Fluid Mechanics

MOMENTUM EQUATIONS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Prof. Dr. Ahmet Taşdemir

Maritime Faculty
Piri Reis University 2019 -2020 Spring

Reference: Y. Çengel, J. Cimbala

Fluid Mechanics: Fundementals and Applications
 MOMENTUM EQUATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Introduction
• When dealing with engineering problems, it is desirable to obtain fast and accurate
solutions at minimal cost. Most engineering problems in Fluid Mechanics can be
analyzed using one of three basic approaches:
Ø Differential
Ø Experimental
Ø Integral (or control volume)

•Differential approaches: The problem is formulated accurately using differential

quantities, but the solution of the resulting differential equations is difficult, usually
requiring the use of numerical methods with extensive computer codes.
•Experimental approaches complemented with dimensional analysis are highly
accurate, but they are typically time-­ consuming and expensive.

• In the previous Chapter, differential and control volume forms of the mass
conservation equation were developed and used.
• In this chapter, we complete control volume analysis by presenting the momentum
equation.
-­ Review Newton's laws and conservation relations for momentum.
-­ Develop linear and angular momentum equations for control volumes.
-­ Use these equations to determine forces and torques acting on the CV.
 MOMENTUM EQUATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Objectives

• After completing this chapter, you should be able to

- Identify the various kinds of forces and moments acting on a control volume.
- Use control volume analysis to determine the forces associated with fluid
flow.
- Use control volume analysis to determine the moments caused by fluid flow
and the torque transmitted.
 MOMENTUM EQUATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Newton’s  Laws

• Newton’s  laws  are  relations  between  motions  of  bodies  and  the  forces  acting  on  them.
-­ First  law: a  body  at  rest  remains  at  rest,  and  a  body  in  motion  remains  in  motion  at  
the  same  velocity  in  a  straight  path  when  the  net  force  acting  on  it  is  zero.
-­ Second  law: the  acceleration  of  a  body  is  proportional  to  the  net  force  acting  on  it  
and  is  inversely  proportional  to  its  mass.

The  product  of  the  mass  and  the  velocity  of  a  body  is  called  the  linear  
momentum  or  just  the  momentum  of  the  body.  
-­ Third  law: when  a  body  exerts  a  force  on  a  second  body,  the  second  body  exerts  
an  equal  and  opposite  force  on  the  first.
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS
Momentum  and  Fluid  Flow: A fluid dynamic  s ystem  c an  be  analyzed  using  a control  volume,  which  is  an  
imaginary  s urface  enclosing  a volume of  interest.  The control  volume can  be  fixed  
or  moving,  and  it  c an  be  rigid  or  deformable.

Choosing a Control Volume

— CV is arbitrarily chosen by fluid dynamicist, however,
selection of CV can either simplify or complicate
analysis.
— Clearly define all boundaries. Analysis is often
simplified if CS is normal to flow direction.
— Clearly identify all fluxes crossing the CS.
— Clearly identify forces and torques of interest acting
on the CV and CS.

— Fixed, moving, and deforming control volumes.

— For moving CV, use relative velocity,

— For deforming CV, use relative velocity all deforming

control surfaces,
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS
5.1  Momentum  and  Fluid  Flow:

Forces Acting on a CV

• Forces acting on CV consist of body forces that act

throughout the entire body of the CV (such as gravity,
electric, and magnetic forces) and surface forces that
act on the control surface (such as pressure and
viscous forces, and reaction forces at points of
contact).
• Body  forces  act  on  each  volumetric  portion  dV of  the  CV.
• Surface  forces  act  on  each  portion  dA of  the  CS.
Body MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS
Forces
— The most common body force is gravity, which exerts a
downward force on every differential element of the CV

— The differential body force

— Typical convention is that acts in the negative z-direction,

Surface  
Forces — Total body force acting on CV
• Surface  forces  are  not  as  simple  to  analyze  since  they  include  both  
normal  and  tangential  components
• Diagonal  components   σxx,  σyy, σzz are  called  normal  stresses  and  
are  due  to  pressure  and  viscous  forces.
• Off-­diagonal  components   σxy,  σxz, etc., are  called  shear  stresses  
and  are  due  solely  to  viscous  force.
• Total  surface  force  acting  on  CS
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS
Body and Surface Forces
— Careful selection of CV allows expression of total
force in terms of more readily available quantities
like weight, pressure, and reaction forces.

