railing frame
work can move horizontally over the surface of the array of panel. For top to down movement, the
robot moves on the railing frame work. By sweeping its microfiber brushes connected to the head,
Ecopia solar panel cleaning project cleans the surface of the solar array. The system has its own
battery which is charged through its own solar cell. This energy storage features allows the system
to clean the panels in the night. Furthermore, the system can also be controlled through internet.

Figure 3: Ecopia Solar Cleaning System.

• Previous Projects 3:

Washpanel solar cleaning systems use water and horizontal brush to clean the solar panel. As shown
in Figure 4, a horizontal brush is attached to the moveable assembly of the system. This brush
remains in contact with the panel. When the assembly of the system moves, water sprinkles through
water on panels and brush rub the surface of the panel by removing any mud on the surface of the
panel. Nomad cleaning system is very similar to Ecopia system. The primary difference is between
the types of brush that revolves on the surface of the panel. In Ecopia system, a small vehicle
containing brushes moves on the array. Several pulleys and motors control the movement of solar
cleaning robot. Unlike Ecopia system, nomad system doesn’t contain many motors, belts, and
pulleys. It contains only two motors which are used to move the brush horizontally. The railing on
which the brush rolls usually lies behind the solar panels as show in Figure 4. When the assembly
moves horizontally, the brush revolves around its axis in a circular motion. By moving in circular
motion, the brush sweeps across the surface of the panels, removing any dust and other blockings.
The system is fully automated and intelligence system that can be controlled remotely and
configured for a variety of cleaning schedules.

8
 Figure 4: Nomad Solar Cleaning System.

• Previous Projects 4:

Sweezey et al. (2009) has produced another kind of robotic solar panel cleaning system which
utilizes a support vehicle in addition to the cleaning head and moving trolleys, as shown in Figure
5. Similar to NOMAD and Ecopia systems, cleaning head sweeps the brushes on the surface of the
panel. To move the drive system, DC motors of 12 volts are used. The upper and lower trolleys are
capable to move in different positions and direction. This feature allows the system to clean the
panels in square wave pattern.

Figure 5: Support Vehicle Based Solar Panel Cleaning System.

9
2.3 Comparative Study

Looking at the three previous projects, a comparative study was made to determine and quantify
the similarities and the differences with our project by observing communication, attached water
system and water recycling. As it can be seen in Table 1, our project differs from the three
previous projects by using Bluetooth as a communication protocol instead of Wi-Fi.
Furthermore, our project has an attached water system in which both the 2 nd and the 3rd previous
projects have. In fact, the only previous project that uses water recycling system similar to ours is
the 2nd previous project. However, our project is distinguished with having all of the three
categories.

Table 1: Comparasion Between Three Previous Projects and our Solar Panel Cleaning System.

10
 3. System Design

3.1 Design Constraints

Design constraints are conditions that need to happen for a project to be successful. In this project,
we tried to relate our project to the Engineering Standards as much as we could; and that was
through reading and searching about previous research papers that were conducted by expert
people, and they have the same idea of our project in general. If we start with the body structure
of the system, we can see the materials that we used are suitable for each part. We designed the
cleaner with a body that is made from stainless tail to avoid the iron corrosion reactions because
the corrosion will affect the cleaning process and the movement of the cleaner itself. Also, we
used stainless tail for the water pan for the same reason. We used the aluminum as a stand of the
solar panel and at the same time as a rail of the cleaner to keep the wheels running smoothly. The
second important constraint is the environmental constraint. The water recollecting process was
added in the design for environmental purposes, to save and not waste the water, to reuse the
water in the cleaning process or other such as plant irrigations. The water recollecting depends on
the engineering design like the angle of the panel and the slope of the water. Based on that, we
designed the water pan. In order to increase the reliability of our design, we had to think about
something that makes our system more practical. When we brought the idea of the trolley, the
trolley is carrying the whole system and it has four wheels with its stoppers just to make sure that
it will not move by any condition. We designed the trolley to organize the structure, especially the
circuits' wirings and the other mechanical parts in the system.

11
3.2 Design Methodology

In order to meet all the requirements of the project, it is divided into several stages and phases.
The overall aim of the project is to design a smart solar panel that cleans itself automatically and
remotely.

Phase 1 (Term 1, Design M.):

● The first stage of the project was to do primary research in order to check if the project is
possible to be made technically.
● The second step that we took is to look into the various sensors, controllers and motors.
● In the next step, we divided the project into categories based on its function. It can be
seen that there are two main subsystems on the project and along with this; the project
requires some amount of manufacturing and design of mechanical parts to hold the solar
panel and the cleaner of the solar panel.
● We started by an AutoCAD sketch of our mechanical structure, so we can build it easily
in real life as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: AutoCAD Sketch.

