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Table Of Contents
INRODUCTION
WHY DID I CHOSE VISUAL ARTS
WHY DID I CHOSE MY THEME
WHY DID I CHOSE PAINTING AND MIX MEDIA
WHY DID I CHOSE GRAPHICS AND COMMUNICATION
DESIGN

PAINTING AND MIXED MEDIA

HISTORY OF PAINTING AND MIXED MEDIA
FORMS OF PAINTING AND MIXED MEDIA
MATERIALS I USED IN PAINTING AND MIXED MEDIA
EXAMPLES OF EQUIPMENT USED IN PAINTING AND
MIXED MEDIA
PAINTING AND MIXED MEDIA ARTIST
PAINTING AND MIXED MEDIA ARTIST ARTWORK
MY PAINTING AND MIXED MEDIA ARTWORK
COMPARISON CRITIQUE

GRAPIHICS AND COMMUNICATION DESIGN

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HISTORY OF GRAPIHICS AND COMMUNICATION
DESIGN
FORMS OF GRAPHICS AND COMMUNICATION
EXAMPLES OF EQUIPMENT UESD IN GRAPHICS AND
COMMNITION DESIGN
GRAPHICS AND COMMNICATION DESIGN ARTIST
GRAPHICS AND COMMUNICATIION DESIGN ARTIST
ARTWORK
MY GRAPHICS AND COMMUNICATION DESIGN
ARTWORK
COMPARISION CRITIQUE
OTHER ART I DID
CONCLUSION
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION
Embarking on my art journey has truly marked a transformative
chapter in my life, igniting within me a profound sense of
purpose and creativity. Ever since my earliest years, I've been
drawn to the world of artistic expression, nurturing my innate
talent and passion for visual arts. However, it was through the
challenging yet enriching process of preparing for the Caribbean
Secondary School Examination Certificate (Cesc)that I truly
unearthed the depths of my artistic potential. This pivotal
experience not only honed my technical skills but also sparked a
fervent love for two distinct forms of creative expression,
allowing me to delve deeper into the intricate nuances of
portraying my artistic prowess.
Within the pages of this journal, you'll discover a comprehensive
exploration of the expressive forms I've chosen to delve into,
accompanied by detailed insights into their rich historical
backgrounds. Alongside this contextual backdrop, I've included
a curated selection of sample pieces, providing a vivid showcase
of the diverse range of artwork within these expressive realms.

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WHY DID CHOSE VISUAL ARTS
As an art student, I chose art because it’s where I feel most at
home. Art lets me express myself in, like, my own unique way,
Whether I'm doodling in my sketchbook or getting messy with
paints, it's all about sharing what's inside my head and heart.
Art's, like, this amazing language that anyone can understand,
no matter where they're from or what they believe in. So being
an art student isn't just about learning techniques; it's about
exploring who I am.

WHY DID I CHOSE MY THEME

I chose the theme nature because nature isn’t just trees and
flowers, it is anything you can imagine. It is a boundless canvas
of inspiration, and the possibilities for art in the theme of nature
is endless.

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PAINTING AND MIX MEDIA

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WHY I CHOSE PAINTING AND MIXED
MEDIA
I chose painting and mixed media as my preferred artistic
mediums because they offer me a boundless realm of creative
expression where I can seamlessly blend colors, textures, and
materials to convey my thoughts, emotions, and perceptions.
Painting allows me to immerse myself in the process of layering
pigments and manipulating brushes or other tools to bring my
visions to life on canvas or paper. Mixed media, on the other
hand, provides me with the freedom to experiment with a
diverse range of materials such as found objects, textiles, or
even digital elements, enabling me to create multidimensional
and dynamic artworks that challenge traditional boundaries.
Together, these mediums afford me the opportunity to explore
my artistic voice, push the limits of conventional art forms, and
engage with viewers on a visceral and thought-provoking level.

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THE HISTORY OF PAINTING AND
MIXED MEDIA
Prehistoric Painting
Cave dwellers were the earliest artists. Coloured drawings of
animals, dating from about 30,000 to 10,000 B.C., have been
found on the walls of caves in southern France and in Spain.
Many of these drawings are amazingly well preserved because
the caves were sealed up for many centuries. Early people drew
the wild animals that they saw all around them. Very crude
human figures, drawn in lifelike positions, have been found in
Africa and eastern Spain.

The cave artists filled the cave walls with drawings in rich,
bright colours. Some of the most beautiful paintings are in the
Cave of Altamira, in Spain. One detail shows a wounded bison,
no longer able to stand—probably the victim of a hunter. It is
painted in reddish brown and outlined simply but skilfully in
black. The pigments used by cave painters were earth ochres
(iron oxides varying in colour from light yellow to deep orange)
and manganese (a metallic element). These were crushed into a
fine powder, mixed with grease (perhaps animal fat), and put on
with some sort of brush. Sometimes the pigments were used in
sticks, like crayons. The grease mixed with the powdered
pigments made the paint fluid and the pigment particles stick
together. The cave dwellers must have made brushes out of
animal hairs or plants, and sharp tools out of flint for drawing
and scratching lines.

As far back as 30,000 years ago, people had invented the basic
tools and materials for painting. Techniques and materials were

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refined and improved in the centuries following. But the
discoveries of the cave dweller remain basic to painting.

Medieval Painting (500-1400)

The first part of the Middle Ages, from about the 6th to the 11th
centuries A.D., is commonly called the Dark Ages. In this time
of unrest, art was kept alive mainly in the monasteries. In the 5th
century A.D. barbarian tribes from northern and central Europe
roamed over the continent. For hundreds of years, they
dominated Western Europe. These people produced an art that
has a strong emphasis on pattern. They were especially fond of
designs of intertwining dragons and birds.

The best of Celtic and Saxon art is found in manuscripts of the

7th and 8th centuries. Book illumination and miniature painting,
practiced since late Roman times, increased in the Middle Ages.
Illumination is decoration of the text, the capital letters, and the
margins. Gold, silver, and bright colours were used. A miniature
is a small picture, often a portrait. Originally the term was used
to describe the decorative block around the initial letters in a
manuscript.

Charlemagne, who was crowned emperor of the Holy Roman

Empire in the early 9th century, tried to revive the classical art
of the late Roman and early Christian periods. During his reign
painters of miniatures imitated classical art, but they also
conveyed personal feelings about their subjects.

