My Test

1
1 A student investigated the rate of reaction of excess calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric
acid in a conical flask by two different methods.
Method 1: Measure the volume of carbon dioxide produced at 10 second intervals.
Method 2: Measure the loss in mass of the reaction mixture by weighing at 10 second intervals.
(a) (i) Suggest one advantage of Method 1 compared with Method 2.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain why there is a decrease in mass of the reaction mixture in Method 2.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The graph shows how the volume of carbon dioxide changes as the reaction proceeds, using
Method 1.
60
50
40
volume
of carbon
dioxide 30
/ cm3
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time / s
2
The student used large pieces of calcium carbonate.
Answer these questions using information from the graph.
(i) Describe how the rate of this reaction changes with time.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
3
(ii) Deduce the time taken to collect 36 cm of carbon dioxide.
time = ..................... s [1]
(iii) The experiment is repeated using smaller pieces of calcium carbonate.
Draw a line on the grid to show how the volume of carbon dioxide changes with time
when smaller pieces of calcium carbonate are used.
All other conditions stay the same.
[2]
(iv) Describe what effect the following changes have on the rate of this reaction.
• The temperature is increased.
................................................................................................................................
• The concentration of the hydrochloric acid is decreased.
................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
2 Carbon monoxide is produced when methane reacts with steam in the presence of a catalyst.
Explain why a catalyst is used in this reaction.
.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 1]
3 A student investigated the reaction of zinc powder with excess dilute hydrochloric acid in the absence
of a catalyst.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
The student measured the volume of hydrogen gas produced at 10 second intervals.
The graph shows the results.

3
120
100
80
volume of
hydrogen 60
/ cm3
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time / s
Answer these questions using information from the graph.
(a) Deduce the volume of hydrogen produced in the first 25 seconds of the experiment.
3
volume = ............................. cm [1]
(b) Explain why no more hydrogen is produced after 50 seconds.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The experiment is repeated using a catalyst.
Draw a line on the grid to show how the volume of hydrogen changes with time when a
catalyst is used.
[2]
4
(d) Describe what effect the following changes have on the rate of the reaction.
• The concentration of hydrochloric acid is decreased.
.....................................................................................................................................
• Large pieces of zinc are used.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
4 The rate of reaction of iron with sulfuric acid can be determined by measuring the time taken to
3
produce 20 cm of hydrogen.
3
A student measured the time taken to produce 20 cm of hydrogen using three different
concentrations of sulfuric acid.
In each experiment the student used:
• 1 g of iron powder
• the same temperature
• the same volume of sulfuric acid.
The results are shown in the table.
concentration of acid time

3
in mol / dm /s
0.1 33
0.2 17
0.5 8
(a) Use the information in the table to describe how the rate of reaction changes with the
concentration of sulfuric acid.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
5
3
(b) Describe the effect of each of the following on the rate of this reaction with 0.5 mol / dm of
sulfuric acid.
• Larger pieces of iron are used.
...........................................................................................................................................
• The temperature is increased.
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 3]
5 Sulfur dioxide, SO2, is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
(a) In the first stage of the process, sulfur dioxide is obtained from sulfur-containing ores.
Name one of these ores.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The next stage of the process is a reaction which can reach equilibrium.
The equation for this stage is shown.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)
(i) Describe two features of an equilibrium.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Name the catalyst used in this stage.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Why is a catalyst used?
................................................................................................................................ [1]
6
(iv) Explain, in terms of particles, why a high temperature increases the rate of this reaction.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
(v) In this stage, only a moderate temperature of 450 °C is used.
What does this suggest about the forward reaction?
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(vi) Calculate the percentage by mass of sulfur in sulfur trioxide, SO3.
percentage = ............................ [2]
[Total: 11]
6 Propane reacts with chlorine in a photochemical reaction as shown.
C3H8 + Cl2 → C3H7Cl + HCl
(a) What type of reaction is this?
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) What condition is needed for this photochemical reaction to occur?
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 2]
7 Oxygen is produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Manganese(IV) oxide is the

catalyst for this reaction.
What is meant by the term catalyst?
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]
7
8 Oxygen is produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Manganese(IV) oxide is the

catalyst for this reaction.
A student measures the volume of oxygen produced at regular time intervals using the apparatus
shown. Large lumps of manganese(IV) oxide are used.
gas syringe
manganese(IV) oxide
aqueous hydrogen peroxide
catalyst
A graph of the results is shown.
volume
of oxygen
produced
/ cm3
0
0 time / s
(a) What happens to the rate of this reaction as time increases?

In your answer, explain why the rate changes in this way.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) The experiment is repeated using the same mass of manganese(IV) oxide. Powdered
manganese(IV) oxide is used instead of large lumps. All other conditions stay the same.
Sketch a graph on the axes in (a) to show how the volume of oxygen changes with time.
[2]
8
(c) In terms of particles, explain what happens to the rate of this reaction when the temperature
is increased.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
9 When very dilute nitric acid reacts with magnesium powder, hydrogen is produced.
What effect would each of the following have on the rate of this reaction?
(a) Larger pieces of magnesium are used instead of magnesium powder.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The temperature of the reaction mixture is increased.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 2]
10 When very dilute nitric acid reacts with magnesium powder, hydrogen is produced.
Describe a practical method for investigating the rate of this reaction.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 3]
11 PCl3 reacts with chlorine, Cl2, to form PCl5. This reaction is exothermic and reaches an equilibrium.
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ PCl5(g)

9
(a) Describe two features of an equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State the effect, if any, on the position of this equilibrium when the following changes are made.
Explain your answers.
temperature is increased ................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
pressure is increased ......................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [4]
(c) Explain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of the forward reaction when the reaction
mixture is heated.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
12 A student investigated the reaction of calcium carbonate with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid
by measuring the volume of carbon dioxide produced at 10 second intervals.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
The results are shown on the graph.