12
Phase 2 (Term 2, ASSE III):

• We calculated the needed power for our automation system to determine the size of the
needed battery for our off-grid system, as shown in Table 2 below:
Table 2: The Daily Energy Usage Calculations of the System.
DC Water Raspberry Charge
APPILANCE Motor Pump Controller
Pi

QUANTITY 4 1 1 1

OPERATION
(Hours/Day) 0.017 0.017 24 24

VOTAGE
(V) 12 12 5 12 Total Watt Hours
per Day
CURRENT
0.5 1.6 1.8 0.02
(A)

Watts
24 19.2 9 0.24
(V*A)

Watt-Hrs
(V*A*Hours/Day) 0.4 0.32 216 5.76
222.48

After calculating the wattage hours per day for the system, we found that it consumes
222.5 W-Hrs per day. Thus, its wattage consumption equals to 9.27 W as shown in
Equation 1.
54.48 W-Hrs / 24 Hrs = 9.27 W Equation 1

However, according to the performance characteristics shown in Figure 7, the battery

(Solar Gel Acid Battery 12 V 65 AH / 10 HR, 1.8 V / Cell) supplies 10.8 V. So, as it can
be seen in Equation 2, the automation system consumes 0.86 A. Therefore, the battery
will supply the system with maximum daily consumption for 75.73 Hrs long as shown in
Equation 3.

9.27 W / 10.8 V = 0.86 A Equation 2

65 AH / 0.86 A = 75.73 Hrs Equation 3

So, as it can be noticed in Equation 4, the total power consumed by the automation
system of the total battery capacity per day equals to 48%.

13
 [(24+24+0.017+0.017) Hrs / 75.73 Hrs] 100 = 48% Equation 4

Figure 7: The Performance Characteristics of the Solar Gel Acid Battery.

• The control system for our project was divided into three subsystems: DC motors control,
water pump control and charge tracker control in which each subsystem will be controlled
and interfere with each other by Raspberry Pi.
• To control the speed and the direction of the +12V DC motors, Raspberry Pi 3 B+ was
coded and then connected to a motor driver. However, we found that the required speed
and direction control could be achieved by replacing the motor driver with two relays and
connecting the motors in parallel. In fact, this replacement helped us to reduce our
project’s cost.
• The water pump control was designed by using only one relay. However, the amount of
water needed to clean the panel was reached by trial-and-error method. In our control
code, we have tried different times until we found that 5 seconds is applicable.
• We have designed a control circuit for both the DC motor and the Water pump by using
SRD-05VDC-SL-C 4-channel relay. As shown in Figure 8, two relays were controlled for
the four DC motors (forward and backward) and one for the water pump (on or off).

Figure 8: Schematic Diagram of the Dc Motors and Water Pump Control.

14
 • We chose Victron MPPT charge controller for making the cleaning decisions. By mining
wattage data from the charge controller to the Raspberry Pi, we will write a python code
that will detect the dirt on the panel based on three factors: the determined efficient
wattage, time and weather as shown in the following algorithm diagram in Figure 9.

Figure 9: The Cleaning System Algorithm Diagram.

The efficient wattage was founded by calculating an approximate loss then comparing it to our
solar specifications. Therefore, for an off-grid solar system, there is 25% loss caused by global
incident below threshold, irradiance loss, IAM factor on global, soiling loss factor, temperature,
quality and mismatch loss, and ohmic wiring. Thus, by knowing that our solar panel provides 100
W peak power, a clean solar panel will grant 75 W during the useful hours.
• The charge tracker will be connected and tested.
• All the system will be integrated and tested if they function well.
• Add data acquisition system to take measurements.
• Check the system efficiency.
• The final report will be written.

15
3.3 Product Subsystems and Components

3.3.1 Communication Subsystem: Bluetooth and WIFI to initiate the cleaner manually.

We have chosen Bluetooth over the WIFI to initiate the cleaner manually. Thus, for the connection
between the charge controller and the raspberry pi, Bluetooth analog will be used so data can be
read from the MPPT controller.

3.3.2 Automatic Control Subsystem: LDR, Dust Sensor and data analysis, to initiate the
cleaner automatically.

We chose to use data analysis of the efficiency reading. We will use the raspberry pi to collect the
data from the charge controller then make the cleaning decision.

