Lecture 8 a

Finite Integrals :
Examples:

∫ | ( ) ( )

∫√ ∫ | | ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
∫( ) ( ) | ( ) ( )

∫ | ( ) ( )
Lecture 10
Sequences :
An infinite sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers.

Notes:
1. The sequence denoted by * + for finite sequence and * + * + or
2. The function values: are the terms of the sequence.
3. is the nth term or the format of sequence.
4. is denote to summation of terms of sequence, i.e. or
∑ which also called finite Series.

Example 1:
The sequence:
the terms of the sequence:

Example 2: Let * + { } is nth term of sequence , * +, Find

Solution:

( )

( )

( )

Example 3: Let * + { } is nth term of sequence , * +, Find

Solution:

( )
Example 4: Let * + { } is nth term of sequence , * +, Find

Solution:

( )
( )
 ( )
( )

( )
( )

Factorial :

Common Types of Sequences :

1. Arithmetic Sequences :
A sequence whose consecutive terms have a common different is call arithmetic
Examples:
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-

The nth term of an Arithmetic Sequences :

( )
th
Examples : Find the n terms for the following Sequences
1-

( )

2-

( )

3-

( )

4-

( )
The sum of nth firs terms of an Arithmetic Sequences :
∑ ( )
Examples : Find the sum of
1-

( )

2-

( )

3-

( )

2. Geometric Sequences :
A sequence whose consecutive terms have a common division is call Geometric Sequence.
Examples:
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-

The nth term of an Geometric Sequences :

Example : Find the nth term of the following sequences

1-

( )

2-

( )
( )
3-
 ( )

4-

( )

The sum of nth firs terms of an Arithmetic Sequences :

∑ ( )

Example : Find the sum of

1-

( )
( ) ( )

2-

( )
( ) ( )
Name :………………………………….

Quiz 1 :

1. Let * + { } is nth term of sequence , * +, Find

2. Let then

The common difference or =…………………………..

The sequence is (arithmetic, Geometric, None )

The nth term is …………………………

The summation of the first five terms is …………………………

3.

4. Give example for arithmetic sequence ?

Name :………………………………….

Quiz 2 :

1. Let * + { } is nth term of sequence , * +, Find

2. Let then

The common difference or =…………………………..

The sequence is (arithmetic, Geometric, None )

The nth term is …………………………

The summation of the first five terms is …………………………

3.

4. Give example for Geometric sequence ?

Name :………………………………….

Quiz 3 :

( )
1. Let * + { } is nth term of sequence , * +, Find

2. Let then

The common difference or =…………………………..

The sequence is (arithmetic, Geometric, None )

The nth term is …………………………

The summation of the first five terms is …………………………

3.

4. Give example for arithmetic sequence ?

Name :………………………………….

Quiz 4 :

1. Let * + { } is nth term of sequence , * +, Find

2. Let then

The common difference or =…………………………..

The sequence is (arithmetic, Geometric, None )

The nth term is …………………………

The summation of the first five terms is …………………………

3.

4. Give example for Geometric sequence ?

Name :………………………………….

Quiz 5 :

1. Let * + { } is nth term of sequence , * +, Find

2. Let then

The common difference or =…………………………..

The sequence is (arithmetic, Geometric, None )

The nth term is …………………………

The summation of the first five terms is …………………………

3.

4. Give example for arithmetic sequence ?

Name :………………………………….

Quiz 6 :

1. Let * + { } is nth term of sequence , * +, Find

2. Let then

The common difference or =…………………………..

The sequence is (arithmetic, Geometric, None )

The nth term is …………………………

The summation of the first five terms is …………………………

3.

4. Give example for arithmetic sequence ?

 BASIC GEOMETRIC FORMULAS AND PROPERTIES
FINDING AREA

● Area. This is the total amount of space inside a shape's outline. If you wanted to
paint a wall or irrigate a circular field, how much space would you have to cover?

Triangles

2. The area of any triangle is half its base times its height.

area = 1/2 bh

A = 1/2 bh
h 3 A = 1/2 * 3 * 4
A = 1/2 * 12
b 4 A=6

It doesn't matter which of the triangle's short legs is the "base" and which is the
"height": you get the same solution either way.

