1 - 7 - Transformations - of - Functions Solutions Algebra 2 ANswer Key

1-7 Transformations of Functions
Describe each translation as it relates to the graph of the parent function.

1. y = x 2 + 4
SOLUTION:
For f(x) + k; k > 0, the graph is translated k units up. Since 4 > 0, in the equation y = x 2 + 4, the graph
of y = x 2 is translated up 4 units.
2. y = |x| – 3
SOLUTION:
For f(x) + k; k < 0, the graph is translated |k| units down. Since –3 < 0 in the equation y = |x| – 3, the graph of y =
|x| is translated down 3 units.
3. y = x – 1
SOLUTION:
For f(x) + k; k < 0, the graph is translated |k| units down. Since –1 < 0 in the equation y = x – 1, the graph of y =
x is translated down 1 unit.
4. y = x + 2
SOLUTION:
The constant k is added to the function y = x. The value of k is positive, so the graph of y = x is translated up 2
units.
For f(x) + k; k > 0, the graph is translated k units up. Since 2 > 0 in the equation y = x, the graph of y = x is
translated up 2 units.
5. y = (x – 5)2
SOLUTION:
For f(x – h); h > 0, the graph is translated h units right. Since 5 > 0, y = (x – 5)2 is the translation of y = x 2 5 units
to the right.
6. y = |x + 6|
SOLUTION:
For f(x – h); h < 0, the graph is translated |h| units left. Since –6 < 0, y = |x + 6| is the translation of y = |x|, 6 units
to the left.
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Use the graph of each translated parent function to write its equation.
7.
SOLUTION:
This is the graph of a quadratic equation. This is the result of the parent equation y = x 2 that has been shifted down
2 units. Since the shift is downward, k < 0. The equation of the function is y = x 2 – 2.
8.
SOLUTION:
This is the graph of an absolute value equation. This is the result of the parent equation y = |x| that has been shifted
left 3 units. Since the shift is left, h < 0. The equation of the function is y = |x + 3|.

9.
SOLUTION:
This is the graph of a linear equation. This is the result of the parent equation y = x that has been shifted up 1 unit.
Since the shift is upward, k > 0. The equation of the function is y = x + 1.
10.
SOLUTION:
right 1 unit and down 2 units. Since the shift is right, h > 0. Since the shift is down, k < 0. The equation of the
function is y = |x – 1| – 2.

11.
SOLUTION:
left 3 units and up 1 unit. Since the shift is left, h < 0. Since the shift is up, k > 0. The equation of the function is y =
|x + 3| + 1.
12.
SOLUTION:
This is the graph of a quadratic equation. This is the result of the parent equation y = x 2 that has been shifted left 2
units and down 4 units. Since the shift is left, h < 0. Since the shift is down, k < 0. The equation of the function
is y = (x + 2)2 – 4.

Describe each dilation and reflection as it relates to the parent function.

13. y = (–3x)2
SOLUTION:
This is a quadratic equation, with parent equation y = x 2. Since the variable of the function is multiplied by –1 and
the constant a after has been evaluated. |a| > 1, the equation y = (–3x)2 is the result of a horizontal compression
and a reflection in the y-axis of y = x 2.
14. y = –6x
SOLUTION:
This is a linear equation, with parent equation y = x. Since the function is multiplied by –1 and the constant a after
has been evaluated. |a| > 1, the equation y = –6x is the result of a vertical stretch and a reflection in the x-axis
of y = x.
15. y = –4|x|
SOLUTION:
This is an absolute value equation, with parent equation y = |x|. Since the variable of the function is multiplied by –1
and the constant a after has been evaluated. |a| > 1, the equation y = –4|x| is the result of a vertical stretch and a
reflection in the x-axis of y = |x|.
16. y = |–2x|
SOLUTION:
and the constant a after has been evaluated. |a| > 1, the equation y = |–2x| is the result of a horizontal compression
and a reflection in the y-axis of y = |x|.
17.
SOLUTION:
This is a linear equation, with parent equation y = x. Since the function is multiplied by –1 and the constant a after
has been evaluated. 0 < |a| < 1, the equation is the result of a vertical compression and a reflection in
the x-axis of y = x.