3.3.3 Power Subsystem: 100 W Solar Panel.

The 100W solar panel embedded with the Solar Gel Acid Battery (12V 65AH/10HR, 1.8V/Cell) is
sufficient for our project. In fact, the automation system will consume approximately %50 of the
battery if continually operated.

3.4 Implementation

We have implemented the AutoCAD sketch that was shown in Figure 6. So at the end of the first
semester, we could say that we have finished the Mechanical structure, and we have fitted the
Panel on it and we have tested the initial mechanism of the cleaner as shown in Figures 10-12.

Figure 10: Cleaning solar panel

16
 Figure 11: Fitting the Solar Panel on Board.

As it can be seen below in Figure 15, we implemented the control circuit we have designed for the
motors and the pump. Figure 16 shows the Raspberry Pi wiring connection of our system.

Figure 12: 4-Channel Relay Wiring Termination.

Figure 13: Raspberry Pi Wiring Connection.

17
Finally, after completing the hardware connections, we wrote the control code in Python by the
Raspberry Pi. In fact, the general-purpose input/output (GPIO) number 15 was set up to control
the water pump where GPIO 23 and GPIO 14 were chosen for the DC motors. However, we
tested that adding 5 Python sleeping time is appropriate for the water pump. Furthermore, 1
Python sleeping time for the motors to move forward and 1.4 to move backward. Thus, the
following script was implemented:

Import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

Import time

Out1 = 15
Out2 = 23
Out3 = 14

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(out1,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(out2,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(out3,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(out3,GPIO.HIGH) time.sleep(5)
GPIO.output(out3,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(out1,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(out2,GPIO.HIGH) time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(out1,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(out2,GPIO.LOW) time.sleep(1.4)
GPIO.output(out1,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(out2,GPIO.LOW)

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 4. System Testing and Analysis

4.1 Subsystem 1: Mechanical Subsystem

The mechanical system was tested and we found that it's applicable to our project and strong
enough to hold the solar panel along with the battery and the water pump. Also, the structure is
equipped with wheels, and that gives it more flexibility since anyone can move it from one place
to another.

4.2 Subsystem 2: DC Motors Control

The DC motors control system was tested and verified; this subsystem is very important since the
cleaner will be driven by the motors along the solar panel to clean it. Along with the testings, we
found that the four DC motors are enough to drive the cleaner forward to the bottom end of the
solar panel then backwards to the top end of the solar panel.

4.3 Subsystem 3: Water Pump Control

The water pump control system was accomplished and verified. The water pump can pump the
water on the solar panel through some holes installed in the cleaner, and it can deliver a perfect
amount of water to the panel in such a short time. Also, after the cleaning process, the water that
we used to clean the panel will fall into a path that was adjusted on the structure to collect the
water. From there, recycling techniques will take a place.

19
 5. Future Work and Expected Final Prototype

Our Future work for this project will have three progress stages to reach the final prototype:
1. DC motors speed control
2. Victron Solar Charge Controller complete termination and setup
3. Raspberry Pi complete interference and data mining

5.1 DC Motors’ Speed Control

To control the motors speed, we will use Adafruit DC & stepper Motor HAT as shown in Figure
14.

Figure 14: Adafruit DC Motor Driver/HAT.

The Adafruit HAT can drive up to 4 DC or 2 stepper motors with full PWM speed control. The
motors are controlled by 4 H-Bridges TB6612 MOSFET drivers with 1.2 A per channel and 3 A
peak current capability with thermal shutdown protection, internal kickback protection diodes. The
driver can run motors on 4.5 VDC to 13.5 VDC Up to 4 bi-directional DC motors with individual
8-bit speed selection (so, about 0.5% resolution). Therefore, after connecting the 4 DC motors to
this driver, a code was written to control the speed and the direction. The code controls the motors.
We were able to test it and prove it, by changing duty cycle of the enables to have three different
speeds and two directions as will be shown in appendix C.

20
5.2 Victron Solar Charge Controller

Figure 15: Victron Solar Charge Controller.

The Victron Solar Charge Controller will be used to control the solar panel and the battery while
being the source of the data. It features highlights flexible charge algorithm Over-temperature
protection and power de-rating when temperature is high. It provides the user with the voltage and
the efficiency of the solar panel in the time domain.

Figure 16: Victron Solar Charge Controller Physical Interference.

Also, by adding VE. Direct Bluetooth Dongle, the user can display programming, real-time data
and history on phone or tablet. However, these data will be monitored and extracted by the
Raspberry Pi.