A = 1/2 bh
h 4 A = 1/2 * 4 * 3
A=2*3
A=6
b 3

Rectangles

2. The area of a rectangle is equal to its length times its width.

area = l * w

A=l*w
w 3 A=3*7
A = 21
l 7
 Trapezoids

A trapezoid is also a quadrilateral: it has four sides, but only two are parallel.

2. To find the area of a trapezoid, we use its two bases and its height:

area = 1/2 (b1 + b 2) (h) A = 1/2 (b 1 + b 2 ) * (h)

b1 2 A = 1/2 (2 + 5) * 3
A = 1/2 * 7 * 3
h 3 A = 1/2 * 21
A = 10.5
b2 5

Circles

To find a circle's circumference or area, you first need to know either its
radius: r , the distance from its center to any point on its outer edge, or its
diameter: d , the length of a straight line through the circle's center that touches
any two points on the outer edge.

A circle's radius is always exactly half its diameter.

r d

Because 3.14 is only an approximate value for pi, we replace the "equals" sign (=)
with the "approximately equals" sign ( ≈). For accuracy, some teachers prefer
to use the symbol: the circumference of this circle is 6 π .

2. To find the area of a circle, square its radius and multiply the result by pi .
area = πr2

A = πr 2
2
r 3 A=3 *π
A = (3 * 3) * π
A=9* π
A = 9π or ≈ 28.26
Approximate the area of the shaded region using (a) by the integral (b) Geometric formula If possible

a. ∫ | ( )

b. As triangle Area= ( ) )‫(نصف القاعدة في االرتفاع‬

Approximate the area of the shaded region using (a) by the integral (b) Geometric formula If possible

a. ∫ ( ) ( )| ( )

b. As Trapezoidal Area= ( ) )‫ مضروب في االرتفاع‬2 ‫(مجموع القاعدتين على‬

Approximate the area of the shaded region using (a) by the integral (b) Geometric formula If possible

a. ∫ | ( ) ( )

b. As triangle Area= ( ) )‫(نصف القاعدة في االرتفاع‬

Approximate the area of the shaded region using (a) by the integral (b) Geometric formula If possible

a. ∫ ( )| ( )
b. As rectangular Area= ( )( ) )‫(الطول في العرض‬
Approximate the area of the shaded region using (a) by the integral (b) Geometric formula If possible

a. ∫ ( ) ( )| ( ( ) )

b. As Trapezoidal Area= ( ) )‫ مضروب في االرتفاع‬2 ‫(مجموع القاعدتين على‬

Approximate the area of the shaded region using (a) by the integral (b) Geometric formula If possible

a. ∫ | ( )

b. As triangle Area= ( ) )‫(نصف القاعدة في االرتفاع‬

Case2:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Approximate the area of the shaded region using (a) by the integral (b) Geometric formula If possible

c. ∫ | ( )

d. As triangle Area= ( ) )‫(نصف القاعدة في االرتفاع‬

Case1:

( )( )

Case2:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Case3:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Case4:
 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

∑ ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Case5: rectangulars

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

∑ ( )

∑ ( ( ))

∑ ( ( ))

∑( ( ))

∑( ) ∑

( )( )
∑

( )( )

( ) ( )

At

( )
 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

∑ ( ) ∑ ( ( ))

∑ ( ( )) ∑( ( ))

( )( )
∑( ) ∑ ∑

( )( )

( ) ( )

At

( )
Summation
Notation
n

a
k 1
k  a1  a2  a3  ...  an
 Terminology
n

a
k 1
k  a1  a2  a3  ...  an
k –index of summation
1- lower limit
n-upper limit
 Examples
3
a) Evaluate  2k
k 1
3

 2k  2(1)  22  2(3)

k 1

 11
7
b) Evaluate  k 2
k 4
7

 k
k 4
2
 4 2
 5 2
 6 2
 7 2

 16  25  36  49
 126
Properties for Summation
n n
1.  ca
k 1
k  c  ak
k 1

n n n
2.  (a
k 1
k  bk )   ak   bk
k 1 k 1

n n n
3.  (a
k 1
k  bk )   ak   bk
k 1 k 1
 Properties (continued)

n
4.  c  cn
k 1

n
5.  k 
n ( n  1) can be used
k 1 2 only when your
lower index is 1
n
n(n  1)  2n  1

k 1
k 
2

6
6.
 More Properties
n m n
7.
a  a  a
i 1
i
i 1
i
i  m 1
i (1  m  n)

n nc

8. a
i 1
i  a
j 1 c
j c (c is a constant )
 Exercises-2
Calculate the sums indicated below:

