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80 marks
Attempt Questions 21 – 30
Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this section

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

If you write in an extra writing booklet, ensure you refer to the extra writing booklet in your answer.

Question 21 (5 marks) Marks

Draw a labelled diagram of a single nucleotide in the space below. 2

Outline the role of THREE different enzymes in the replication of DNA. 3

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Question 26 (6 marks) Marks

The pedigree below shows the inheritance of Achondroplasia, a type of dwarfism
characterised by shortened limbs. The trait has a dominant inheritance pattern.

Explain why the inheritance of Achondroplasia must be autosomal, as opposed to sex- 3

linked. Refer to specific individuals in your answer.

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Draw a Punnett square to predict the likelihood of individuals II-5 and II-6 having a child 3
with Achondroplasia.

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Question 27 (8 marks) Marks

The menstrual cycle in humans is typically 28 days. It consists of two phases:

• The follicular phase, which begins on the first day of menstruation and continues
until ovulation around day 14. This phase is characterised by the development of
ovarian follicles.

• The luteal phase, which begins after ovulation and ends with the onset of
menstruation. This phase is characterised by the development of the corpus luteum.

The diagram below shows the feedback mechanism that controls the menstrual cycle.

If fertilisation occurs, menstruation does not occur. Explain why this is the case. 2

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Question 27 continues on the next page

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Question 27 continued Marks

The combined oral contraceptive pill is a type of contraception used to prevent ovulation.
The pills, which are taken daily for 21 days, increase the concentration of oestrogen and
progesterone.

Explain how the combined oral contraceptive pill prevents pregnancy. Support your 4
answer with reference to the flow chart.

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After 21 days, sugar pills, which contain no active ingredients, are taken for 7 days.

Based on your understanding of the menstrual cycle, explain why menstruation occurs 2
during this 7-day period.

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Question 29 (7 marks) Marks

Calcium has many important functions in the human body. It is stored in bones and teeth to
increase bone density. It also plays an important role muscle contraction, nerve impulses and
cell division. Calcium is obtained via digestion of calcium-rich foods, such as dairy products
and green, leafy vegetables.

Blood calcium levels are maintained at about 10 mg/100 mL via a negative feedback
mechanism involving parathyroid hormone (produced by the parathyroid gland) and
calcitonin (produced by the thyroid gland).

Calcitonin acts on the kidneys to increase the amount of calcium excreted in the urine. It also
stimulates calcium deposition in bones. Parathyroid hormone decreases the amount of
calcium excreted in the urine, stimulates the uptake of calcium via the intestines, and
stimulates the release of calcium from bones.

(a) In the space below, construct a negative feedback loop to show how calcium levels are 4
maintained.

Question 29 continues on the next page

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Question 29 continued Marks

(b) On the grid below, show how you would expect calcitonin and parathyroid hormone 3
levels to fluctuate if a person ate three, calcium-rich meals at the times indicated by the
dotted lines. Include a key.

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