21
5.3 Raspberry Pi Complete Interfe.3rence and Data Mining

To read the data from the charger intro the raspberry, first we need to plug the VE. Direct
Bluetooth Dongle. In fact, the data produced by the MPPT controller is Transistor Transistor
Logic (TTL) communication that is provided and explained by the manufacturer. Therefore, the
future work for this project is to completes this interference between the MPPT controller and the
raspberry pi to make the cleaning decision. Finally, to implement the weather factor as was
explained in our algorithm earlier, open weather map API has to be used. It is a service that
provides weather data, including current weather data, forecasts, and historical data to the
developers of web services and mobile applications. It provides an API with JSON, XML and
HTML endpoints and a limited free usage tier. Users can request current weather information,
extended forecasts and graphical maps (showing cloud cover, wind speed, pressure and
precipitation). However, the cleaning decision will be made on the efficiency readings. The
following losses percentages were takin from STC and ARAMCO and some other references for
the off grid solar system:

Global incident below threshold -0.04%

Near Shadings: irradiance loss -0.94%
IAM Factor on global -1.85%
Soiling loss factor -11.55%
PV loss due to irradiance level -0.87%
PV loss due to temperature -7.97%
Module quality loss +0.35%
Module mismatch loss -1.10%
Ohmic wiring loss -1.03%
Total off-grid system loss -25.0%

However, to calculate the annual solar energy output (E), Equation 5 will be used where A is the
surface area of the panel, r is the solar panel efficiency, H is the annual average solar radiation on
tilted panel (shading not included) and PR is the performance ratio/coefficient for losses in the
off-grid system.
E = A r H PR Equation 5

Our solar panel has a length of 100 cm and a width of 67 cm. Thus, the surface area of the solar
panel (A) equals 0.67 meter squared as shown in Equation 6.

67 cm x 100 cm = 6700 cm2 = 0.67 m2 Equation 6

Then, it is provided by the manufacturer that the solar panel efficiency (r) equals %14.63. Also, it
can be noticed from above that the performance ratio/coefficient for losses (PR) is %100 mines

22
the total off-grid system losses in which it equals 0.75. Finally, the annual average solar radiation
(H) in AL Khobar city equals approximately 1826 kW/m2 as seen in Figure 20.

Figure 17: The photovoltaic electricity potential in India.

So, by substituting Equation 6 and the reached values in Equation 5, the annual solar energy
output (E) will equal as shown in Equation 7.

E = (0.67 m2) (14.63/100) (1826 kW/m2) (0.75) = 134.24 kW Equation 5

However, by applying our cleaning system, the soiling loss (11.55%) will not be a factor. Thus,
the total off-grid system losses will equal %13.45. Therefore, the performance ratio/coefficient for
losses (PR) will increase as well as the annual solar energy output (E) as shown in Equation 6 and
7.

PR = 1 – (0.25-0.1155) = 0.87 Equation 6

E = (0.67 m2) (14.63/100) (1826 kW/m2) (0.87) = 155.72 kW Equation 7

So, our cleaning system can increase the annual solar energy output with 21.48 kW

 POTENTIAL:
Bring in a green revolution in the country, the government has set an ambitious target of having 500
GW of installed renewable energy by 2030, which includes the installation of 280 GW of solar power
and 140 GW of wind powe.

23
5.4 INITIATIVES AND POLICIES OF THE GOVERNMENT INDIA
Government to promote solar energy 45 solar parks with an aggregate capacity of 37 GW have been
approved in India. Solar Parks in Pavagada (2 GW), Kurnool (1 GW), and Bhadla-II (648 MW) are
included in the top 5 operational solar parks of 7 GW capacity in the country. The world’s largest
renewable energy park of 30 GW capacity solar-wind hybrid project is under installation in Gujarat.
Various schemes to encourage the generation of solar power have been launched in the country like
Solar Park Scheme, VGF Schemes, CPSU Scheme, Defence Scheme, Canal bank & Canal top Scheme,
Bundling Scheme, Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Scheme, etc. Various policy measures undertaken
included a declaration of trajectory for Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) including Solar energy.
A waiver of Inter-State Transmission System (ISTS) charges and losses for inter-state sale of solar and
wind power for projects to be commissioned up to March 2022 has beeninstituted.Standards for the
deployment of solar photovoltaic systems and devices have been clearly defined.Building bye-laws
have been suitably amended to include the mandatory provision of rooftop solar panel installation for
new constructions or higher Floor Area Ratio. Solar projects have been accorded infrastructure status.
Recently, India achieved the 5th global position in solar power deployment by surpassing Italy. Solar
power capacity has increased by more than 11 times in the last five years from 2.6 GW in March 2014
to 30 GW in July 2019. Presently, solar tariff in India is very competitive and has achieved grid parity.
High-Efficiency Solar PV Modules have been included in the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)
Scheme for Enhancing India’s Manufacturing Capabilities and Enhancing Exports.