Very little wall painting survives from the Middle Ages. There
were several great series of frescoes painted in churches built
during the Romanesque period (11th-13th centuries), but most

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of them have disappeared. Churches of the Gothic period (12th-
16th centuries) did not have enough wall space for mural
paintings. Book illustration was the main job of the Gothic
painter.

Among the finest illustrated manuscripts were the books of

hours--collections of calendars, devotional prayers, and psalms.
A page from an Italian manuscript shows elaborately decorated
initials and a finely detailed marginal scene of Saint George
slaying the dragon. The colours are brilliant and jewel-like, as in
stained glass, and gold shimmers over the page. Exquisitely
delicate leaf and flower designs border the text. Artists probably
used magnifying glasses to do such intricate work.

Italian Renaissance Painting

At the same time that van Eyck was working in the North, the
Italians were moving into a golden age of art and literature. This
period is called the Renaissance, which means rebirth, or
revival. Italian artists were inspired by the sculpture of the
ancient Greeks and Romans. The Italians wanted to revive the
spirit of classical art, which glorifies human independence and
nobility. Renaissance artists continued to paint religious
subjects. But they emphasized the earthly life and
accomplishments of human beings.

The Renaissance in Flanders and Germany

The golden age of painting in Flanders (now part of Belgium
and northern France) was the 15th century, the time of van
Eyck. In the 16th century many Flemish artists had taken up the
discoveries of Italian Renaissance painters. Some Flemings,
however, continued the Flemish tradition of realism. They

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painted genre--scenes from everyday life, which were often
charming and sometimes fantastic. Hieronymus Bosch (1450? -
1516), who preceded the genre painters, had an unusually vivid
imagination. He invented all sorts of weird, grotesque creatures
for The Temptation of St. Anthony. Pieter Bruegel the Elder
(1525? -69) also worked in the Flemish tradition but added
perspective and other Renaissance characteristics to his genre
scenes.

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), Hans Holbein the Younger (1497 -

1543), and Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) were the three
most important German painters of the 16th century. They did
much to soften the grim realism of earlier German painting.
Dürer made at least one visit to Italy, where he was impressed
with the paintings of Giovanni Bellini and other northern
Italians. From this experience he brought to German painting a
knowledge of perspective, a feeling for colour and light, and a
new understanding of composition. Holbein absorbed even more
of the Italian achievements. His sensitive drawing and ability to
select only the most important details made him a master portrait
painter.

19th-Century Painting
The 19th century is sometimes regarded as the period during
which modern art began to take shape. One important reason for
the so-called revolution in the arts at this time was the invention
of the camera, which forced artists to re-examine the purpose of
painting.

A more important development resulted partly from the

widespread use of manufactured paints. Before the 19th century,

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most artists or their assistants made their own paints by grinding
pigment. Early commercial paints were inferior to handmade
paints. Artists late in the 19th century found that the dark blues
and browns of earlier paintings were turning black or Gray
within a few years. They began to use pure colours again. These
artists used pure colours to preserve their work and sometimes
because they were trying to capture the effects of sunlight in
outdoor scenes more accurately.

20th-Century Painting
A number of artists soon became dissatisfied with
impressionism. Artists such as Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) felt
that impressionism did not describe the solidity of forms in
nature. Cézanne liked to paint still life’s because they allowed
him to concentrate on the shapes of fruits or other objects and
their arrangements. Objects in his still life’s look solid because
he reduced their forms to simple geometric shapes. His
technique of placing patches of paint and short brushstrokes of
rich colour side by side shows that he learned much from the
impressionists.

Vincent Van Gogh (1853-90) and Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)

reacted against the realism of the impressionists. Unlike the
impressionists, who said that they were viewing nature
objectively, Van Gogh cared little for accurate drawing. He
frequently distorted objects to express his ideas more
imaginatively. He used the impressionist device of putting
contrasting colours next to each other. Sometimes he squeezed
paint from the tubes right onto the canvas in thick ribbons, as
in Field of Yellow Corn.

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Gauguin did not care for the spotty colour of the impressionists.
He applied colour smoothly in large flat areas, which he
separated from one another by lines or dark edges. The colourful
civilizations of the tropics provided much of his subject matter.

Cézanne's method of building up arrangements in space with

simple geometric forms was further developed by Pablo Picasso
(1881-1973), Georges Braque (1882-1963), and others. Their
style became known as cubism. The cubists painted objects as if
they could be seen from several angles at once, or as if they had
been taken apart and reassembled on a flat canvas. Often the
objects barely resemble anything in nature. Sometimes the
cubists cut out shapes from cloth, cardboard, wallpaper, or other
materials and pasted them on the canvas to make a collage.
Textures were also varied by adding sand or other substances to
the paint. Since Manet, the trend has been to put less emphasis
on subject and more emphasis on composition and technique.

The cultural and contemporary aspects of the history of painting

and mixed media are rich and diverse, reflecting the evolution of
human creativity and societal influences over time.
Culturally, painting has played a significant role in virtually
every civilization throughout history. From the cave paintings of
prehistoric times to the intricate religious frescoes of the
Renaissance and the bold abstract expressions of the 20th
century, painting has served as a means of communication,

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storytelling, and cultural expression. Each culture has developed
its own unique styles, techniques, and themes in painting,
influenced by factors such as religion, politics, philosophy, and
social norms. For example, traditional Chinese painting
emphasizes harmony with nature and the use of symbolism,
while Western art often focuses on realism, perspective, and
individual expression.
In contemporary times, painting continues to be a vital form of
artistic expression, but it has also expanded to incorporate new
mediums and techniques, giving rise to the genre of mixed
media. Mixed media art combines various materials and
methods, such as painting, collage, sculpture, photography, and
digital elements, to create multidimensional and visually
dynamic works. This blending of different mediums allows
artists to push the boundaries of traditional painting and explore
new forms of self-expression, often reflecting the complexities
of modern society, technology, and globalization.
Moreover, contemporary painting and mixed media art often
engage with cultural and social issues, serving as a platform for
commentary, critique, and activism. Artists explore themes such
as identity, race, gender, environmentalism, and globalization,
addressing pressing issues facing our world today. By
incorporating diverse materials, techniques, and perspectives,
contemporary artists challenge conventional notions of art and
invite viewers to reconsider their perceptions and assumptions.
Overall, the cultural and contemporary aspects of the history of
painting and mixed media highlight the enduring significance of

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art as a reflection of human experience, culture, and society,
while also showcasing the dynamic evolution of artistic
expression in response to changing times and influences.