 1   1 
8
i
3.
i 1

4. 4
2 j 1

j 0 2 j  1

5.
 2 
8
m
m 2

m 1
 Exercises-3

Write the sum using summation

notation

6. 1  2  3    100
Lecture No. 11 and 12
Applications of the Definite Integral.
1. Areas by Integration
1.1. Areas in the Plane

1.1.1. Area under a curve: region bounded by the given function, vertical lines

and the –axis Or region bounded by the given function, horizontal lines

and the –axis

1.1.2. Area between curves defined by two given functions.

1.1.3. Area between curves which intersect -axis at one point.

2. Length of the arc of the curve

3. Volumes And Definite Integrals
3.1. Volume of Revolution

3.1.1. Find the Volume of revolution using the disk method

3.1.2. Find the volume of revolution using the washer method

4. EXERCISES

Dr. Adnan

1
Applications of the Definite Integral.

Some properties of Definite Integral

If is a continuous function on [ ] , then

 ∫

 ∫ ∫

 ∫ ∫ ∫ , where

1. Areas by Integration
1.1. Areas in the Plane
1.1.1. Area under a curve: region bounded by the given function, vertical
lines and the –axis Or region bounded by the given function, horizontal
lines and the –axis.

Definition
If is a continuous of on [ ] then the area of the region bounded by the
graph of , the -axis and the vertical lines and is given by:

Or

∫| |

2
Example 1.

Find the area bounded by and the positive x-axis

and .

Solution:

Signal of in the interval [ ] is , So,

* +

* +

3
Example 2
Find the area of the region bounded by the
curve √ and the lines and
the -axis.
Solution:
Signal of in
the interval [ ] is , So,

∫ ∫

[ ]

[ ]

Example 3.
Calculate the area of the region
bounded by the graph of

and the lines

and the -axis.
Solution:
Signal of in the interval [ ] is
So

[ ]

*( ) +

[ ]

4
 Theorem:

Let ƒ be continuous on the symmetric interval [– ]

1. If ƒ is even, then ∫ ∫

2. If ƒ is odd, then ∫

Theorem:

Let be continuous on the symmetric interval [– ]. The area of the region bounded by the
graph of , the -axis and the vertical lines and is given by:

∫ |∫ |

1.1.2. Area between curves defined by two given functions.

Definition

If and g(x) are a continuous with of on [ ] then the area of the

region between the curve and from and is given by:

∫[ ]

Example 4.
Find the approximate area of the region
bounded by the curves and
between and .

Solution:

Take [ ] for example

At and , then , So

5
 ∫[ ]

∫[ ( )]

*( ) ( )+

2. Length of the arc of the curve page (106-111) in the textbook

Theorem
 If is a continuous on [ ] and , the arclength of the curve
from to is given by

∫√

Example .
Compute the arclength of √ between and .
Solution:
√ √
So the arclength is given by

∫√

∫√ ( √ )

∫ √( )

6
 Example .
Compute the arclength of between and .
Solution:
√
So the arclength is given by

∫√

∫√ (√ )

( )

3. Volumes And Definite Integrals:

3.1. Volume of REVOLUTION
3.1.1. Find the Volume of revolution using the disk method

Definition 1

If is a continuous of on [ ] and is the region bounded by the graph of ,

the -axis and the vertical lines and , then the volume of solid of
revolution obtained by revolving the region around x-axis is given by:

∫( )

7
8
Find the volume of revolution using the washer method

Definition 1

If and are a continuous of on [ ] and If is the region between the

graph of , the line and such that ,
, then the volume of solid of revolution obtained by revolving the region
around x-axis is given by:

∫ [( ) ( ) ]

Example
Find the volume of the solid of evolution obtained by revolving the region bounded
by √ , the -axis and the line about the -axis.
Solution:

∫( )

9
 ∫(√ )

( )|

Example
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by
, and about the -axis between .
Solution:
Since in , then

∫ [( ) ( ) ]

∫[ ]

∫[ ]

( )|

( )

10