24
 6. Limitations and Challenges

We faced many challenges in accomplishing our project. The first challenge was the machinery
fabrication since we all are electrical engineering students. We faced challenges such as using
mechanical software and fabricate the parts then assembly them. Second, to get use to the
Raspberry Pi and learn how to write a code in Python language. It is different than Arduino but
we were able to do it. However, during this period of time, we faced limitation that kept us from
completing our prototype; in which mainly were caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19
prevented us to merge the subsystems that were divided by our group members. In fact, it did not
allow us to meet as a group and prevented some members from completing their tasks as planned.

7. Conclusion

The Solar Panel Cleaning System project aimed to bring a better solution for maintaining solar
efficiency. The main scope was to develop a machine that can clean a solar panel by a proper
control system. This project is a developed prototype to expand on a new and increasing market.
The project team hit many obstacles along the way.

Designing the control system required learning Raspberry Pi configurations, python coding and its
interference with the electrical components. Using soldering boards to implement the designed
circuit, hardware wiring, relays and machinery were new experiences. This being said, the project
fulfilled the desired design with the planned control and mechanism. The DC motors were
controlled by both relays and drivers to accomplish speed and directions control. Also, control
code for the DC motors and the water pump were written then implemented in the system. Finally,
the MPPT charge controller was connected to the off-grid system. However, the prototype was not
completed because of the challenges and the limitations that were mentioned earlier.

25
8. References
1. Adinoyi, M. J., & Said, S. A. (2013). Effect of dust accumulation on the power outputs of
solar photovoltaic modules. Renewable energy, 60, 633-636.

2. Shajan K .Thomas ,Shelvin Joseph ,Sarrop T S ,and Sahad Bin Haris" ,Solar Panel
Automated Cleaning (SPAC) System ",in 2018 International Conference on Emerging
Trends and Innovations In Engineering And Technological Research (ICETIETR), 2018.

3. Surajit Mondal ,Amit Kumar Mondal ,Abhishek Sharma, and Vindhya Devalla" ,An
overview of cleaning and prevention processes for enhancing efficiency of solar
photovoltaic panels ",Current Science, vol. 115, no. 6, pp .1065-1077 ,September 2018.

4. Marcel Grando ,Elias Renã Maletz ,Daniel Martins ,and Henrique Simas" ,Robots for
Celaning Photo Voltaic Panels: State of the Art and Future Prospects ",in IX
JORNADAS ARGENTINAS DE ROBÓTICA, Cordoba, Argentina, 2017, pp. 29-34.

5. Andrew Sweezey ,Mark Anderson, Ashton Grandy ,and Jeremy Hastie" ,Robotic Device
for Cleaning Photovoltaic Arrays ",in International Conference on Climbing and Walking
Robots , 2009.

6. Victronenergy.com. 2020. VE.Direct Protocol FAQ [Victron Energy]. [online] Available

at: <https://www.victronenergy.com/live/vedirect_protocol:faq>

7. 2020. CP12650F-X 12V 65Ah(10Hr). 2nd ed. [ebook] Shenzhen Center Power Technology Co.,
Ltd, p.2. Available at: <https://meibat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/CP12650F-X.pdf>

8. 2015. Grid-Connected System: Loss Diagram. 1st ed. [ebook] Seneca: Canadian Solar, p.07.
Available at: <https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/crude-oil/innovative-crude/2016-
0804_senecaattachments.pdf>

26
 Appendix A:
• Bill of Materials:

Robotics Chasis 1500

Motor assembly 1800
Wheels 1000
Rubber Track 300
Water tank 100
Pipe, Screw & bolt, Mounting & 350
Coupling
Controller Circuity 1500
Bluetooth 400
Battery 1200
Solar Panel 4000

Total Cost 12150 (INR)

27
 Appendix B:
• Control System Code:
#define in1 5
#define in2 6
#define in3 10 //L298n Motor Driver pins
#define in4 11

int command; //Int to store app command state.

int Speed = 204; // 0 - 255.
int Speedsec;
int buttonState = 0;
int lastButtonState = 0;
int Turnradius = 0; //Set the radius of a turn, 0 - 255 Note: the robot will malfunction if
this is higher than int Speed.
int brakeTime = 45;
int brkonoff = 1; //1 for the electronic braking system, 0 for normal.