FORMS OF PAINTING AND MIXED MEDIA

Painting encompasses various forms, including:

1. Oil Painting: Utilizing pigments mixed with a drying oil,

typically linseed oil, known for its richness and depth of color.
2. Acrylic Painting: Employing acrylic paints, which dry quickly
and allow for easy layering and manipulation.
3.Watercolor Painting: Using water-based pigments that are
transparent and allow for delicate washes and subtle blending.
4. Gouache Painting: Like watercolor but with opaque pigments,
offering more coverage and vibrant colors.
5. Pastel Painting: Utilizing soft or hard pastels to create rich,
textured effects on paper.
6. Encaustic Painting: Involving pigments mixed with hot wax,
allowing for unique textures, and layering techniques.
Mixed media involves combining various materials and
techniques, including:

1. Collage: Incorporating pieces of paper, fabric, or other

materials onto a surface to create a cohesive composition.

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2. Assemblage: Constructing three-dimensional artworks by
combining found objects, often with painting or other
techniques.
3. Digital Mixed Media: Combining traditional art materials
with digital elements such as photography, graphic design, or
digital painting.
4.Textile Art: Incorporating fabric, yarn, or thread into artworks,
often through techniques like sewing, embroidery, or quilting.
5.Sculptural Painting: Integrating sculptural elements into
paintings, such as adding texture with modeling paste or
incorporating three-dimensional objects onto the canvas.
6. Experimental Techniques: Exploring unconventional methods
and materials to create innovative and dynamic artworks.

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EXAMPLES OF EQUIPMENT USED IN PAINTING
AND MIXED MEDIA.

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INTERVEIW WITH A PAINTING AN MIXED MEDIA
DANIEL ALLEYNE

Our skills, talents and abilities are often accredited to the plan of
the Almighty and Daneil Alleyne, a 41-year-old NIFCA award
winning visual artist, is testament to this fact.

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An interview was conducted with an artist known as Daneil
Alleyne, also recognized by the pseudonym "Rasta Daneil."
During the interview, several questions were posed to him such
as:
1. WHO OR WHAT INFLUENCED YOU TO BEGIN YOUR ART
JOURNEY?
His reaction wasn’t about who, but rather a profound passion for
creating marks, and he was deeply engrossed in it.

2. WHICH MEDIA DO YOU PREFER AND WHY?

He doesn’t express a preference for one choice. Instead, he
mentions enjoying switching between different media.

3. WHEN YOU DO YOUR ARTWORK WHAT DOES AIM TO

SAY?
He mentioned its objective is to evoke powerful emotions or
feelings, while also offering a passage through history.

4.HAVE YOU EVER OBTAINED ANY EXCIBITION AWARDS?

His response was affirmative. One of his artworks, titled
"Mother Love," was exhibited at NIFC. Additionally, he
received a government award and Kadooment awards as well.
4. HOW DID YOU DECIDE TO PURSE ART AS AN CAREER?
He mentioned that he never pursued art as a career; rather, he
simply had a strong passion for it.

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 5. WHO IS YOUR FAVOURITE ARTIST AND WHY
His favourite artist is known as Felix Gonzales, currently
residing in Cuba, known for creating conceptualized art. He
remarked that Gonzales is an amazing artist. Additionally, he
holds Leonardo da Vinci in high regard for his fundamental
contributions to art, considering him also an amazing artist.

6. WHAT ARE YOUR BIGGEST LESSONS YOU LEARNED AS

AN ARTIST?
He mentioned that his most significant lesson learned is to
embrace mistakes and the process, recognizing that they do not
define his ultimate destination.
7. WHAT ARE IMPORTANT SKILLS THAT YOU
RECOMMMEND YOU NEED AS AN ARTIST?
8. He recommended that one requires a keen eye, sensitivity
to recognize craftsmanship, as well as patience and
resilience, acknowledging that art cannot be perfect.

9. WHAT ADVICE WOULD YOU GIVE SOMEONE WHO IS

INTERESTED IN PURSUINGART AS A CAREER?
He expressed that one must be ready to embrace a life beyond
monetary control, driven by a passion for nature and a love for
creation. Additionally, one must possess resilience, persistence,
and a commitment to originality rather than conformity.

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PAINTING AND MIXED MEDIA ARTIST
ARTWORK
MOONLIGHT SHINE

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CRITIQUE
Describe: This painting is amazing. It's like a window into a
world of ocean beauty. The colors are so vibrant and captivating,
especially the blues and greens. The artist has really captured the

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essence of the sea, with the waves crashing and the sunlight
dancing on the water. It's a breathtaking scene that makes you
feel like you're right there, experiencing the power and serenity
of the ocean. Analysis: The composition is interesting, with the
visual positioning in the center, looking out towards the ocean.
The use of perspective creates a sense of depth and draws the
viewer's attention to the vastness of the sea. The colors chosen,
such as blues and greens, evoke a serene and calming
atmosphere. The artist's attention to detail is evident in the way
they captured the subtle reflections on the water and the texture
of the waves. It's a thought-provoking piece that invites us to
contemplate the beauty and power of nature.
Interpret: This painting interprets representation of someone
gazing at the ocean. The person's gaze towards the vastness of
the sea suggests a sense of introspection and wonder. The use of
vibrant colors and attention to detail adds depth and emotion to
the artwork. It may symbolize the connection between humanity
and the natural world, reminding us of the beauty and
importance of our oceans. It's a powerful piece that can inspire
reflection and raise awareness about environmental issues, like
pollution in the ocean. Evaluate: I think this painting is
stunning! The artist has done a fantastic job in capturing the
beauty and tranquility of the ocean. The use of colors and
brushstrokes creates a sense of movement and depth. The person
looking out to the ocean adds a touch of contemplation and
mystery to the piece. Overall, it's captivating artwork that
evokes a sense of wonder and invites the viewer to immerse
themselves in the scene.

