Use Case Modelling

• So far, we have looked into the

basic syntax...

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• Factoring use cases ...
• Text description ...

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• Design of Use Case model from a
N
given text description ...

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• Use case name should begin with a verb. Style Notes
• While use cases do not explicitly imply timing: (Ambler, 2005)
– Order use cases from top to bottom to imply timing -- it improves
readability.
• The primary actors should appear in the left.

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• Actors are associated with one or more use cases.
• Do not use arrows on the actor-use case relationship.

PT
• To initiate scheduled events include an actor called
“calendar”
• Do not show actors interacting with each other.
N
• <<include>> and <<extend>> should rarely nest more
than 2 levels deep.

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 Effective Use Case
• Use cases should be named and organized
Modelling
from the perspective of the users.

• Use cases should start off simple and at as

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much higher view as possible.
– Can be refined and detailed further.

PT
• Use case diagrams represent functionality:
N
– Should focus on the "what" and not the "how".

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 Is it OK?

Too many use cases

at any level should

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be avoided!

PT
N
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 Use Case Packaging
Accounts

Print

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Query balance
Balance sheet

PT
Receive Make
grant payments
N
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 Which is more acceptable?

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PT
N
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• HAS will be used by an instructor to: Quiz: Home Assignment
– Distribute homework assignments, System - Use Case Model
– Review students’ solutions,
– Distribute suggested solution,
– Assign a grade to each assignment.

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• Students can:
– Download assignments

PT
– Submit assignment solutions
• System:
N
– Automatically reminds the students a day before
an assignment is due.

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 Remind Quiz: Solution 1
Student
(Inferior)
Calendar Distribute Get
Assignments Assignment

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Submit
<<Extends>>
Post Solutions Assignment

PT
Student
Distribute Get
Grade Solution
Instructor
N
Get Grade

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 Quiz: Alternate
Distribute
Assignments (Better) Solution

Post Solutions

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Student
Distribute

PT
Grade
Instructor
Submit
Assignment

Calendar
NRemind
Student

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Class Diagram

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PT
N
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 Class: A
Template for object creation:
Fundamental
− Instantiated into objects Object-Oriented
Concept
Examples: Employees, Books, etc.

EL
PT
Sometimes not intended to produce
instances:
N
− Abstract classes

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• Entities with common features Class Window
are made into a class. Diagram
size: Size
• Represented as solid outline rectangle visibility: boolean

with compartments.

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display()
hide()
• Compartments for name, attributes,

PT
and operations. Window
• Attribute and operation compartments
N
are optional ... used depending on the
purpose of a diagram.
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 UML Class Representation
• A class represents a set of objects having similar attributes,
operations, relationships and behavior.
Class Name

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Window
A class can

PT
size: Size implicitly
Attributes have a few
visibility: boolean association
attributes

Operations
N
display()
hide()

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Different representations of the LibraryMember class
LibraryMember LibraryMember LibraryMember

Member Name issueBook( );

Membership Number
Address
findPendingBooks( ); Example UML
findOverdueBooks( );
Classes

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Phone Number returnBook( );
E-Mail Address findMembershipDetails( );
Membership Admission Date
Membership Expiry Date

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Books Issued

issueBook( );
findPendingBooks( );
findOverdueBooks( );
returnBook( );
findMembershipDetails( );
N
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 Class Attribute Examples
Java Syntax UML Syntax

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Date birthday Birthday:Date

PT
Public int duration = 100 +duration:int = 100

Private Student
students[0..MAX_Size]
N-Students[0..MAX_Size]:Student

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 Visibilty Java Syntax UML Syntax Visibility
Syntax in
public public + UML

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protected protected #

PT
package ~

private N
private -

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Methods are the operations supported by Methods
an object: vs.
Messages
− Means for manipulating the data of an object.

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− Invoked by sending a message (method call).

PT
− Examples:calculate_salary(), issue-book(),
N
getMemberDetails(), etc.

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 Method Examples

Java Syntax UML Syntax

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void move(int dx, int dy) ~move(int dx,int dy)

PT
public int getSize() +int getSize()

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 Are Methods and Messages Synonyms?
• No
• Message was the original concept in

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object-orientation…

PT
• Methods are the later simplifications…

N
• Sometimes used as synonyms

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 Are Methods and Operations Synonyms?
• No
• An operation can be implemented by

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multiple methods.
– Known as polymorphism

PT
– In the absence of polymorphism-–the
N
two terms are used as synonyms.