#define light FR A0 //LED Front Right pin A0 for Arduino Uno

#define light_FL A1 //LED Front Left pin A1 for Arduino Uno
#define light_BR A2 //LED Back Right pin A2 for Arduino Uno
#define light_BL A3 //LED Back Left pin A3 for Arduino Uno
#define horn_Buzz A4 //Horn Buzzer pin A4 for Arduino Uno
boolean lightFront = false;
boolean lightBack = false;
boolean horn = false;
void setup() {
pinMode(in1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(light_FR, OUTPUT);
pinMode(light_FL, OUTPUT);
pinMode(light_BR, OUTPUT);
pinMode(light_BL, OUTPUT);
pinMode(horn_Buzz, OUTPUT);

28
 Serial.begin(9600); //Set the baud rate to your Bluetooth module.
}

void loop() {
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
command = Serial.read();
Stop(); //Initialize with motors stoped.

if (lightFront) {digitalWrite(light_FR, HIGH); digitalWrite(light_FL, HIGH);}

if (!lightFront) {digitalWrite(light_FR, LOW); digitalWrite(light_FL, LOW);}
if (lightBack) {digitalWrite(light_BR, HIGH); digitalWrite(light_BL, HIGH);}
if (!lightBack) {digitalWrite(light_BR, LOW); digitalWrite(light_BL, LOW);}
if (horn) {digitalWrite(horn_Buzz, HIGH);}
if (!horn) {digitalWrite(horn_Buzz, LOW);}
switch (command) {
case 'F':
forward();
break;
case 'B':
back();
break;
case 'L':
left();
break;
case 'R':
right();
break;
case 'G':
forwardleft();
break;
case 'I':
forwardright();
break;
case 'H':
backleft();
break;

29
 case 'J':
backright();
break;
case '0':
Speed = 100;
break;
case '1':
Speed = 140;
break;
case '2':
Speed = 153;
break;
case '3':
Speed = 165;
break;
case '4':
Speed = 178;
break;
case '5':
Speed = 191;
break;
case '6':
Speed = 204;
break;
case '7':
Speed = 216;
break;
case '8':
Speed = 229;
break;
case '9':
Speed = 242;
break;
case 'q':
Speed = 255;
break;
case 'W':lightFront = true;break;

30
case 'w':lightFront = false;break;
case 'U':lightBack = true;break;
case 'u':lightBack = false;break;
case 'V':horn = true;break;
case 'v':horn = false;break;
}
Speedsec = Turnradius;
if (brkonoff == 1) {
brakeOn();
} else {
brakeOff();
}
}
}

void forward() {
analogWrite(in1, Speed);
analogWrite(in3, Speed);
}

void back() {
analogWrite(in2, Speed);
analogWrite(in4, Speed);
}

void left() {
analogWrite(in3, Speed);
analogWrite(in2, Speed);
}

void right() {
analogWrite(in4, Speed);
analogWrite(in1, Speed);
}
void forwardleft() {
analogWrite(in1, Speedsec);
analogWrite(in3, Speed);

31
}
void forwardright() {
analogWrite(in1, Speed);
analogWrite(in3, Speedsec);
}
void backright() {
analogWrite(in2, Speed);
analogWrite(in4, Speedsec);
}
void backleft() {
analogWrite(in2, Speedsec);
analogWrite(in4, Speed);
}

void Stop() {
analogWrite(in1, 0);
analogWrite(in2, 0);
analogWrite(in3, 0);
analogWrite(in4, 0);
}

32
Vol-9 Issue-3 2023 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

AUTOMATICALLY SOLAR PANEL CLEANER

Subhash Chaurasiya1, Anuj Singh2, Harsh Srivastava3, Harshit Mishra4, Vipin Kumar5, ER.
Avadhesh Pratap Patel6
1,2,3,4,5
Student of B. Tech fourth year, Dept.pf Mechanical Engineering, Rameswaram Institute of
Technology and Management, Lucknow
6
Asistant Professor Dept. Mechanical Engineering, Rameswaram Institute of Technology and
Management, Lucknow

ABSTRACT
In the modern age the need of energy consumption is increasing day by day. In India approx. 70% energy is
generated by coal which produces various ill effect on environment such as global warming, atmosphere
pollution, water pollution etc. To tackle this problem, we are moving renewable energy resources such as solar
energy, wind energy.
We are looking towards renewable energy solar energy is most prominent source of energy source. These are
various factor such as location of India and maximum sun light hours. We are using solar panel after some time
on this plate dust, dirt and other substance are stick on the panel.
That creates a lot of problem, which gradually decrease the efficiency of the system. However, manually
cleaning solar panels is hazardous and time consuming and suitable for small plant.
For this purpose, we create the automatically solar panel cleaner which is operate by the remote and wirelessly.
Maintains efficiency of solar panel by keeping them clean and roller brush clean all dust, dirt, grime and debris.
The solar panel cleaner robot makes use of a water tank with motorized pump along with 4x dc motor to achieve
vehicle motion using caterpillar. Wheel motion and rolling brush operated by gear motor. The robotic vehicle is
built over a metal chassis with a controller circuitry operated over R.F wireless remote.