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A CRICKET GAME

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CRITIQUE
Describe: This art piece is breathtaking. It depicts a group of
individuals standing in front of a tall lighthouse. The artist has
skillfully captured the sense of awe and wonder that comes from
being in the presence of such a magnificent structure.
Analysis: The attention to detail is remarkable, from the intricate
textures of the lighthouse to the expressions the people give off.
It's a truly captivating scene that transports you to a place of
serenity and beauty. This painting of the lighthouse with people
showcases a captivating game of cricket. The lighthouse itself
serves as a powerful symbol of guidance and hope, standing tall
against the backdrop of the sky. The inclusion of people in the
painting adds a layer of storytelling and human connection. It
invites us to contemplate the significance of human presence in
the face of nature's grandeur. The artist's use of vibrant colors
and intricate brushwork adds depth and realism to the scene. The
attention to detail in capturing the textures of the lighthouse and
the expressions on the people give off is truly remarkable.
Interpret: The interpretation of this painting is the lighthouse
with people carries a profound message. The lighthouse
symbolizes guidance and hope, while the individuals in front of
it represent humanity's connection to nature. The painting invites
us to reflect on our role as caretakers of the environment and the
need to protect our oceans from pollution. It serves as a
reminder of the power of art to inspire reflection and action. use
of vibrant colors and attention. The details are exceptional.

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Evaluate: The symbolism of the lighthouse and the presence of
people adds depth and meaning to the artwork. It's a thought-
provoking piece that beautifully captures the connection
between humans and the natural world. I believe it's a powerful
representation of the importance of
environmental awareness and the impact we can have on our
planet.

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SELF PORTRAIT

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CRITIQUE
Describe: This painting is an acrylic portrait of a person with
dreadlocks. The artist has used bold brushstrokes and vibrant
colors to capture the essence of the subject.
Analysis: The texture of the dreadlocks is beautifully rendered,
showcasing the artist's attention to detail. The use of acrylic
paint adds a dynamic and expressive quality to the piece.
Interpret: The choice of portraying a person with dreadlocks
could symbolize individuality, cultural identity, or personal
expression.
Evaluate: It invites us to appreciate and celebrate diversity. The
painting is a captivating and skillfully executed portrait. The
artist has successfully captured the unique features and character
of the subject, making it a compelling piece of art.

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MY PAINTING AND MIXED MEDIA
ARTWORK
NATURES PAUSE

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PROCESS PICTURES

CRITIQUE

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Describe: The painting features two birds, and one butterfly. The
colors used are vibrant and eye-catching, adding a sense of
liveliness to the artwork. The composition is balanced, with the
birds positioned in the center of the canvas, drawing our
attention to their unique characteristics.
Analysis: The use of symbolism is evident in this artwork. The
bird resembling a butterfly may represent transformation,
change, or freedom. The vibrant colors and intricate details
suggest a sense of energy and life. This painting could be
interpreted as a reflection of the interconnectedness of different
elements in nature.
Interpret: The combination of birds and flowers signifies the
harmony and symbiotic relationship between living creatures
and the environment. It encourages us to appreciate the beauty
of nature and recognize our role in preserving it.
Evaluate: Overall, this painting is visually striking and thought-
provoking. The artist's attention to detail and skillful use of
symbolism makes it a captivating piece. It invites us to reflect on
the importance of nature and our responsibility to protect it. It's
a beautiful reminder of the intricate web of life that surrounds
us.

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ENTANGLED

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PROCESS PICTURES

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CRITIQUE
Describe: This painting depicts a serene underwater scene,
filled with a sea turtle, garbage. The colours used are vibrant and
lively, capturing the beauty of the ocean. The artist has paid
attention to detail, showcasing the unique characteristics of the
creature. The use of vibrant colours in this painting creates a
sense of life and energy.
Analysis’s: the composition is balanced, with the sea turtle
placed strategically to guide our eyes through the artwork. The
attention to detail in the depiction of the sea creature adds a level
of realism and depth to the painting. This painting could
symbolize the importance of marine life and the need to protect
our oceans.
Interpret: The presence of sea turtle known as symbols of
wisdom and longevity, may represent the delicate balance of
marine ecosystems and the impact of human activities on them.
It serves as a reminder to appreciate and preserve the beauty of
our underwater world.
Evaluate: Overall, this painting is visually captivating and
thought-provoking. The artist's skill in capturing the essence of
marine life and using vibrant colours makes this artwork
engaging and impactful. It's a beautiful representation of the
wonders of the ocean and the importance of environmental
conservation.

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FLORAL QUEEN

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PROCESS PICTURE

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CRITIQUE
Description: In this painting, we see a woman with a flower
in her hair and a butterfly on her mouth. The flower adds a
touch of natural beauty to her appearance, while the
butterfly on her mouth creates an intriguing and symbolic
element.
Analysis’s: the artist has skillfully captured the details of the
woman's features, as well as the delicate textures of the
flower and butterfly. The use of color and contrast draws
our attention to these elements, making them stand out in
the composition.
Interpretation: This painting could symbolize the power of
nature and the connection between humans and the natural
world. The flower in her hair might represent her connection
to the earth and the beauty she carries within. The butterfly
on her mouth could symbolize the transformative power of
her words or the importance of speaking with grace and
intention.
Evaluation: Overall, this painting is thought-provoking and
visually captivating. The artist's attention to detail and use
of symbolism invites us to reflect on the relationship between
humans and nature, as well as the significance of our words.

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COMPARISON CRITIQUE

The two pieces I am going to be using for my Painting and

Mixed Media comparison critique is one of Mr. Daniels AKA
Rasta Daneil’s pieces. The first drawing, with the person
sporting dreadlocks has a vibrant and energetic vibe. The bold
lines and colors create a sense of movement and liveliness. It's a
powerful representation of individuality and self-expression, the
second drawing with the person adorned with flowers on their
head. This piece has a dreamy and ethereal quality to it. The
delicate details and soft colors give it a whimsical and magical
atmosphere. The butterflies symbolize transformation and
freedom, adding a deeper meaning to the artwork. Both

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drawings showcase your artistic talent and creativity. The first
one stands out with its boldness and unique style, while the
second one captivates with its enchanting and imaginative
concept.

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GRAPHICS AND COMMUNICATION DESIGN

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WHY DID I CHOSE GRAPHIC AND
COMUNICATION DESIGN
I chose graphic and communication design as my creative path
because it allows me to merge my passion for visual storytelling
with my fascination for problem-solving. In this dynamic field, I
can harness the power of typography, imagery, and layout to
convey complex messages in compelling and accessible ways.
Graphic design enables me to not only create aesthetically
pleasing designs but also to communicate effectively with
diverse audiences, whether it’s through branding, advertising,
editorial design, or digital media. By choosing graphic and
communication design, I am drawn to the opportunity to make
meaningful connections, evoke emotions, and inspire action
through the fusion of artistry and strategic thinking.