18.
SOLUTION:
This is a quadratic equation, with parent equation y = x 2. Since the function is multiplied by –1 and the
constant a after has been evaluated. 0 < |a| < 1, so the equation is the result of a vertically
compression and a reflection in the x-axis of y = x 2.
19.
SOLUTION:
and the constant a after has been evaluated. 0 < |a| < 1, the equation is the result of a horizontal
stretch and a reflection in the y-axis of y = |x|.
20.
SOLUTION:
This is a quadratic equation, with parent equation y = x 2. Since the variable of the function is multiplied by –1 and
the constant a after has been evaluated. 0 < |a| < 1, so the equation is the result of a horizontal
stretch and a reflection in the y-axis of y = x 2.

Describe each transformation as it relates to the graph of the parent function.
21. y = –6|x| – 4
SOLUTION:
The parent function is f(x) = |x|; g(x) = af|x – h| + k, where a = –6 and k = –4.
The equation y = |x| is multiplied by –1 and the constant a after it is evaluated |a| > 1, so the equation is the result
of a vertical stretch and a is a reflection in the x-axis. Since k = – 4 and –4 < 0, the equation is also translated
down 4 units.

22. y = 3x + 11
SOLUTION:
The parent function is f(x) = x; g(x) = mx + b, where m = 3 and b = 11.

The equation is more steep than the parent function, y = x. The slope is 3, which is the result of a vertical stretch.
The y-intercept, b, is 11, which is the result of a translation up 11 units.
23.
SOLUTION:
The parent function is f(x) = x 2; g(x) = af(x – h)2 + k, where a = and k = –2.
The equation y = x 2 is multiplied by a constant a that is evaluated 0 < |a| < 1, so the equation is the result of a
vertical compression. Since k = –2 the equation is also translated down 2 units.
24.
SOLUTION:
The parent function is f(x) = |x|; g(x) = af|x – h| + k, where a = , h = 1, and and k = 14.
The equation y = |x| is multiplied by the constant a; after it is evaluated 0 < |a| < 1, so the equation is the result of a
vertical compression. Since h = 1, the equation is translated right 1 unit, and since k = 14 and 14 > 0, the equation
is also translated up 14 units.
25. y = –0.8(x + 3)
SOLUTION:
The parent function is f(x) = x; g(x) = af(x – h) + k, where a = –0.8 and h = –3.
The equation y = x is multiplied by –1, and the constant a that follows is evaluated 0 < |a| < 1, so the equation is
the result of a reflection in the x-axis and a vertical compression. Since h = –3 and –3 < 0, the equation is also
translated left 3 units.

26. y = (1.5x)2 + 22
SOLUTION:
The parent function is f(x) = x 2; g(x) = af(x – h)2 + k, where a = 1.5 and k = 22.
The variable of the equation y = x 2 is multiplied by a constant a that is evaluated |a| > 1, so the equation is the
result of a horizontal compression. Since k = 22 the equation is also translated up 22 units.
27. BILLIARDS The function g(x) = |0.5x| models the path of a cue ball in a certain shot on a pool table, where the
x-axis represents the edge of the table. Describe how g(x) is related to its parent function and interpret the function
in the context of the situation.
SOLUTION:
This is an absolute value function, with parent function f(x) = |x|. Since the variable of the function is multiplied by
0.5, and 0.5 is between 0 and 1, the function f(x) = |0.5x| is the result of a horizontal stretch by a factor of 0.5. In
context of the situation, the absolute value function shows the ball bouncing off the edge of the pool table and the
stretch shows the wide angle.
28. SALAD The cost for a salad depends on its weight, x, in ounces, and is described by c(x) = 4.5 + 0.32x.
Describe how c(x) is related to its parent function and interpret the function in the context of the situation.
SOLUTION:
This is a linear, or identity function, with parent function f(x) = x. Since the function is multiplied by 0.32, and 0.32
is between 0 and 1, the function f(x) = 0.32x + 4.5 is the result of a vertical compression by a factor of 0.32. The
value of k = 4.5, and since 4.5 > 0, the function f(x) = 0.32x + 4.5 is also the result of a translation up of 4.5. In
context of the situation, there is a fixed cost of $4.50 and a variable cost of $0.32 per ounce.
29. TRAVEL The cost to travel x miles east or west on a train is the same. The function for the cost is c(x) = 0.75|x|
+ 25. Describe how c(x) is related to its parent function and interpret the function in the context of the situation.
SOLUTION:
This is an absolute value function, with parent function f(x) = |x|. Since the function is multiplied by 0.75, and 0.75
is between 0 and 1, the function f(x) = |0.75x| + 25 is the result of a vertical compression by a factor of 0.75. In
context of the situation, there is a $25 fixed cost, plus $0.75 per mile, regardless of direction.