Keyword: - rolling brush, dust solar panel, DC motors.

INTRODUCTION
Sun is abundance source of energy. The earth gets energy from the sun in the form of radiation. Most of the
solar energy is waste and hence to utilize the maximum use of solar energy. We developed solar panel which it
converts solar energy into electrical energy with the help of solar panel. As the time passes,
the efficiency of plant decreases when dirt, dust or other contaminants accumulates on the surface, resulting in a
decrease in power output. You can clean small plant by manual method. But this is not feasible for the medium
and large plants. Manual Cleaning of solar panels is a time -consuming and costly process, particularly in
remote or inaccessible areas. An automatic solar panel cleaner that can keep the panels clean without human
intervention would be a significant advancement. This project aims to design and develop an automatic solar
panel cleaner that can remove dust and dirt from the solar panel surfaces regularly.

OBJECTIVE
 To clean the solar panel effectively.
 To make the system automated using Arduino.
 To avoid the manual work.
 To avoid dust associated problems on solar panels.

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Vol-9 Issue-3 2023 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

COMPONENTS USED
 Robotic Chassis
 DC Motors
 Wheels
 Rubber tracks
 Pump Motors
 Water Tank
 Piping, Screw & Bolts
 Controller Circuity
 Bluetooth
 Motor Shafts,
 Mounts & Coupling
 Battery
 Solar panel

DC MOTORS
Any member of the group of rotating electric motors known as dc motors transforms direct current electric
energy into mechanical energy. The most prevalent types depend on the forces generated by induced magnetic
field as a result of current flowing through the coil. Almost all kinds of dc motors have an internal electronical
or electronic mechanism to sporadically change the direction of current in a specific area of the motor.

BLUETOOTH
Linking a phone to a Bluetooth module (HC-05) Open Bluetooth setting on your phone and connect to ‘HC-
05’ Using pin ‘1234’to pair the module with your phone. Try ‘0000’ if ‘1234’ does not work. You can use the
app once the Bluetooth module and your phone have been paired.

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Vol-9 Issue-3 2023 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

CONTROLLER CIRCUITY
To ensure that the motor is started and halted in a way that is secure user and the machinery, a control circuit
utilised. The thermostat for a home’s air conditioner serves as an illustration of a typical control circuit.

WHEELS
Robots with wheels moves across the ground by employing power wheels as their means propulsion. Using
wheels instead of treads or legs makes this design simpler to design, manufacture, and programme for mobility
on flat, moderately difficult terrain.

Working Principle of Automatic Solar Panel Cleaner

The automatic solar panel cleaner design uses a robot that moves along a track installed on the solar panels’
surface. The robot two sets of brushes and a water jet system to remove dust and debris. The brushes are made
of soft materials to avoid damaging the panels’ surface during cleaning. The robot is powered by solar panels
installed on it. The robot’s movement and cleaning operation are controlled by a microcontroller system that
receives data from sensors to detect the level of dirt and dust accumulation on the panels’ surface.

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Vol-9 Issue-3 2023 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

EFFECT OF DUST ON SOLAR PANEL

The dust on the PV panel also increases the temp. at which PV panel operates. Dust thickness of 500µm by
virtue of this increasing the panel temp. by 2˚C resulting in a reduction photocurrent and drop in the panel
conversion efficiency by 30%.

Construction
Design of Automatic Solar Panel Cleaner comprises several components, including control unit, cleaning
mechanism, and power supply. The control unit contains the program that manages the entire cleaning process,
while cleaning mechanisms can vary depending on the system design. For instance, some systems use brushes,
while others use rotating wipers, soft absorbent materials, or even robots for cleaning the solar panels. The
power supply can vary from solar to electric power process, along with backup power sources for uninterrupted
solar panel system.

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 Vol-9 Issue-3 2023 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

Advantages of Automatic Solar Panel Cleaner

There are several advantages to using automatic solar panel cleaners.
1. Increase efficiency: Automatic solar panel cleaners can increase the panel efficiency by removing the
dirt and debris that block the sunlight.