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THE HISTORY OF GRAPHICS AND
COMMNICATION DESIGN
The first signs of visual communication
Historians trace the origins of graphic design to early cave
paintings from about 38,000 BC. These early forms of cave
paintings were how people communicated from one generation
to another.
Subjects in these cave paintings mainly featured animals,
handprints, weapons, and other references to hunting. While it’s
unclear what humans were communicating, it’s obvious they
were communicating visually.

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The beginning of a visual language
The next evolution of graphic design is language itself and the
visual representation with the alphabet. The Sumerians are
credited for the invention of writing c. 3300 to 3000 BC. These
early forms of writing were pictographs, symbols that
represented objects. You can already start to see the early forms
of graphic design at play.

The invention of printing

Of course, we can’t have graphic design without the invention of
printing. As far back as 200 CE, China used woodblock printing
to stamp designs on silk clothes and eventually on paper. In

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1040, Bi Sheng invented the world’s first movable type printing
press out of porcelain.

Johannes Gutenberg brought moveable type to Europe in 1439,

introducing mass communication to Western culture. With the
Gutenberg press, literature and literacy opened up to the masses,
making it affordable and accessible. People no longer had to rely
on lengthy scholarly reproductions of books. The Gutenberg
press forged a path for more commercial uses of design, which
led to the era of graphic design as we know it.

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How the industrial revolution evolved graphic design.
The industrial revolution, a period from about 1760 to 1840,
introduced new technologies for increasing the efficiency and
production of manufacturing processes such as lithography.
Lithography is a method of printing that involves inking your
design into a stone or metal surface and transferring it to a sheet
of paper. Eventually, this led to chromolithography which is
simply lithography but with color.

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The first graphic design agency
The Wiener Werkstätte (which translates to Vienna Workshop)
was established in 1903 by the painter Koloman Moser, the
architect Josef Hoffmann, and the patron Fritz Waerndorfer.
The Werkstätte brought together architects, artists, and designers
working in ceramics, fashion, silver, furniture, and graphic arts.
They’re regarded as a pioneer of modern design and early
influence in styles such as Bauhaus and Art Deco. As one of the
first groups of professional artists working together, they
influenced design standards for the coming generations.

Art and design movements

Now you have a better idea of how graphic design began with
the earliest form of visual and written communication. Let’s
dive into some key influential art movements that helped
evolved graphic design as we know it.

46
You may notice how these art movements influence trends and
how some of them even come back into style. It’s important to
have a solid understanding of the history of design so you can
understand where these trends come from and how to use them
in your design.

Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau (“New Art”) flourished in western Europe and the
United States from the 1880s until the First World War. It was a
deliberate attempt to abandon the historical styles of the 19th
century.
Creators of Art Nouveau sought to revive good workmanship,
raise the status of craft, and produce a genuinely modern design
that reflected the utility of the items they were creating. One
distinctive characteristic of the style is the use of organic,
asymmetrical linework instead of solid, uniform shapes —
applied across architecture, interiors, jewellery, as well as
posters and illustration.

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Bauhaus
Bauhaus was an influential art and design movement that began
in 1919 in Weimar, Germany. The Bauhaus school, founded by
Walter Gropius, launched a new way of thinking.
Six months after the end of World War I, the school encouraged
artists and designers to use their talents to help rebuild the
broken society. The Bauhaus grammar — a triangle, a square,
and a circle — evoked this back-to-the-basics mentality. They
challenged everything, including the usual method of schooling.
They combined arts and crafts, classical and avant-garde styles,
form and function. Bauhaus design incorporated minimalism,

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geometric shapes, and simple typography. While the Bauhaus
bubble lasted for only 14 years, its influence remains in just
about every aspect of modern life today.

Art Deco
Art Deco originated in Paris, where the 1925 Exposition
Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes gave
it its name.
Style, elegance, and sophistication are the epitome of Art Deco
design. ARt Deco uses simple shapes, stylized and geometric
ornamentation, and elaborate use of expensive materials, both
natural and synthetic.
Spanning architecture, furniture, fashion, sculpture, and more,
Art Deco encapsulates the decadent spirit of the 1930s. The
Rockefeller Centre, Chrysler Building, and Empire State
Building were all designed in the style.

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Swiss Design (The International Typography Style)
Building on the rational approach of the Bauhaus, this
movement is all about functionality and universality. The style
emerged in Russia, the Netherlands, and Germany in the 1920s
and was further developed in Switzerland during the 1950s.
Designers developed a cohesive, unified Modernist movement
that became known as the Swiss Design or the International
Typographic Style.
Logical, modular grid systems provided a structured framework
to align different elements, something now considered essential
for most forms of graphic design. Realistic photography was
preferred over more expressive illustration, alongside neutral
sans-serif typefaces such as Helvetica.

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Swiss design is minimal in nature. Minimalism has experienced
a comeback in branding, UI design, and packaging. This trend is
driven by influential companies such as Apple and Google who
prioritize a clean, pared-back aesthetic above ornament and
decoration. A vital contribution from the Swiss Design
movement is their use of grids. Can you imagine designing for
the web without one?

Pop Art
Primarily a British and American cultural phenomenon that
gained traction in the late 1950s and 1960s, Pop Art was named
by art critic Lawrence Alloway because of the way it glorified
popular culture and elevated commonplace, often unremarkable
objects to iconic statuses.
The pop art movement began as a revolt against the dominant
approaches to art, culture, and traditional views on what art

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should be. Sources of inspiration ranged from Hollywood
movies, advertising, product packaging, pop music, and comic
books, rejecting the pretensions of “high art” in favor of bold,
graphic printmaking.

Postmodernism
Postmodernism was a reaction against modernism. While
modernism was based on idealism and reason, postmodernism
was born from skepticism and suspicion of reason. Modernists
valued clarity and simplicity. Postmodernists embraced complex
and often contradictory layers of meaning.
Young designers of the movement questioned the “form follows
function” philosophy associated with Modernism derived from
the Swiss Design Style (or International Typography Style).
Designers created freely, breaking rules of design with the use
of collage, distortion, vibrant colors, and abstract type.
During the late 1970s, April Grieman became known for her
postmodern experimentation with her typographic innovations
and colorful collage style.