30. ARCHERY The path of an arrow can be modeled by h(x) = –0.03x 2 + 6, where x is distance and h(x) is height,
both in feet. Describe how h(x) is related to its parent function and interpret the function in the context of the
situation.
SOLUTION:
This is a quadratic function, with parent function f(x) = x 2. Since the function is multiplied by –1, the function is
reflected in the x-axis, and since the coefficient that follows is 0.03, which is between 0 and 1, the function f(x) = –
0.03x 2 + 6 is the result of a vertical compression by a factor of 0.03. Since k = 6, and 6 > 0, the function is also
translated up 6 units. In context of the situation, the parabola opens down, so the maximum height of the arrow is
the vertex. The translation up 6 units indicates the initial height of the arrow when x = 0.
31.
SOLUTION:
Step 1 Analyze the graph.

The graph is an absolute value function with a parent function of f(x) = |x|. Analyze the graph to make a prediction
about the values of a, h, and k in the equation y = a|x – h| + k. The graph appears to be more narrow, implying a
vertical stretch, and is not reflected. So, a is positive and |a| > 1.
The graph has also been shifted left and up from the parent graph. So, h < 0 and k > 0.
Step 2 Identify the translation(s).

Identify the horizontal and vertical translations to find the values of h and k.
The vertex is shifted 5 units left, so h = –2.
It is also shifted 5 units up, so k = 5.

Step 3 Identify the dilation and/or reflection.

Use the equation from Step 2 and a point on the graph to find the value of a.
The point (0, 9) lies on the graph. Substitute the coordinates in for x and y to solve for a.
Step 4 Write an equation for the function.

Since a = 2, h = –2, and k = 5, the equation is y = 2|x + 2| + 5.

32.
SOLUTION:

The graph is an linear function with a parent identity function of f(x) = x. Analyze the graph to make a prediction
about the values of m and b in the equation y = mx + b. The graph appears to be more steep, implying a vertical
stretch, and is not reflected. So, m is positive and |m| > 1.
The graph has also been shifted down from the parent graph. So, b < 0.

The vertical shift can be identified by the y-intercept, which is –9.
Step 3 Identify the dilation (slope) and/or reflection.

Use the equation from Step 2 and a point on the graph to find the value of m.

The equation is y = 3x – 9.

33.
SOLUTION:

about the values of a, h, and k in the equation y = a|x – h| + k. The graph appears to be about the same width as
the parent function, implying neither a stretch nor a compression. The graph is reflected, so a is negative and most
likely equals –1.
The graph has also been shifted down from the parent graph. So, and k < 0.

Identify the vertical translation to find the values of k.
The vertex is shifted 3 units down, so k = –3.

The point (–4, –7) lies on the graph. Substitute the coordinates in for x and y to solve for a.

Since a = –1, h = 0, and k = –3, the equation is y = –|x| – 3.

34.
SOLUTION:

The graph is a quadratic function with a parent function of f(x) = x 2. Analyze the graph to make a prediction about
the values of a, h, and k in the equation y = a(x – h)2 + k. The graph appears to be more wide, yet the x-intercept
is the same as the parent function, implying a vertical compression, and is not reflected. So, a is positive and 0 < |a|
< 1.
The graph has not shifted from the parent graph. So, h = 0 and k = 0.


Since a = 0.5, h = 0, and k = 0, the equation is y = 0.5x 2.

