Analysis of viscoelastic Bernoulli–Euler nanobeams 387

time, length-to-thickness ratio and boundary conditions where EðtÞ is the relaxation function. In this study, the
on the bending response of viscoelastic nanobeams. material-length scale parameter ðlÞ and the Poisson’s
ratio ðmÞ are assumed to be time-independent. Note
that throughout the paper, the summation convention
2 Formulation of the mathematical model and standard index notation are used, with the Latin
indices from 1 to 3.
In this section, the governing equations of a viscoelas- The components of the infinitesimal strain tensor
tic micro/nanobeam based on the differential nonlocal eij ðx; tÞ and the symmetric curvature tensor vij ðx; tÞ are
elasticity and the modified couple-stress theory are given as, Yang et al. (2002),
derived using the extended Hamilton’s principle. The
modified couple-stress theory (MCST) is extended to 1 
eij ðx; tÞ ¼ ui;j ðx; tÞ þ uj;i ðx; tÞ ð4Þ
capture the local rotation strain effect of the viscoelas- 2
tic beam.
1 
vij ðtÞ ¼ hi;j ðx; tÞ þ hj;i ðx; tÞ ð5Þ
2
2.1 Modified couple-stress viscoelasticity theory
1
According to the modified couple-stress elasticity hi ðx; tÞ ¼ ijk uk;j ðx; tÞ ð6Þ
2
theory (Yang et al. 2002), the constitutive relations of
where ui ðx; tÞ and hi ðx; tÞ denote the displacement
viscoelastic couple-stress continuum are given by
components and the components of the rotation
following the Boltzmann integral form (Shames 1997)
vector, respectively, and ijk denotes the permutation
rij ðx; tÞ  reij ðx; tÞ þ rvij ðx; tÞ symbol.
  Based on the Euler–Bernoulli kinematic model, the
¼ k0 ekk ðx; tÞdij þ 2l0 eij ðx; tÞ  
Z t displacements Ux ; Uy ; Uz of a point with coordinates
dkðt  sÞ
 ekk ðx; sÞdij ds ðx; y; zÞ are assumed to be functions of only x and z
0þ ds
Z t  coordinates;
dlðt  sÞ
þ2 eij ðx; sÞds ; s\t ð1Þ
0þ ds Ux ðx; z; tÞ ¼ zw0 ðx; tÞ; Uy ðx; z; tÞ ¼ 0; and
Uz ðx; z; tÞ ¼ wðx; tÞ
mij ðx; tÞ  meij ðx; tÞ þ mvij ðx; tÞ
ð7Þ
¼ 2l2 l0 vij ðx; tÞ
Z t
2 dlðt  sÞ where w is the z-component of the midplane displace-
 2l vij ðx; sÞds; s\t ð2Þ ment and ð Þ0 denotes a derivative with respect to the
0þ ds
spatial coordinate x. Substituting Eq. (7) into Eqs. (4–
where the superscripts ‘e’ and ‘v’ refer to the current 6), the following non-zero components of infinitesimal
instantaneous ‘‘elastic’’ and the history due to viscos- strain, rotation vector and symmetric curvature are,
ity behavior, respectively. eij ðx; tÞ, rij ðx; tÞ, vij ðx; tÞ respectively, given by
and mij ðx; tÞ are, respectively, the infinitesimal strain
tensor, local Cauchy force stress tensor, symmetric exx ðx; tÞ ¼ zw00 ðx; tÞ ð8Þ
curvature tensor and the local-couple stress tensor. dij
is the Kronecker delta and l is a material length scale hy ðx; tÞ ¼ w0 ðx; tÞ ð9Þ
parameter measuring the effect of the couple stress,
1
Mindlin (1963). k0 and l0 are the current instanta- vxy ðx; tÞ ¼  w00 ðx; tÞ ð10Þ
neous Lame’s constants; i.e. k0 ¼ kð0Þ and l0 ¼ lð0Þ. 2
The time-dependent Lame’s constants defined as The non-zero components of local force stress and the
local-couple-stress can be obtained by substituting
mEðtÞ E ðt Þ
kð t Þ ¼ and lðtÞ ¼ ð3Þ Eqs. (8) and (9) into Eqs. (1) and (2), respectively, as
ð1 þ mÞð1  2mÞ 2ð 1 þ m Þ follows

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