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 What are the Different
• Four types: Types of Relationships
Among Classes?
– Inheritance

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– Association

PT
– Aggregation/Composition
– Dependency
N
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• Allows to define a new class (derived Inheritance
class) by extending an existing class
(base class).
LibraryMember Base Class

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–Represents generalization-
specialization relation. Derived

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Faculty Students Staff
Classes

–Allows redefinition of the existing

N
methods (method overriding). UnderGrad PostGrad Research

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 Inheritance One More Example
Library “A Student ISA Library Member”
Member

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“A Faculty ISA Library Member”

PT
Stdent Faculty
N
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 Inheritance: Semantics
• Lets a subclass LibraryMember Base Class

inherit
attributes and

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Derived
methods from Faculty Students Staff
Classes

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a base class.
N
UnderGrad PostGrad Research

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 LibraryMember Base Class LibraryMember Base Class
Multiple
Inheritance

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Derived
Faculty Students Staff Faculty Students Staff
Classes

PT
Multiple
Inheritance

UnderGrad PostGrad Research

N UnderGrad PostGrad Research

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 Inheritance Implementation in Java
Inheritance is declared using the "extends" keyword
Even when no inheritance defined, the class implicitly extends a class called Object.

class Person{ Employee anEmployee = new Employee();

private String name; Person

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private Date dob; - name: String
- dob: Date
...
}

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class Employee extends Person{
private int employeeID;
private int salary;

...
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private Date startDate;
Employee
- employeeID: int
- salary: int
} - startDate: Date

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Rectangle myRectangle = new Rectangle(5, 3); Objects
Box myBox = new Box(6, 5, 4); myRectangle
and myBox
length 6.0 Rectangle

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length 5.0
myRectangle myBox width 5.0 Box

PT
width 3.0

Object
Reference
N height 4.0

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 More
Mammal Quadruped Generalization
Examples…

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Feline Lizard

PT
Tiger
N
Lion Puma

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Any problems? Wrong
Car Generalization -
attributes
operations
--
violates “is a” or
“is a kind of”

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Engine Door
heuristic
Chassis

PT
attributes attributes attributes
operations operations operations

N
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 Library Inheritance Example
Book

issuable reference

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PT
Issuable Reference
Issuable Reference
Single Volume Single Volume
BookSet BookSet
Book Book

N
Discriminator: allows one to group subclasses into
clusters that correspond to a semantic category.

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 Inheritance Pitfalls
• Inheritance certainly promotes reuse.
• Indiscriminate use can result in poor

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quality programs.

PT
• Base class attributes and methods
visible in derived class…
N
– Leads to tight coupling

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• How implemented in program? Association
Relationship
• Enables objects to communicate with each other:
–One object must “know” the ID of the

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corresponding object in the association.

PT
• Usually binary:
N
–But in general can be n-ary.

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 Association – An Example
• In a home theatre system,
– A TV object is associated with a VCR object

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• It may receive a signal from the VCR

PT
– VCR may be associated with remote
• It may receive a command to record
Remote
1
N
1
VCR
1 1
commands Connected to TV

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 tax_file 1-1 Association
Rakesh Shukla 760901-1234
– example

V. Ramesh

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691205-5678
Keshab Parhi

PT
People Tax_files

People 1 N
Associated
1
Tax_files
with

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 motherOf
Multiple
motherOf
Bhim Association –
Kunti Yudhistir
example

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motherOf
Arjun

PT
Woman Person

Woman 1
N
Mother of
*
Person

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 role B Association
Class A role A Class B
UML Syntax
• A Person works for a Company.
Role

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PT
Person employee employer Company
works for
N
Association Name

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Multiplicity: The number of objects Association -
from one class that relate with a single More Examples
object in an associated class.

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Library Member
1 borrowed by *..5 Book

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Lion
* N
eats
* Human

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 Navigability

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opens 0..5
Key * Door

PT
N
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• A teacher teaches 1 to 3 courses (subjects) Association
• Each course is taught by only one teacher. – Quiz 1
• A student can take between 1 to 5 courses.
A course can have 10 to 300 students. Draw the class diagram.

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•
1 teaches 1..3
Teacher Course

PT
1..5

Students
10..300
N
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• A Student can take up to five Courses. Quiz 2: Draw
• A student needs to enroll in at least one Class Diagram
course.
• Up to 300 students can enroll in a course.

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• An offered subject in a semester should have

PT
at least 10 registered students.

Student credits
10..300
N hasEnrolmentOf
Enrols in 1..5
Course

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Student credits
10..300
hasEnrolmentOf
Enrols in 1..5
Course
A Identify as
Correct or
Wrong
Student credits hasEnrolmentOf
Enrols in
Course B

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10..300 1..5

PT
Student credits hasEnrolmentOf Course
10..300 Enrols in 1..5

Student credits
N
hasEnrolmentOf
Course D
10..300 Enrols in 1..5

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 Quiz: Read the Diagram
1..2 teaches 0..3
Teacher Course

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PT
opens 0..5
* Door
Key
N
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• A link: Association
– An instance of an association and Link
– Exists between two or more objects
– Dynamically created and destroyed as

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the run of a system proceeds

PT
• For example:
– An employee joins an organization.
N
– Leaves that organization and joins a new
organization.

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• A class can be associated with itself Unary
(unary association). Association
–Give an example?

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• An arrowhead used along with name:
–Indicates direction of association.

PT
• Multiplicity (association cardinality)
N
indicates # of instances taking part in
the association.
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Uniary Association: Example 1

Supervises
1

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Boss

Person *Employee

PT
N
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 Self Association:
Example 2
Computer Network
Connects to

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*

PT
Computer *

N
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 Computer
Node1 Node2 Node3 Network:
Object
Node4
Diagram

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Node5

PT
Node6 N
Node7 Node8

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 Self Association:
Connected to Example 3

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next

LinkedListNode

PT
previous

N
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 Reflexive
Course Association:
* Example 4

EL
PT
*
N
has pre-requisite of

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