2. Save Time and Labour: It can Save time and money spent on labours and its result in more consistent
in cleaning.

3. Reduce water use: Many automatic solar panel cleaners use less water
than traditional method, preventing water wastage.

4.Ensure Safety: Automatic solar panel cleaners eliminate the requirement for manual labour and ensure the
safety of workers on the job.

Applications
 Large scale solar power producing plants.
 Rooftop solar panels at homes and offices.

COST ANALYSIS
Robotics chasis 1500
Motors assembly 1800
Wheels 1000
Rubber track 300
Water tank 100
Pipe, screw & bolt, mounting & coupling 350
Controller circuity 1500
bluetooth 400
battery 1200
Solar Panel 4000
Total cost 12150 (INR)

Results
The automatic solar panel cleaner design was successfully developed and tested in a laboratory environment. The
robot moved smoothly along the track, and the brushes and water jet effectively cleaned the panels’ surface.

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 Vol-9 Issue-3 2023 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

The microcontroller accurately detected the level of dust on the panels, and the cleaning operation was triggered
when the threshold was reach. The power consumption of the robot was minimal, making it an energy-efficient
solution for solar panel cleaning.

Discussion
The automatic solar panel cleaner is a promising solution to the problem of solar panel efficiency loss due to dirt
and dust accumulation. It provides an automated and efficiency way to keep solar panels clean without manual
intervention. The proposed design is relatively simple and uses readily available materials, making it cost-
effective. The use of renewable energy source to power the robot makes it a sustainable solution.

Conclusion
The design and development of an automatic solar panel cleaner has been successfully completed. The robot’s
movements and cleaning operation are controlled by a microcontroller system, which detects the level of dirt
and dust accumulation on the panels’ surface. The proposed design is energy-efficient and cost -effective,
making it a viable solution. Further testing and refinement of the design would be necessary before deploying it
on a larger scale.

REFERENCE
Ashish Saini and Abhishek Nahar. Solar Panel Cleaning System. ijir.2017; 3(5):1222-1226. 2. satishpatil,
mallaradhya h m.design and implementation of microcontroller based automatic dust cleaning system for solar
panel.ijerat.2016; 2(1):187-190. 3. V. A. Ballal, Prof. R. M. Autee. Dual axis solar panel and panel cleaning
system. ijates.2016; 4(6):85-93. 4. Fawad Azeem, G.B. Narejo.Design, development and performance
evaluation of solar panel cleaning kit for street lights and ground mounted systems. 2016; 4357-4360. 5. Rahul
B. Ingle, Ravindra S. Chavan. Automatic dust detection mechanism for solar panel cleaning system. IJARIIE.
2017; 3(3): 2546-2549. 6. Dr.G. Prasanthi ME, Ph.D., T. Jayamadhuri. Effects of Dust on The Performance of
Solar Panel and Improving the Performance by Using Arm Controller and Gear Motor Based Cleaning
Method.IJISET.2015;2(9):329-334. 7. Kiran M R, Rekha G Padaki.Self-Cleaning Technology for solar PV
Panel.IJSDR.2016; 1(9):148-173. 8. Akhil Mishra, Ajay Sarathe. study of solar panel cleaning system to
enhance the performance of solar system. jetir.2017; 4(9):84-89. 9. Z.H.Bohari. Solar Tracker Module with
Automated Module Cleaning System.IJES.2015; 4(11):66-69. 10. S. B. Halbhavi. Microcontroller Based
Automatic Cleaning of Solar Panel.IJLTET.2015; `5(4):99-105. 11. Kutaiba Sabah, Sabah NimmaFaraj. Self-
Cleaning Solar Panels to Avoid the Effects of Accumulated Dust on Solar Panels Transmittance.IJSR.2013;
2(9):246-248. 12. V. A. Ballal, Prof. R. M. Autee.

BIOLIOGRAPHY

He is currently student of B. Tech final year Dept. of Mechanical Engineering at

Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management Lucknow.

He is currently student of B. Tech final year Dept. of Mechanical Engineering at

Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management Lucknow.

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Vol-9 Issue-3 2023 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

He is currently student of B. Tech final year Dept. of Mechanical Engineering at

Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management Lucknow.

He is currently student of B. Tech final year Dept. of Mechanical Engineering at

Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management Lucknow.

Er. Avadhesh Pratap Patel is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Dept. at

Rameshwaram Institute of Technology & Management, Lucknow. He has 15 Years
Teaching Experience.

He is currently student of B. Tech final year Dept. of Mechanical Engineering at

Rameshwaram Institute of Technology and Management Lucknow.

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