— Goal is to choose CV to expose only the forces to be

determined and a minimum number of other
forces.

Linear  Momentum  Equation

• Newton’s  second   law  for  a  system  of  mass  m subjected  to  a  force  𝑭 is  expressed   as
" ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! dV d (mV ) dM
∑ F = ∑ Fg + ∑ Fp + ∑ Fv + ∑ Fo = =ma = m = =
dt dt dt
• In mechanics, the linear momentum M of a particle is defined as the product of its mass m and
its velocity V.
• The particles of a fluid stream will have so momentum, whenever the velocity of the stream is
changed in magnitude or in direction, and there will be corresponding change in momentum of
the fluid particles.
• In accordance with Newton’s second law, a force is required to produce this velocity change,
which will be proportional to the rate of change of momentum occurs.
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS
" ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! dV d (mV ) dM
∑ F = F + F + F + F
∑ g ∑ p ∑ v ∑ o = =ma = m = =
dt dt dt
• Where the force may be provided by contact between the fluid and a solid boundary or by one
part of the fluid system acting on another.
• By Newton’s third law;; the fluid will exert an equal but apposite direction force on the solid
boundary or body of fluid producing the change of velocity. Such forces are known as dynamic
forces.
• To determine the rate of change of momentum in a fluid stream, consider a control volume in
the form of a straight section of a stream tube ABCD. Assume steady and uniform flow through
the tube. V δt 2

V1δt D D’
A A’
A2 A A ' = V1δt
A1
V2
V1 C C ' = V2δt
ρ2
ρ1
B B’ C C’
-­ After a small interval of time δt, the fluid contained in ABCD will be moved to A’B’C’D’, then
from continuity;; mass in volume of CC’D’D=mass in volume of BB’A’A
ρ2 A2V2δt = ρ1 A1V1δt
-­The momentum of fluid ABCD will change through moving to A’B’C’D’;;
Momentum change of fluid ABCD in δt = (Momentum change due to addition of fluid CC’D’D) -­ (Momentum change due to loss of fluid in AA’B’B)…(1)

= (ρ 2 A2V2δt × V2 ) − (ρ1 A1V1δt × V1 )

= (ρ 2 A2V22δt ) − (ρ1 A1V12δt )
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS
-­ If δt→1;;

Rate of change of momentum of fluid between AB and CD= ρ2 A2V22 − ρ1 A1V12 ……(2)

! = m! 1
-­ From continuity of flow;; m = m! 2 ⇒ ρ1Q1 = ρ2Q2 ⇒ m! = ρ1 A1V1 = ρ2 A2V2 ……(3)

-­Then, substituting (3) into (2);;

⎛ dM ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = m! V2 − m! V1 = m! (V2 − V1 )
⎝ dt ⎠ AB − CD
nd dM
∴ wrt Newton 's 2 law; ∑ F =
dt
Resultant  force  acting  on  the   ∑ F =m! (V2 − V1 ) = m! (Vout − Vin ) ⇔ If m! out = m! in
fluid

∑ F =(m! outVout − m! inVin ) ⇔ If m! out ≠ m! in

-­ This is the resultant force acting on the fluid element ABCD in the direction of motion. By the
Newton’s third law, the fluid will exert an equal but apposite reaction on its boundaries;;

! !
Reaction  force  exerted  by  the  fluid  on  the  boundary R = −∑ F
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS
Momentum  Equation  for  2  and  3-­Dimensional  Flow  along  a  Streamline:
dM x
y Fx = = m! (V2 x − V1x ) = m! (V2 cos φ − V1 cos θ )
V2y
dt
D
∅ dM y
x V2x Fy =
dt
( )
= m! V2 y − V1 y = m! (V2 sin φ − V1 sin θ )
C
A " " " Fy " "
F = Fx + Fy ⇔ F = Fx2 + Fy2 ⇔ tan α = ⇔ R = −F
! Fx
!
F
Fy
θ V1y If  we  consider  a  bend   α
!
V1x or  closed  conduit  with   Fx

B steady  fluid  flow;; If we consider z − direction; Fz = m! (V2 z − V1z )

