Administration

&
Bureaucracy
AMELIA YULIANA ABD WAHAB
Department of Political Science
AbdulHamid AbuSulayman
Kulliyyah Of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human
Science
International Islamic University Malaysia
Growth of
Bureaucracy
• In order to maintain the daily
administration, traditional rulers had
to create governmental.
• When the agrarian societies
transformed into industrial
economies, their range of activities
expanded rapidly.
• Their function did not remain
confined to the maintenance of law
and order, but extended to the
servicing, licensing, and regulating
order.
Who are the Bureaucrats?

• Bureaucrats refers to a professional body of officials necessary to run the

government. They have permanent status and tenure.
• Civil servants or bureaucrats are career non-political officials, while the
Ministers are political officials. They cannot go into politics during their tenure
or campaign for a political party.
• Civil servants are expected to remain in the spot until they resign, die, removed
for misconduct, or reach the age of retirement.
• The civil servants are also called bureaucrats and the system in which they
operate is called bureaucracy.

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Characteristics of Bureaucracy

1 Specialisation 2
Hierarchy
• Each person has his or her own function or role to
• Administrative officers are organised hierarchically.
perform within specific limits. It produces
It means, each official is under the supervision of a
efficiency in large-scale organisations.
higher official.
• A person is likely to be highly skilled and efficient
• Thus, there exists a superior-subordinate relation
by working at a specific task.
among the members of the bureaucracy.

3 Formal 4 Skilled and Trained

• Hiring is based on technical qualifications rather
• The organisation operates through formal written
than partisanship.
rules.
• Thus, it reduces petty rivalriesand discourages
• It ensures uniform and clear standards and
favouritism,
provides a valuable sense of continuity.in th
• Promotions are based on writeen policies which
egivernment policies.
offer the civil servants a sense of security.
Characteristics of Bureaucracy

Impersonality
5 Fixed Salary 6
• The official does not own his or her office. If one
• Civil servants receive fixed salaries according to bureaucrats leaves a position, then someone must
rank. fill in.
• The job is a career and sole employment of the • So, the bureaucracy is expected to provide equal
civil servant, treatment to the people.
• If the salary is not adequate, bureaucrats are more • Officers work in their offices without personal
likely to be corrupt. consideration

7 Control and Disicipline

• The official is subject to control and discipline.
• Promotion is based on the superior's judgement.
• The official can be suspended, transferred or
dismissed of the superior is not satisfied with his
or her performance.
Functions of Bureaucracy
ADMINISTRATION
• Civil servants execute and enforce the laws enacted by legislature and the ordinances issued by the
Ministries.
• They translate laws of the land into action from one end of the state to the other end, and bring the
government into contact with rank and file of the citizens.
• The efficiency of a government largely depends upon the competence of the civil servants.
• Administration is the implementation of public policy.
• The head office of each department directs, instructs, supervises, and controls, whereas the field
officer obey, implement, and report.
• Bureaucrats decide whether a house can be built or a house can be owned in a particular locality.
• They record births, assess of property values, collect taxes, and register marriages and deaths.
Functions of Bureaucracy
POLICY FORMULATION
• Policy are made by legislature but formulated by bureaucrats.
• Policy is usually formulated by the cabinet, but all details of the policy and all the routine business connected
therewith are left to various departments of the government.
• Every department prepares the draft of the scheme, works out its details, and consults the interest groups
likely to be affected by it.
• In Canada, the policy is formulated by the officers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs because they have the
information.
• Even is domestic issues, the government may have a broad framework for a policy to health, education, and
tax matters, for example, but the details are left to the bureaucrats.
• There is a public concern that civil servants often formulate policy proposals which are passed to parliament
through their elected officials.
• So, ultimately, politicians are under the influence of administrators.
Functions of Bureaucracy
REGULATING
• All regulations of the government are updated by the civil servants.
• Numerous regulations are issued by various departments to control virtually every aspect of civilian life.
• Through regulatory agencies, government seek to influence, direct, and control the economic and social
life.