35.
SOLUTION:

The graph is a quadratic function with a parent function of f(x) = x 2. Analyze the graph to make a prediction about
the values of a, h, and k in the equation y = a(x – h)2 + k. The graph appears to be the same width as the parent
function, implying neither a stretch, nor a compression; however it is reflected. So, a is negative and a is most likely
equal to 1.
The graph has also been shifted right from the parent graph. So, h > 0 and k = 0.

The vertex is shifted 4 units right so h = 4.

The point (2, –4) lies on the graph. Substitute the coordinates in for x and y to solve for a.

Since a = –1, h = 4, and k = 0, the equation is y = –(x – 4)2.

36.
SOLUTION:

The graph is an linear function with a parent identity function of f(x) = x. Analyze the graph to make a prediction
about the values of m and b in the equation y = mx + b. The graph appears to have the same steepness or slope,
and it is reflected. So, m is negative and |m| > 1.
The graph has also been shifted up from the parent graph. So, b < 0.

The vertical shift can be identified by the y-intercept, which is 7.
Step 3 Identify the dilation (slope) and/or reflection.

Use the equation from Step 2 and a point on the graph to find the value of m.

The equation is y = –x + 7.

Describe each transformation as it relates to the graph of the parent function. Then graph the function.
37. y = |x| – 2
SOLUTION:
The parent function is f(x) = |x|; g(x) = af|x – h| + k, where a = 1 and k = –2.
The equation y = |x| is multiplied by 1, so the graph is neither stretched nor compressed. It is also not reflected.
Since k = – 2 and –2 < 0, the equation is translated down 2 units.
38. y = (x + 1)2
SOLUTION:
translation of y = x 2 left 1 unit

The parent function is f(x) = x 2; g(x) = af(x – h)2 + k, where a = 1, h = –1, and k = 0.
The equation is the result of a translation of the parent function left 1 unit.

39. y = –x
SOLUTION:
This is the result of a reflection of y = x in the x-axis.
40. y = –|x|
SOLUTION:
This is the result of a reflection of y = |x| in the x-axis.

41. y = 3x
SOLUTION:
Since the slope in this equation is 3, and 3 > 1, this represents a vertical stretch of the parent equation, y = x by a
scale factor of 3.
42. y = 2x 2
SOLUTION:
Since the constant, a, by which the parent equation is multiplied is 2, and 2 > 1, this represents a vertical stretch
of the parent equation, y = x 2 by a scale factor of 2.
43. Describe the translation in y = x 2 – 4 as it relates to the parent function.

SOLUTION:
This is a quadratic equation. This is the result of the parent equation y = x 2 that has been shifted down 4 units.

44. Describe the reflection in y = –x 3 as it relates to the parent function.

SOLUTION:
This is a cubic equation. Since the function is being multiplied by –1, the result is a reflection of y = x 3 in the x-axis.
45. Describe the type of transformation in the function f(x) = (5x)2.
SOLUTION:
This is a quadratic equation. Since the variable of the function is being multiplied by a constant of 5, and 5 > 1, this
results in a horizontal compression of the parent graph of y = x 2.
46. ARCHITECTURE The cross-section of a roof is shown in the figure. Write an absolute value function that
models the shape of the roof.
SOLUTION:

about the values of a, h, and k in the equation y = a|x – h| + k. The graph appears to be about the same width as
the parent function, implying neither a stretch nor a compression. The graph is reflected, so a is negative and most
likely equals –1.
The graph has also been shifted right and up from the parent graph. So, h > 0 andk > 0.

The vertex is shift right 3 units, so h = 3.
The vertex is shifted 6 units up, so k = 6.



Since a = –1, h = 3, and k = 6, the equation is y = –|x – 3| + 6 or y = 6 – |x – 3|.

