CHAPTER 1: CEMENT

CEMENT

1. Types of cement

2. Chemical composition of Portland cement

3. Standard test for cement

4. Cement manufacturing process

5. Methods of storing cements

TYPES OF CEMENT

CEMENT

HIGH
HYDROLIC MIXED
ALUMINA

NATURAL PORTLAND ALUMINOUS

Rapid- Extra rapid- White and

OPC Low heat
hardening hardening coloured

Chemical composition of Portland cement

Name of Raw Material Chemical Composition Percentage Limit

Lime CaO 60 – 67
Silica SiO2 17 – 25
Alumina Al2O3 3–8
Iron Oxide Fe2O3 0.5 – 6
Magnesium MgO 0.1 – 4
Alkalis (Soda and or/ Na2O,K2O 0.2 – 1.3
potash)
Trioxide SO3 1-3
CHAPTER 1: CEMENT
STANDARD TEST FOR CEMENT

Objectives • Setting time of cement

• Soundness (Soundness of the cement paste refers to
of cement its ability to retain its volume after setting)
• Compressive strength of cement
test

Several • 1. Vicat Set Time Testing

• 2. Gilmore Set Time Testing
type of • 3. Soundness using Autoclave
• 4. Compressive strength Testing (ASTM C109)
testing

CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS

In the kiln, the raw materials

Modern dry process cement
Some plants use a flash are melted at temperatures
plants use a heat recovery
furnace to further heat and 1400oC to 1650oC, changing
cycle to preheat the ground
feed stock. the materials into cement
material
clinker.

The clinker is cooled and

Production of Portland
stored. The small amount of
cement deals with two basic These materials are crushed
gypsum is added to regulate
raw ingredients namely and stored in the silos.
the setting time of the
calcareous and argillaceous.
cement in the concrete.

The raw materials, in the

desired proportions, are
The ground material is stored
passed through grinding mill,
until it can be sent to the kiln
using either wet or dry
process.
CHAPTER 1: CEMENT