LICENSING
• Licensing is closely related to regulating.
• It enables government to control the illegal activities of individuals and organisations.
• For example, every individual needs a driving license to drive a particular vehicle and has to meet the
minimum standard.
• Similarly for practising medicine, law, dentistry or for opening a business, such as saloon, restaurant,
and pharmacy, individuals and organisations have to meet the minimum standard.
Functions of Bureaucracy
SERVICING
• The civil sector involves the offering of services to the citizens.
• Education, health, and social security are administrative services provided by most governments.
• For example, Canada's Department of Employment and Immigration and Canada's Department of
Agriculture.

GATHERING INFORMATION
• All bureaucracies gather vast information from various sources.
• The information is essential for making a policy decision.
• The cabinet and legislatures have to depend fully upon the civil servants for the necessary
information required in shaping policies and enacting laws on a multitude of subjects.
• All government departments and agencies collect massive data and information in their respective
areas.
• Compared to politicians, the civil servants are considered to be neutral and protectors of national
interest, between competing demands of various groups.
 • Bureaucracy involves officialism and departmentalism.
• Officialism and red tapism are the rules with the civil
servants, and not exceptions. It means multiplicity of
forms and files.
• Bureaucracy and corruption are intertwines.
• Whenever there are rules to be implemented,

Dangers/Problem
bureaucrats can use harsh measures which may tempt
individuals to bribe the officers.

with Bureaucracy
• Bureaucratic agencies know about people's life
histories, financial affairs, credit ratings, houses,
schooling, etc.
• Sometimes even without people's knowledge, police
officials collect information from neighbours and
friends.
How to Control the Bureaucrats?

1 Executive Control 2
• The top executives formally control the Administrative Control
bureaucrats through their powers of appointment
and removal. • The internal coordination, the self-discipline, and
• If the political executives are very strict, the the hierarchical structure are self-regulatory mean
bureaucrats cannot act irresponsibly or according for controlling bureaucrats.
to their whims.

Legislative Control
3 4 Judical Control
• Members of legislatures, question the Ministers on
different issues, and the Ministers depend on the career
• The courts are watchdogs on the performance of
officers who run the department on a permanent basis.
• Bureaucrats must defend their budgetary requests in the bureaucrats.
legislature for the final approval. • They have the final authority to interpret a law.
• All public inquiries, auditor's reports, question of • If a law is violated by a bureaucrats, or there has
members of legislature, public hearings, and reports of been an unfair administrative practice, the courts
commisions have significant effects on the performance can review the administrative setup or procedure.
of bureaucracy.
How to Control the Bureaucrats?

5 Constitutional Control 6 The Office of Ombudsman

• The constitution enlists the fundamental rights and
directive principles of state policy.
• The civil servants ought to respect these rights and
freedom of the people.
• The creation of the Office of Ombudsman is the contribution
of Sweden.
• The Ombudsman investigates issues related to social
assistance, workers' compensation, employment, consumer
services, and protection of private property,
licenses/permits, and any other matter which citizens feel
there is discrimination.

7 Informal Controls
• The bureaucracy can also be controlled by
informal methods through mass media and
pressure groups.
• The mass media provides a venue for checking an
unresponsive bureaucracy.
• Pressure groups are also vigilant in protecting the
rights of its members.
How to Control the Bureaucrats?

New Public Management

8
• There has also emerged the New Public Management (NPM) movement and
involves a number of changes aimed at better performance management and
managing.
• The intention is to control the bureaucracy and to make it more business-like
public services organizations.
• According to Hood, there are seven core features of NPM reforms: (1)"hands on"
professional management, (2)explicit standards and measures of performances,
(3)greater stress on output-based controls, (4)a disaggregation of units in the
public sector, (5)more competition within the public sector itself, (6) more private-
sector-style management practice, (7) the pursuit of efficiency and "doing more
with less"
• NPM's guiding values greatly favor efficiency over democracy.
 Thank You
AMELIA YULIANA ABD WAHAB