47. SPEED The speedometer in Henry’s car is broken. The function y = |x – 8| represents the difference y between
the car’s actual speed x and the displayed speed.
a. Describe the translation. Then graph the function.
b. Interpret the function and the translation in terms of the context of the situation.
SOLUTION:
a. This is an absolute value function, with parent function f(x) = |x|. The value of h = 8, which indicates a horizontal
shift of the parent function 8 units to the right.
b. In context of the situation, the speedometer is stuck at 8 mph.
48. GRAPHIC DESIGN Kassie sketches the function f(x) = –1.25(x – 1)2 + 18.75 as part of a new logo design.
Describe the transformations she applied to the parent function in creating her function.
SOLUTION:
This is a quadratic function, with parent function f(x) = x 2. Since the function is multiplied by –1, the function is
reflected in the x-axis, and since the coefficient that follows is 1.25, which is greater than 1, the function f(x) is the
result of a vertical stretch by a scale factor of 1.25. Since h = 1, the function is translated to the right 1
unit. Since k = 18.75, the function is also translated up 18.75 units.

49. GEOMETRY Chen made a graph to show how the perimeter of a square changes as the length of sides
increase. How is this graph related to the parent function y = x?
SOLUTION:
Since the slope in this equation is 4, and 4 > 1, this represents a vertical stretch of the parent equation, y = x by a
scale factor of 4.
50. REASONING Compare the graph of the parent function f(x) = |x| with the graphs of g(x) = |x + 2| and h(x) =
|x – 3|. How are the graphs similar? How are they different?
SOLUTION:
All of the graphs have a similar shape. The value of h = –2 in g(x), so the graph of g(x) is the graph of the parent
function f(x) translated left 2 units. The value of h = 3 in h(x), so the graph of h(x) is the graph of f(x) translated
right 3 units.

51. BUSINESS Maria earns $10 an hour working as a lifeguard. She drew the graph to show the relation of her
income as a function of the hours she works. How did she modify the function y = x to create her graph?
SOLUTION:
Since the slope in this equation is 10, and 10 > 1, this represents a vertical stretch of the parent equation, y = x by
a scale factor of 10.
52. ANALYZE What determines whether a transformation will affect the graph vertically or horizontally? Use the
family of quadratic functions as an example.
SOLUTION:
A transformation will affect the graph vertically or horizontally based on whether it is applied to the
variable x before or after the variable expression has been evaluated. For example, the transformation (x +
1)2 adds one to the variable before it is evaluated and affects the graph horizontally. The transformation x 2 + 1
adds one to the function after the variable expression has been evaluated and has a vertical effect.

53. PERSEVERE Laura sketches the path of a model rocket that she launches.
a. What type of function does the graph show?

b. In which axis has the parent function been reflected?
c. How has the graph been translated? Assume that the function has not been dilated.
d. What is the equation for the curve shown on the graph?
SOLUTION:
a. From the shape of the graph, you can tell the function is quadratic.
b. You can tell that it is a reflection in the x-axis since the parabola opens down, rather than opens up like the
parent function.
c. From the coordinates of the vertex, you know the graph has been translated right 25 units and up 81 units.
d. Since a = –1, h = 25, and k = 81, the equation is y = –(x – 25)2 + 81.
54. ANALYZE Graph g(x) = –3|x + 5| – 1. Describe the transformations of the parent function f(x) = |x| that
produce the graph of g(x). What are the domain and range?
SOLUTION:
The parent function is f(x) = |x|; g(x) = af|x – h| + k, where a = –3, h = –5, and k = –1.
The equation y = |x| is multiplied by –1 and the constant a after it is evaluated |a| > 1, so the equation is the result
of a vertical stretch and is a reflection in the x-axis. Since h = –5 and –5 < 0, the equation is translated left 5 units.
Since k = – 1 and –1 < 0, the equation is also translated down 1 unit.
55. ANALYZE Consider f(x) = |2x|, g(x) = x+ 2, h(x) = 2x 2, and k(x) = 2x 3.
a. Graph each function and its reflection in the y-axis.

