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PART A AND B
Urdu Speaker: Sir, haan sir
Bilingual Speaker (Chris Lewis): Kia haal he, theek ho?
Urdu Speaker: Ao Ao
Bilingual Speaker (Chris Lewis): Chai?
Urdu Speaker: haan tea, bana dun tumhara?
PART C
This transcribed discourse between the Urdu Speaker and the Bilingual Speaker
(Chris Lewis) exhibits various manifestations of bilingualism. Here are some
instances:
1. Code-switching: Chris Lewis switches between Urdu and English throughout the
conversation, often within the same sentence. For example, "Kia haal he, theek ho?
(How are you, okay?)" followed by "Chai? (Tea?)" in English.
Justification: Chris Lewis uses Urdu to initiate the conversation and then switches to
English to ask about tea, showing a comfortable switch between languages.
1. Borrowed words: The Urdu Speaker uses the English word "tea" ( )چائےin their
response, incorporating it into their Urdu sentence structure.
Justification: This demonstrates lexical borrowing, where a word from one language
is adopted into another language.
1. Loan items: Chris Lewis uses the Urdu phrase "Aam price he" ()عام پرائس ہے,
meaning "ordinary price," which is a loan item from Urdu into English.
Justification: This shows how languages can influence each other, with Chris Lewis
using an Urdu phrase in his English sentence.
Justification: This demonstrates the speakers' ability to adapt their language use
based on their interlocutor and the context.
Justification: This shows how speakers can insert words or phrases from one
language into another language to convey meaning or emphasis.
1. Congruent lexicalization: Both speakers use the same word, "chai" ()چائے, in
both Urdu and English, demonstrating congruent lexicalization.
Justification: This highlights the shared vocabulary between the two languages,
allowing speakers to draw on a common linguistic resource.
PART 4
The use of both Urdu and English in the selected extract can be attributed to several
reasons:
1. Code-switching for clarity: Chris Lewis switches to English for specific words or
phrases, like "Chai?" (Tea?) or "Try karuga" (I'll try), to ensure clear communication
to his viewers.
2. Language of convenience: Both speakers use the language they feel most
comfortable with, resulting in a mix of Urdu and English, it is Chris Lewis who is
using Urdu as a second language.
4. Contextual adaptation: The speakers adjust their language use based on the
context, using Urdu for everyday conversations and English for specific terms or
ideas especially Chris Lewis who uses English for the his viewers who are most
English speakers.
7. Language contact: The frequent interaction between Urdu and English speakers
in India leads to language contact, influencing each other's language use, but here
the language of the foriegner is affecting the local's language because he is
influenced by him.
These reasons highlight the dynamic nature of language use in multilingual settings,
where speakers draw on their linguistic resources to communicate effectively.