Respiration In Organisms

Consider the following situations and

tell whether you breathe heavily or
normal?
• Running in a 200m race
• Right now while taking this class
• Walking up a staircase
• While Sleeping
So why do we breathe normal and
heavily in different situations?

•As while running or walking

up the stairs, we need more
energy.
Why do we need energy?
 • Breakdown of food
(glucose) in a cell to
release energy is
called as respiration.
RESPIRATION • It can take place in
the presence or
absence of Oxygen.

Glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy

In the cell, the food (glucose) is broken down
to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water
using oxygen.

Glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Carbon dioxide, water and energy are the end

products of respiration.
 Types of respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic

Takes place in the absence

Takes place in the
of Oxygen
presence of Oxygen
 Aerobic Respiration

• Takes place in the presence Oxygen

• End products are- CO2, Water and Energy
In the presence of O2

Glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy

 Anaerobic Respiration

• Takes place in the absence of Oxygen

• Anaerobic respiration is seen in Yeast
cells and our muscle cells.
• End products are different in both the
situations.
Anaerobic respiration in Yeast
• Yeasts are single-celled organisms.
• They respire anaerobically and during this
process they yield alcohol.
• They are, therefore, used to make wine and
beer.

In the absence of O2
Glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy
Anaerobic respiration in Muscle
cells
• Our muscle cells can also respire anaerobically, but only for a
short time, when there is a temporary deficiency of oxygen.
• During heavy exercise, fast running, cycling, walking for many
hours or heavy weight-lifting, the demand for energy is high.
• But the supply of oxygen to produce the energy is limited.
• Then anaerobic respiration takes places in the muscle cells to
fulfil the demand of energy. It produces lactic acid.

In the absence of O2
Glucose → lactic acid + energy
Have you ever wondered why you get
muscle cramps after heavy exercise?
• Q. Why do we get muscle cramps after heavy exercise ? How
can we get relief from it ?
• The cramps occur when muscle cells respire anaerobically.
• The partial(incomplete) breakdown of glucose produces lactic
acid. The accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle cramps.
• We get relief from cramps after a hot water bath or a massage
as it improves circulation of blood.
• As a result, the supply of oxygen to the muscle cells increases.
• The increase in the supply of oxygen results in the complete
breakdown of lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water.
 BREATHING

Breathing means taking in air rich in oxygen and

giving out air rich in carbon dioxide with the help of
respiratory organs.
The taking in of air rich in oxygen into the body is
called INHALATION
Giving out of air rich in carbon dioxide is known as
EXHALATION.

It is a continuous process.
 THINK AND TELL

• Why do we feel hungry after a physical

activity?

• Why we yawn when we are sleepy or drowsy?

• We feel hungry after a physical activity as it speeds up the
breakdown of food to release more energy.

• We yawn when we are sleepy or drowsy to bring more

oxygen into our blood and move more carbon di oxide out of
our blood.
 BREATHING RATE
The number of times a person breathes in a minute is
termed as the BREATHING RATE.
Whenever a person needs extra energy, he/she
breathes faster.
On an average, an adult human being at rest breathes
in and out 15–18 times in a minute.
During heavy exercise, the breathing rate can increase
upto 25 times per minute.
While we exercise, not only do we breathe fast, we
also take deep breaths and thus inhale more oxygen.
One breath-One inhalation +one exhalation
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory system in human beings

• Nose/ nasal cavity- It has mucus and hair to trap the unwanted
substances like dust and germs.
• Trachea- The air enters the trachea from the nose/ mouth.
There are cartilagenous rings present in the trachea which
prevent the collapsing of trachea in the absence of air
between inhalation and exhalation
• Lungs- are present in the chest cavity. This cavity is
surrounded by ribs on the sides. Air exchange takes place in
the lungs
• Diaphragm- it is a large, muscular sheet which forms the floor
of the chest cavity
Mechanism of Breathing
Feature Inhalation Exhalation
Diaphragm Moves down/ Flattens Moves back /Becomes dome shaped
Ribs Move outward Move back
Chest Cavity Increases Decreases
Air Rushes in Moves out
Video showing mechanism of
breathing
 THINK AND TELL

• What do the balloons in this model

represent?
LUNGS
• What does the rubber sheet represent?
DIAPHRAGM
Q.WHAT DO WE BREATHE OUT ?
 Activity 10.6
EFFECT OF EXHALED AIR ON LIME WATER
1. Take a slender, clean test tube or a
glass/plastic bottle.
2. Make a hole in its lid and fix it on the bottle.
3. Pour some freshly prepared lime water in the
test-tube.
4. Insert a plastic straw through the hole in the lid
in such a way that it dips in lime water.
5. Now blow gently through the straw a few
times.
6. Is there a change in the appearance of lime
water?
7. Can you explain this change on the basis of
what you learnt in Chapter 6?
 BREATHING IN OTHER ANIMALS
1. COCKROACH
• A cockroach has small openings on the sides of its body. These
openings are called spiracles.
• Insects have a network of air tubes called tracheae for gas
exchange.
• Oxygen rich air rushes through spiracles into the tracheal
tubes, diffuses into the body tissue, and reaches every cell of
the body.
• Similarly, carbon dioxide from the cells goes into the tracheal
tubes and moves out through spiracles.
• These air tubes or tracheae are found only in insects and not in
any other group of animals.
 BREATHING IN OTHER ANIMALS
1. COCKROACH
• A cockroach has small openings on the sides of its body. These
openings are called spiracles.
• Insects have a network of air tubes called tracheae for gas
exchange.
• Oxygen rich air rushes through spiracles into the tracheal
tubes, diffuses into the body tissue, and reaches every cell of
the body.
• Similarly, carbon dioxide from the cells goes into the tracheal
tubes and moves out through spiracles.
• These air tubes or tracheae are found only in insects and not in
any other group of animals.
Tracheal system in Cockroach
 2. Earthworm

• Earthworms breathe through their skin.

• The skin of an earthworm is moist and slimy .
• Gases can easily pass through them.
 3. Frog

Frogs are amphibians

On land, they breathe with the help of a pair
of lungs
In water , they breathe through their skin,
which is moist and slippery.
 4. Aquatic Animals

FISH
• Gills in fish help them to use oxygen dissolved in water.
• Gills are projections of the skin.
• Gills are well supplied with blood vessels for exchange of
gases.
Whales and dolphins often come up
to the water surface. Why?

Whales and dolphins breathe air through their lungs

like other mammals and therefore they have to come to
the surface of water regularly.
 How do plants breathe?
• Plants also take in oxygen from the air and give
out carbon dioxide.
• In the cells oxygen is used to break down glucose
into carbon dioxide and water as in other
organisms.
• The leaves of the plants have tiny pores called
STOMATA for exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
• The root cells also need oxygen to generate
energy. Roots take up air from the air spaces
present between the soil particles.
Root Hair and Stomata- help in
exchange of gases
Can you guess what would happen if a
potted plant is overwatered?
• The roots of a plant take up water, they also need air to
breathe.
• Overwatering results in a limited oxygen supply and
plants are not able to breathe.