b. Analyze the functions and the graphs. Determine whether each function is odd, even, or neither.
c. Recall that if for all values of x, f(–x) = –f(x) the function is an odd function. Explain why this is true.
SOLUTION:
a.
b. For f(x) and h(x), each x-value of the reflected function is the negative of the corresponding x-value of the
parent function. The reflections reproduce themselves and are even functions. For g(x), only the value of the
variable is the negative of the corresponding x-value of the parent function. The original equation is y = –x + 2, and
the equation of graph after a reflection across the y-axis is y = x + 2. k(x) is neither even nor odd because it does
not satisfy the condition f(x) = f(–x) for even functions, nor does it satisfy the condition f(x) = –f(–x) for odd
functions.
c. Even functions are symmetric in the y-axis. If f(–x) = f(x), then the graphs of f(–x) and f(x) coincide. If the
graph of a function coincides with its own reflection in the y-axis, then the graph is symmetric in the y-axis. Odd
functions are symmetric in the origin, which means that the graph of an odd function coincides with its rotation of
180° about the origin. A rotation of 180° is equivalent to reflection in two perpendicular lines. f(–x) is a reflection
in the y-axis and –f(x) is a reflection in the x-axis. Thus if the graphs of f(–x) and –f(x) coincide, f(x) is symmetric
about the origin.

56. PERSEVERE Explain why performing a horizontal translation followed by a vertical translation has the same
results as performing a vertical translation followed by a horizontal translation.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Because a vertical translation affects the y-values and a horizontal translation affects x-values,
order is irrelevant.
57. CREATE Draw a graph in Quadrant II. Use any of the transformations you learned in this lesson to move your
figure to Quadrant IV. Describe your transformation.
SOLUTION:
Suppose a parabola is graphed in Quadrant II. Reflect the parabola in the x-axis and shift it right 10 units. The
result is a parabola graphed in Quadrant IV.
58. ANALYZE Study the parent graphs at the beginning of this lesson. Select a parent graph with positive y-values
when x → –∞ and positive y-values when x → ∞.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The graph of y = x 2 is positive when x → –∞ and when x → ∞.
59. WRITE Explain why the graph of g(x) = (–x)2 appears the same as the graph of f(x) = x 2. Is this true for all
reflections of quadratic functions? If not, describe a case when it is false.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Because the graph of g(x) is symmetric about the y-axis, reflecting in the y-axis results in a graph
that appears the same. It is not true for all quadratic functions. When the axis of symmetry of the parabola is not
along the y-axis, the graph and the graph reflected in the y-axis will be different.

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1-7 Transformations of Functions

Describe each translation as it relates to the graph of the parent function.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 2

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 3

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 4

Describe each dilation and reflection as it relates to the parent function.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 5

compression and a reflection in the x-axis of y = x 2.

stretch and a reflection in the y-axis of y = |x|.

stretch and a reflection in the y-axis of y = x 2.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 6

The parent function is f(x) = x; g(x) = mx + b, where m = 3 and b = 11.

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Step 1 Analyze the graph.

Step 2 Identify the translation(s).

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 9

Step 3 Identify the dilation and/or reflection.

Step 4 Write an equation for the function.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 10

Step 1 Analyze the graph.

Step 2 Identify the translation(s).

Step 3 Identify the dilation (slope) and/or reflection.

Step 4 Write an equation for the function.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 11

Step 1 Analyze the graph.

Step 2 Identify the translation(s).

Step 3 Identify the dilation and/or reflection.

Step 4 Write an equation for the function.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12

Step 1 Analyze the graph.

Step 2 Identify the dilation and/or reflection.

Step 3 Write an equation for the function.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 13

Step 1 Analyze the graph.

Step 2 Identify the translation(s).

Step 3 Identify the dilation and/or reflection.

Step 4 Write an equation for the function.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 14

Step 1 Analyze the graph.

Step 2 Identify the translation(s).

Step 3 Identify the dilation (slope) and/or reflection.

Step 4 Write an equation for the function.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 15

translation of y = x 2 left 1 unit

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This is the result of a reflection of y = x in the x-axis.

This is the result of a reflection of y = |x| in the x-axis.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 17

43. Describe the translation in y = x 2 – 4 as it relates to the parent function.

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44. Describe the reflection in y = –x 3 as it relates to the parent function.

45. Describe the type of transformation in the function f(x) = (5x)2.

Step 1 Analyze the graph.

Step 2 Identify the translation(s).

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 19

Step 3 Identify the dilation and/or reflection.

Step 4 Write an equation for the function.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 20

b. In context of the situation, the speedometer is stuck at 8 mph.

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