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The digital age
The introduction of digital tools provided a new, revolutionary
way of creating graphic design. In 1984, Apple introduced the
Macintosh computer. It used a simple, user-friendly interface
that said “Hello”, inviting consumers to be a creator themselves.
Photoshop launched in 1990 as a graphics editing software
anyone could use to manipulate images and make professional
designs. Basic programs like Microsoft Paint made graphic art
accessible to the masses.

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How art movements influence design trends
These are just some of the many art movements throughout
time. Do you notice how one art movement influenced the
behavior of the next? One style of design may be popular for a
while, say for example the Swiss Design style but then
something like Postmodernism comes along and turns art and
design completely upside down.
Similar to design trends, some will be popular for a while until
eventually something else replaces them. Remember the
gradients and bevels that existed in early app design when the
iPhone first came about? Over time this design trend was
replaced with a flat design aesthetic.

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Logo and identity design
Logo and branding design is an important sub-category of
graphic design. Without it, we would have no way to recognize
companies, organizations, and our favorite brands. In this
section, we’ll touch on the importance of signage, the first logos
created, as well as one of the greats in corporate logo design.

Signage
Signage uses symbols and words to communicate a message.
They’re typically a form of wayfinding information and are
important to help people get around a location. Signage can
range in large sizes like billboards and murals but they can also
be smaller like street signage. But similar to graphic design, the
key is communication.
Some of the first signs of modern signage can be attributed to
the Greeks and Romans using stone or terra cotta to create signs

55
with symbols. Often signs were used to show membership to
specific groups like religious affiliations. After the Dark Ages,
commerce expanded along with the need for signage. In 1389,
King Richard III of England passed a law that any establishment
that sold ale must place a sign outside of its building.

The first logo

Logos (abbreviated for logotype) is a graphic mark, an emblem,
or symbol used for identification. Today, a company’s logo is
synonymous with its trademark or brand. The beginning of logo
design can be traced back to many origins such as seals, coins,
coats of arms, watermarks, and more.
The first logo ever to be trademarked was the Bass red triangle
in 1876 for The Bass Brewery. It featured a red triangle with the

56
“Bass” text in a script similar to the well known Coca-Cola
lettering.

This trend of trademarking company logos continued steadily

with the invention of television and mass communication. The
concept of logos hasn’t changed much since ancient times, they
are still used to convey a message for a brand visually, without
language.

Paul Rand reinvents the corporate logo

Paul Rand is considered one of the pioneers of design. No
graphic design history would be complete without mentioning
how he redefined the corporate logo. He’s famous for his logo
redesigns for companies such as IBM, Westinghouse, ABC,
NEXT, and UPS.

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“Before Paul Rand, the copywriter was the lead,” says Donald
Albrecht. The copywriter would supply the words which would
dictate the layout of the ad, often drawn from one of several
templates or pre-determined formats. The visuals would be filled
in later by commercial artists who typically just illustrated
whatever the copy was describing.
Rand sought to bring a radically different approach to the job.
As he saw it, an ad’s effectiveness lay in the way words and
images were combined on the page. Rand fused words and
pictures into one symbol.
Rand introduced a crucial new ingredient into commercial art:
form. By paring down copy and adding white space to his
compositions, Rand made his advertisements stand out from
everyone else.

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The history of graphic communication design is deeply
intertwined with cultural and contemporary developments,
reflecting the societal values, technological advancements, and
artistic movements of each era.
Cultural Aspects:
Early Civilization In ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia,
Egypt, and China, graphic communication primarily served
utilitarian purposes, such as recording information, religious
symbolism, and political propaganda. Hieroglyphics, cuneiform
script, and pictograms were among the earliest forms of visual
communication, reflecting the cultural and religious beliefs of
these societies.
Medieval Manuscripts: During the Middle Ages, graphic
communication evolved within the context of religious
institutions and the rise of manuscript production. Illuminated
manuscripts showcased intricate calligraphy, decorative borders,
and miniature illustrations, reflecting the religious and cultural
narratives of the time.
Renaissance and Enlightenment: The invention of the printing
press in the 15th century revolutionized graphic communication,
leading to the mass production of books, pamphlets, and
newspapers. The Renaissance and Enlightenment periods saw a
renewed interest in classical art and humanism, influencing the
development of typography, illustration, and graphic design
principles.
Contemporary Aspects:

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Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution brought about
significant changes in graphic communication, with
advancements in printing technology, typography, and
advertising. The rise of mass media, including newspapers,
magazines, and posters, transformed how information was
disseminated and consumed on a large scale.
Modernism: The early 20th century witnessed the emergence of
Modernism in graphic design, characterized by simplicity,
clarity, and functionalism. Influential movements such as the
Bauhaus and Swiss Style emphasized grid-based layouts, sans-
serif typography, and minimalist aesthetics, reflecting the
cultural shifts towards industrialization and rationalism.
Postmodernism and Digital Age: The late 20th century and the
digital age brought about a diversification of graphic
communication design, with the advent of computers, the
internet, and digital media. Postmodernism challenged
traditional design principles, embracing eclecticism, irony, and
cultural references. The proliferation of digital tools and
software enabled designers to explore new creative possibilities,
including interactive media, motion graphics, and user
experience design.
In summary, the history of graphic communication design is
shaped by cultural influences, technological innovations, and
artistic movements, reflecting the dynamic interplay between
society and visual expression throughout the ages.

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FORMS OF GRAPHICS COMMNICATION DESIGN

Graphic communication encompasses various forms and

mediums, each serving specific purposes and audiences. Here
are some common forms and how they are used:

1. Print Design: This includes designing for printed materials

such as brochures, posters, flyers, magazines, and packaging.
Print design relies on layout, typography, color theory, and

61
imagery to convey information and engage audiences
effectively.

2. Digital Design: Digital design encompasses a wide range of

media, including web design, mobile app design, social media
graphics, and digital advertising. Digital designers utilize user
interface (UI) and user experience (UX) principles to create
intuitive and visually appealing digital experiences that enhance
usability and engagement.

3. Branding and Identity Design: Branding and identity design

involve creating visual identities for organizations, products, or
services. This includes designing logos, brand guidelines,
stationery, and other collateral to establish a cohesive and
memorable brand image that resonates with target audiences.
4. Motion Graphics: Motion graphics combine graphic design
and animation to create dynamic visual content for videos,
presentations, advertisements, and multimedia projects. Motion
designers use typography, illustration, and visual effects to
communicate messages effectively and enhance storytelling
through movement and timing.