So,  to  summarize  the  position:

⎛ dM ⎞
F1:Force  applied  by  the  s olid  body  or  
∑ F = F1 + F2 + F3 = ⎜ ⎟ = m! (Vout − Vin ) ⇐ (in any direction)
boundary  of  CV  on  the  fluid  (Viscous   ⎝ dt ⎠
contact  force)
F2:Force  exerted  on  the  fluid  in  CV  
(F1 + F2 + F3 )x = m! (Vout − Vin )x
(Body  forces  s uch  as  gravity  force)
(F1 + F2 + F3 ) y = m! (Vout − Vin )y
F3: Force  exerted  by  the  fluid  outside  
the  CV  on  the  fluid  inside  the  CV  
(Pressure  force)
(F1 + F2 + F3 )z = m! (Vout − Vin )z
The  reaction  force  R exerted  by  the  fluid  on  the  solid  boundary  will  be  equal  and  apposite  to  F1:  
! !
R = − F1
 MOMENTUM EQUATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Differential  Momentum  Equation
• Newton’s  Second   Law

• Forces  Acting  on  a  Fluid  Particle

• Differential  Momentum  Equation

 MOMENTUM EQUATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

• Newtonian  Fluid:  Navier-­Stokes  Equations

• Special  Case:  Euler’s  Equation

 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS
Example 1: A reducing elbow is used to deflect water flow at a rate of 14 kg/s in a
horizontal pipe upward 30° while accelerating it (See Fig.). The elbow discharges
water into the atmosphere. The cross-­sectional area of the elbow is 113 cm2 at the
inlet and 7 cm2 at the outlet. The elevation difference between the centers of the
outlet and the inlet is 30 cm. The weight of the elbow and the water in it is
considered to be negligible.
Determine
(a) the gage pressure at the center of the inlet of the elbow and
(b) the anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place.

Assumptions:
1 The flow is steady, and the frictional effects are
negligible.
2 The weight of the elbow and the water in it is
negligible.
3 The water is discharged to the atmosphere,
and thus the gage pressure at the outlet is zero.
4 The flow is turbulent and fully developed at
both the inlet and outlet of the control volume,
and we take the momentum-flux correction
factor to be 𝛽 = 1.03.
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS
Solution:
the  inlet  and  outlet  velocities  of  water  are:

We use the Bernoulli equation as a first approximation to calculate the pressure.

 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS

Solution:
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS

Example 2: The deflector elbow in Example 1 is replaced by a reversing elbow

such that the fluid makes a 180° U-­turn before it is discharged, as shown in Fig.
below. The elevation difference between the centers of the inlet and the exit
sections is still 0.3 m.
Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place.
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS

Solution 2: The inlet and the outlet velocities and the pressure at the inlet of the
elbow remain the same, but the vertical component of the anchoring force at the
connection of the elbow to the pipe is zero in this case (FRz = 0) since there is no
other force or momentum flux in the vertical direction (we are neglecting the weight
of the elbow and the water). The horizontal component of the anchoring force is
determined from the momentum equation written in the x-­direction. Noting that the
outlet velocity is negative since it is in the negative x-­direction, we have place.
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS
Example 3: Water is accelerated by a nozzle to an
average speed of 20 m/s, and strikes a stationary
vertical plate at a rate of 10 kg/s with a normal velocity of
20 m/s (See Fig.). After the strike, the water stream
splatters off in all directions in the plane of the plate.
Determine the force needed to prevent the plate from
moving horizontally due to the water stream.
 MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS

Solution 3: A water jet strikes a vertical stationary

plate normally. The force needed to hold the plate in
place is to be determined.

Assumptions:
1 The flow of water at nozzle outlet is steady.
2 The water splatters in directions normal to the
approach direction of the water jet.
3 The water jet is exposed to the atmosphere, and
thus the pressure of the water jet and the splattered
water leaving the control volume is atmospheric
pressure, which is disregarded since it acts on the
entire system.
4 The vertical forces and momentum fluxes are not
considered since they have no effect on the horizontal
reaction force.
5 The effect of the momentum-­flux correction factor is
negligible, and thus 𝛽 = 1.0.
MOMENTUM   EQUATION  AND  ITS  APPLICATIONS