ANCIENT

EGYPT
MEANING OF ANCIENT EGYPT
Ancient Egypt was a civilization in north Africa situated in
the Nile Valley. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed
prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC
according to conventional Egyptian chronology. with the
political unification of under Menes (often identified with
Narmer. The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series
of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative
instability known as Intermediate Periods: the old kingdom
of the early bronze age, the middle kingdom of the middle
kingdom and the new kingdom of the late bronze age.
 HISTORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT
The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of
human history.The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave
humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural
economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society
that became a cornerstone in the history of human
civilization. Nomadic modern human hunter-gathers began
living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle
Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago. By the late
Paleolithic period, the arid climate of Northern Africa had
become increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations
of the area to concentrate along the river region.
ECONOMY OF ANCIENT EGYPT
The pharaoh was the absolute monarch of the country and, at least
in theory, wielded complete control of the land and its resources. The
king was the supreme military commander and head of the
government, who relied on a bureaucracy of officials to manage his
affairs. In charge of the administration was his second in command,
the vizier, who acted as the king's representative and coordinated
land surveys, the treasury, building projects, the legal system, and
the archives. At a regional level, the country was divided into as
many as 42 administrative regions called Nomes each governed by a
nomarch , who was accountable to the vizier for his jurisdiction. The
temples formed the backbone of the economy. Not only were they
places of worship, but were also responsible for collecting and
storing the kingdom's wealth in a system of granaries and treasuries
administered by overseers, who redistributed grain and goods.
LANGUAGE OF ANCIENT EGYPT

The Egyptain language is a northern Afro-Asiatic language closely

related to the Berber and Semitic languages. It has the longest
known history of any language having been written from c. 3200 BC
to the Middle Ages and remaining as a spoken language for longer.
The phases of ancient Egyptian are Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian
(Classical Egyptian), Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic. Egyptian
writings do not show dialect differences before Coptic, but it was
probably spoken in regional dialects around Memphis and later
Thebes.
WHO IS TUTANKHAMUN
Tutankhamun ascended to the throne around the age of nine and
reigned until his death around the age of nineteen. The preeminent
action of his reign is the countermanding of the religiopolitical
changes enacted by his predecessor, Akhenaten, during the Amarna
period: he restored the traditional polytheistic form of ancient
Egyptian religion, undoing the religious shift known as Atenism, and
moved the royal court away from Akhenaten's capital, Amarna. Also,
Tutankhamun was one of few kings worshipped as a deity during his
lifetime; this was usually done posthumously for most pharaohs. In
popular culture today, Tutankhamun, is known for his vastly opulent
wealth found during the 1992 discovery of his tomb, KV62, the only
such tomb to date to have been found in near-intact condition. The
discovery of his tomb is widely considered one of the greatest
archaeological discoveries of all time. Since then he has been
referred to colloquially as "King Tut".
 FAMILY OF TUTANKHAMUN
Tutankhamun, whose original name was Tutankhaten or
Tutankhuaten, was born during the reign of Akhenate, during the late
Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Akhenaten's reign was characterized by
a dramatic shift in ancient Egyptian religion, known as Atenism, and
the relocation of the capital to the site of Amarna, which gave its
name to the modern term for this era, the Amarna period. Toward the
end of the Amarna Period, two other pharaohs appear in the record
who were apparently Akhenaten's co-regents: Neferneferuaten, a
female ruler who may have been Akhenaten's wife Nefertiti or his
daughter Meritaten; and Smenkhkare, whom some Egyptologists
believe was the same person as Neferneferuaten but most regard as a
distinct figure. It is uncertain whether Smenkhkare's reign outlasted
Akhenaten's, whereas Neferneferuaten is now thought to have
become co-regent shortly before Akhenaten's death and to have
reigned for some time after it.
 HEALTH AND DEATH
Tutankhamun's health and early death are heavily debated. The most
recent study suggests Tutankhamun had bone necrosis and a possible
clubfoot, which may have rendered him dependent on assistive canes.
This theory is disputed, as neither the canes nor his sandals show the
kinds of the wear expected. He also had other health issues, including
scoliosis, and had contracted several strains of malaria. He likely
died of complications from a broken leg, possibly compounded by
malar.Tutankhamun was slight of build, and roughly 167 cm (5 ft 6 in)
tall. CT investigations of Tutankhamun's skull revealed an excellent
condition of his dentition. He had large front incisors and an overbite
characteristic of the Thutmosid royal line to which he belonged.
Analysis of the clothing found in his tomb, particularly the dimensions
of his loincloths and belts indicates that he had a narrow waist and
rounded hips.
TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN
In 1922, a team led by British Egyptologist Howard carter in the
Valley of the Kings excavated Tutankhamun tomb, in an effort that
was funded by British aristocrat George Herbert. The discovery of
tutankhamun’s tomb received worldwide press coverage; with over
5,000 artifacts, it gave rise to renewed public interest in ancient
Egyptian, for which Tutankhamun mask, now preserved at the
Egyptian museum, remains a popular symbol. Some of his treasure
has traveled worldwide with unprecedented response; the Egyptian
government allowed tours beginning in 1961. The deaths of some
individuals who were involved in the unearthing of Tutankhamun’s
mummy have been popularly attributed to the "curse of the pharaohs"
due to the similarity of their circumstances.
LEGACY OF TUTANKHAMUN
Tutankhamun's fame is primarily the result of his well-preserved tomb
and the global exhibitions of his associated artifacts. As Jon manchip
white writes, in his foreword to the 1977 edition of Carter's The
Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, "The pharaoh who in life was
one of the least esteemed of Egypt's Pharaohs has become in death
the most renowned".The discoveries in the tomb were prominent news
in the 1920s. Tutankhamen came to be called by a modern neologism,
"King Tut". Ancient Egyptian references became common in popular
culture, including Tin pan alley songs; the most popular of the latter
was "Old King Tut" by Harry von tilzer from 1923, which was recorded
by such prominent artists of the time as Jones and hare and sophie
Tuker.
REIGN OF TUTANKHAMUN
Tutankhamun was between eight and nine years of age when he
ascended the throne and became pharaoh taking the throne name
Nebkheperure. He reigned for about nine years. During
Tutankhamun's reign the position of Vizier was split between Upper
and lower egypt. The principal vizier for Upper Egypt was usermotu.
Another figure named Pentju was also vizier but it is unclear of which
lands. It is not entirely known if Ay, Tutankhamun's successor,
actually held this position. A gold foil fragment from KV58 seems to
indicate, but not certainly, that Ay was referred to as a Priest of Maat
along with an epithet of "vizier, doer of maat." The epithet does not fit
the usual description used by the regular vizier but might indicate an
informal title. It might be that Ay used the title of vizier in an
unprecedented manner.
WHO IS AKHENATEN
As a pharaoh, Akhenaten is noted for abandoning Egypt’s traditional
polytheism and introducing Atenism, or worship centered around Aten.
The views of Egyptologists differ as to whether the religious policy
was absolutely monothestic, or whether it was monolatristic,
syncretistic, or henothestic. This culture shift away from traditional
religion was reversed after his death. Akhenaten's monuments were
dismantled and hidden, his statues were destroyed, and his name
excluded from lists of rulers compiled by later pharaohs. Traditional
religious practice was gradually restored, notably under his close
successor tutankhamun, who changed his name from Tutankhaten
early in his reign. When some dozen years later, rulers without clear
rights of succession from the Eighteenth Dynasty founded a new
dynacty, they discredited Akhenaten and his immediate successors
and referred to Akhenaten as "the enemy" or "that criminal" in
archival records.
Thank You!