5. Information Design: Information design focuses on presenting

complex data and information in a clear, concise, and visually
engaging manner. This includes designing infographics, data

62
visualizations, charts, and diagrams to facilitate understanding
and decision-making.

6. Environmental Design: Environmental design involves

creating visual experiences in physical spaces such as retail
stores, museums, exhibitions, and signage systems.
Environmental designers consider factors such as spatial layout,
navigation, wayfinding, and branding to enhance the user
experience and create immersive environments.

7. Typography Design: Typography design encompasses the art

and technique of arranging typefaces to convey meaning, evoke
emotions, and enhance readability. Typography designers
carefully select fonts, styles, sizes, and spacing to create visually
harmonious and effective communication pieces.

Overall, graphic communication forms are diverse and versatile,

offering designers opportunities to engage with audiences across
various mediums and platforms, while effectively
communicating messages and ideas through visual

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EXAMPLES OF EQUIPMENT USED IN
GRAPHICS AND COMMUNICATION DESIGN

64
INTERVEIW WITH GRAPHIC,

COMMUNICATION, AND DESIGNS ARITIST

65
Born on the tropical island of Barbados, Alex “Lex” Carrington
is an award-winning designer, photographer, artist, and
consultant with over 10 years’ experience. He combines his
training, passion, and happy-go-lucky attitude to create unique,
exciting works of art. Adaptability and a quick response to his
customers’ respective needs make him an asset to any
partnership.
Alex has worked with a wide range of companies across the
Caribbean, including Massy and its Subsidiaries, Banks
Holdings Ltd and the Caribbean Institute of Leadership &
Coaching, to name a few. He was integral to the Plus G-Force
launch campaign, which won two Silver Addy Awards from the
American Advertising Federation.

More recently, he has had a creative impact on the Bank on Me

television series, of which he was a former contestant and the
Shine like A Diamond Pageant for People with Disabilities.
Currently, he is part of the Magnificent 7 from the Sagicor Blue
Flame Challenge that presented at Innovate Barbados 2017, a
part-time tutor at the Barbados Community College and co-
founder of the Anglican Football League 5-A-Side Tournament.

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GRAPHIC AND COMMUNICATION DESIGN
ARTIST ARTWORK

67
TWIST CAN

CRITIQUE

68
Description: The poster features a vibrant and eye-catching
design with the word "Twist" prominently displayed. The
typography is playful and dynamic, giving a sense of energy and
excitement. The colors used are bright and refreshing, evoking a
sense of thirst-quenching delight.
Analysis: The use of bold typography and bright colors grabs
our attention and makes the name of the drink stand out. The
swirling patterns and shapes in the background create a sense of
movement and liveliness, reflecting the idea of a refreshing and
invigorating beverage.
Interpretation: This poster aims to capture the essence of the
drink named "Twist" by visually conveying it’s refreshing and
exciting qualities. The dynamic design suggests a drink that is
full of flavor and surprises, ready to delight our taste buds.
Evaluation: Overall, this poster effectively captures the spirit of
the drink named "Twist" through its vibrant design and energetic
typography. It's a visually appealing and enticing representation
that would certainly catch the attention of anyone looking for a
refreshing beverage.

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G-FORCE

70
CRITIQUE
Description: The poster showcases a mesmerizing painting of a
bottle of sparkling plus, surrounded by sparks. The colors used
are vibrant and intense, with the flames depicted in fiery reds,
oranges, and yellows. The bottle itself is depicted with intricate
details, reflecting the light and movement of the sparks.
Analysis: The use of vibrant colors and the depiction of the
sparks immediately captures our attention. The artist skillfully
portrays the dynamic nature of sparks, with the sparks appearing
to dance and flicker. The intricate details of the bottle add a
sense of realism to the artwork, making it visually striking.
Interpretation: This poster seems to convey a sense of energy
and excitement through the imagery of the sparkling plus
catching sparks. The vibrant colors and the movement of the
sparks evoke a feeling of intensity and passion. It could
symbolize the idea of igniting a spark or bringing something to
life.
Evaluation: Overall, this poster is visually captivating and
conveys a sense of dynamism and intensity through its depiction
of the sparkling plus catching sparks. The use of vibrant colors
and attention to detail make it a compelling piece of artwork that
grabs the viewer's attention.

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DOING TOURISM DIFFERENTLY

72
CRITIQUE
Description: The poster showcases a captivating scene with
people enjoying outdoor activities in a picturesque setting. The
vibrant colors and stunning landscape are sure to entice anyone
looking for an adventure.

Analysis: The poster aims to capture attention with its vibrant

colors and visually appealing composition. The use of people
engaging in outdoor activities adds a sense of liveliness and
adventure. The picturesque setting creates a feeling of escapism
and invites viewers to imagine themselves in that beautiful
location.
Interpretation: This poster is likely promoting a travel guide or
destination, enticing people to explore new places and create
unforgettable memories. It suggests that by venturing into the
great outdoors, one can experience exciting adventures and
discover breathtaking landscapes.
Evaluation: Overall, this poster effectively combines vibrant
visuals, enticing activities, and a stunning setting to capture the
viewer's attention and evoke a sense of wanderlust. It
successfully conveys the message of adventure and exploration,
making it an appealing choice for travel enthusiasts.

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A HARE LIFE
MY GRAPHIC AND COMMUNICATION
ARTWORK

74
PROCESS PICTURE

75
CRITIQUE
Description: The book cover features a beautiful illustration of a
rabbit in a field. The rabbit is depicted in a
realistic style, with intricate details on its fur and expressive
eyes. The field is lush and vibrant, with colorful flowers and tall
grasses surrounding the rabbit.

Analysis: The use of a rabbit in the field as the focus of the book
cover creates a sense of tranquility and connection with nature.
The realistic illustration style adds a touch of authenticity and
invites readers to immerse themselves in the story. The choice of
vibrant colors and attention to detail enhances the visual appeal
of the cover.

Interpretation: This book cover might symbolize themes of

harmony, peace, and the beauty of the natural world. The
presence of the rabbit in the field could represent a journey of
self-discovery, finding solace in nature, or exploring the
wonders of the animal kingdom.

Evaluation: Overall, the book cover effectively captures the

essence of nature and the allure of the rabbit's presence. It
entices readers with its visually appealing illustration and

76
suggests a story that explores themes of connection with the
natural world.

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NATURALLY HOMEMADE [TASTE THE
ORIGINAL]

78
PROCESS PICTURES

79
CRITIQUE
Description: The poster showcases three delicious flavors of ice
cream. Each flavor is presented in a colorful and enticing
manner, with vibrant images that depict the ingredients and
toppings used in each ice cream. The typography used for the
names of the flavors is bold and eye-catching.

Analysis: The use of vibrant colors and mouth-watering imagery

on the poster is designed to grab attention and entice viewers to
try the ice cream flavors. The detailed illustrations of the
ingredients and toppings add a sense of realism and make the ice
cream look even more tempting. The bold typography ensures
that the names of the flavors stand out and are easily readable.

Interpretation: This poster aims to evoke feelings of indulgence

and delight, enticing viewers to satisfy their sweet tooth with
these delicious ice cream flavors. The use of colorful and
detailed imagery suggests that each flavor is unique and offers a
delightful taste experience.

Evaluation: Overall, the poster effectively showcases the flavors

of the ice cream in an appealing and appetizing way. It
successfully captures the essence of the ice cream and is likely
to attract attention and generate interest among potential
customers.

80
81
CARRIBBEAN FLORAL [SPRING FESTIVAL]
PROCESS PICTURE

82
83
CRITIQUE
Description: The poster features a vibrant flower in the
foreground, with the logo for the spring festival placed behind it.
The flower appears to be in full bloom, with colorful petals and
intricate details. The logo consists of bold, stylized text that
represents the name of the festival.
Analysis: The use of a flower as the focal point of the poster
symbolizes the renewal and beauty of spring. The vibrant colors
and intricate details of the flower capture attention and create a
sense of joy and excitement. Placing the festival logo behind the
flower suggests that the event is closely tied to the essence of
spring and nature.
Interpretation: This poster aims to convey the spirit of the spring
festival using a vibrant flower. It suggests that attendees can
expect a celebration of nature, new beginnings, and the beauty
of the season. The combination of the flower and the logo
creates a visual representation of the festival's theme and
purpose.
Evaluation: Overall, the poster effectively captures the essence
of the spring festival using a vibrant flower and a bold logo. It
successfully conveys the message of nature, renewal, and
celebration, which are key elements of the festival. The design is
visually appealing and likely to attract attention and generate
interest among potential attendees.

84
COMPARISION CRITIQUE

The twist poster has a bold and energetic vibe, with its dynamic
typography and vibrant colors. It really grabs your attention and
makes you curious about what the twist is all about. On the other
hand, the ice cream poster has a more playful and delicious feel
to it, with its mouthwatering images and fun font choice.
In terms of messaging, the twist poster leaves you intrigued and
wanting to know more about the twist, while the ice cream
poster simply tempts you with its yummy treats. Both posters

85
effectively communicate their intended messages, but in
different ways.
When it comes to design, the twist poster uses clean lines and a
minimalist approach, while the ice cream poster is more visually
busy with its abundance of mouthwatering ice cream images.

Overall, both posters have their own unique style and purpose.
The twist poster sparks curiosity and makes you want to find out
more, while the ice cream poster satisfies your sweet tooth and
makes you want to indulge in a delicious treat. They both do a
great job in capturing attention and conveying their messages.
artwork.

86
 OTHER ART PIECES I
HAVE DONE

87
CONCLUSION
My art journal has been an extraordinary journey, a testament to
both my growth as an artist and the invaluable guidance
provided by my teacher. Reflecting on my initial struggles with
art, it’s evident how far I’ve come since then. My journal
showcases not only my artistic development but also my
determination to improve. Each stroke of color, every intricate
detail, narrates a story of perseverance and dedication. It's a
visual narrative that speaks volumes about my journey from
uncertainty to confidence. My teacher's unwavering support and
effective instruction have played a pivotal role in shaping your
artistic abilities. Through patient guidance and insightful
feedback, she has empowered me to explore my creativity and
refine my skills. As I flip through the pages of my journal, I can't
help but marvel at the transformation that has taken place. What
was once a daunting task has now become a source of joy and
fulfillment. My art journal stands not only as a record of my
artistic endeavors but also as a reminder of the profound impact
that mentorship and perseverance can have on one's journey
towards mastery.

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GLOSSARY
1. Medium: Refers to the materials used by artists to create
their artwork, such as paint, ink, charcoal, or digital tools.

2. Canvas: A flat surface used for painting, typically made of

cotton or linen stretched over a wooden frame.

3. Palette: A flat surface used by painters to mix and blend

colours before applying them to the canvas.

4. Brush: A tool with bristles or fibres used for applying

paint or other media onto a surface.

5. Mixed Media: Artworks that incorporate multiple

materials or techniques, such as combining paint with
collage, found objects, or digital elements.

6. Collage: An art form in which various materials, such as

paper, fabric, or photographs, are arranged and glued onto
a surface to create a composition.

7. Graphic Design: The art of combining text, images, and

other visual elements to communicate a message or convey

89
 information, often used in advertising, branding, and
publication design.

8. Composition: The arrangement of elements within an

artwork, including line, shape, colour, and texture, to create
a visually appealing and cohesive whole.

9. Perspective: The technique used by artists to create the

illusion of depth and distance in a two-dimensional
artwork, often achieved using vanishing points and
converging lines.

10. Colour Theory: The study of how colours interact

with each other and how they can be used to evoke
emotions or create visual harmony in an artwork.

11. Contrast: The difference between light and dark areas

in an artwork, as well as differences in colour, texture, and
shape, used to create visual interest and emphasis.

12. Typography: The art and technique of arranging

typefaces (fonts) to make written language readable and
visually appealing, often used in graphic and
communication design.

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 13. Layout: The arrangement of text, images, and other
design elements on a page or screen, used to create visual
hierarchy and guide the viewer's eye through the content.

14. Branding: The process of creating a unique identity for a

product, company, or organization using visual elements, such as
logos, colours, and typography, to establish recognition and
convey values.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARTIST
https://issuu.com/unapologeticallybajan/docs/
ub_2_-_digital-_high
https://www.instagram.com/danielalleyne83/

https://www.lexcarrington.com/branding-design
https://www.lexcarrington.com/about-lex
https://www.instagram.com/lexcarrington
HISTORY
https://www.flux-academy.com/blog/the-
history-of-graphic-design#:~:text=Historians
%20trace%20the%20origins%20of,and
%20other%20references%20to%20hunting.

https://caribbeanartguide.weebly.com/painting-
and-mixed-media.html

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