10
60
S
50
R
volume of 40
carbon dioxide
gas / cm3 30 Q
20
10
P
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
time / s
3
(a) How long did it take from the start of the experiment to collect 30 cm of carbon dioxide?
.................................. s [1]
(b) At which point on the graph, P, Q, R or S, was the rate of reaction fastest?
Use the graph to explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
3
(c) When 0.225 g of calcium carbonate is used, 54.0 cm of carbon dioxide is formed.
3
Determine the mass of calcium carbonate needed to form 216 cm of carbon dioxide.
mass of calcium carbonate = ............................ g [1]
(d) What effect do the following have on the rate of this reaction?
(i) Increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture.

All other conditions are kept the same.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Using larger pieces of calcium carbonate.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
11
13 Oxides of nitrogen are formed when ammonia is heated with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst.
(a) Suggest why a catalyst is used.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State one other process which puts oxides of nitrogen into the atmosphere.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) State one adverse effect of oxides of nitrogen on health.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 3]
14 A student investigated the reaction of magnesium carbonate with an excess of dilute hydrochloric
acid.
MgCO3 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O
The rate of reaction can be found by measuring the decrease in the mass of the reaction mixture
over time.
The results are shown on the graph.
180.0
A
179.8
179.6
mass of
reaction B
mixture / g
179.4
179.2 C
179.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time / s
12
(a) Determine the mass of the reaction mixture after 58 seconds.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) At which point on the graph, A, B, C, or D, was the rate of reaction the fastest?
Use the graph to explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
3
(c) When 0.42 g of magnesium carbonate is used, 120 cm of carbon dioxide is formed.
Determine the volume of carbon dioxide produced when 1.26 g of magnesium carbonate reacts
completely.
3
volume of carbon dioxide = .................................... cm [1]
(d) What effect do the following have on the rate of this reaction?
(i) • Decreasing the concentration of the acid.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) • Using smaller pieces of magnesium carbonate.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
15 A student investigated the reaction between zinc carbonate and an excess of dilute
hydrochloric acid.
ZnCO3 + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + CO2 + H2O
The rate of reaction can be found by measuring the decrease in the mass of the reaction mixture
over time.
13
(a) Describe one other practical method for measuring the rate of this reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) When 6.25 g of zinc carbonate is used, 2.20 g of carbon dioxide is formed.
Calculate the mass of zinc carbonate that forms 11.00 g of carbon dioxide.
mass of zinc carbonate = ........................ g [1]
(c) What effect do the following have on the rate of this reaction?
(i) Decreasing the temperature of the reaction mixture.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Increasing the concentration of hydrochloric acid.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
16 Ethanol can be oxidised by hydrogen peroxide to form ethanal, CH3CHO. A catalyst for this reaction
3+
is Fe .
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]
17 Ethene gas reacts with steam to form gaseous ethanol.

14
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CH3CH2OH(g)
The reaction can reach a position of equilibrium. The forward reaction is exothermic.
(a) State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the position of equilibrium.
All other conditions are unchanged.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Increasing the pressure of a gas increases its concentration.
State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the rate of the reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the position of equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
18 A student investigates the rate of reaction of large pieces of magnesium carbonate with an excess
of dilute nitric acid.
MgCO3 + 2HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
The graph shows how the volume of carbon dioxide changes with time.
15
60
50
40
volume of
carbon dioxide
/ cm3
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time / s
(a) After how many seconds did the reaction finish?
........................... s [1]
(b) From the graph, deduce the volume of carbon dioxide produced during the first 50 seconds
of the experiment.
3
........................... cm [1]
(c) The experiment is repeated using smaller pieces of the same mass of magnesium carbonate.
Draw a line on the grid for the experiment using smaller pieces of magnesium carbonate.[2]
(d) How does increasing the temperature affect the rate of this reaction?
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
16
(e) How does decreasing the concentration of nitric acid affect the rate of this reaction?
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
19 Ethanol can be converted into ethene by passing ethanol vapour over a catalyst of aluminium oxide.
C2H5OH → C2H4 + X
(a) Identify compound X.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain why a catalyst is used.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Draw the structure of a molecule of ethanol. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
[1]
[Total: 3]
20 A student investigates the rate of reaction of small pieces of calcium carbonate with an excess of
3
hydrochloric acid of concentration 1 mol / dm .
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
The graph shows how the mass of the reaction mixture changes with time.
17
200.0
199.8
199.6
mass of
reaction
mixture
/g 199.4
199.2
199.0
198.8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time / s
(a) State why the reaction mixture decreases in mass.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Calculate the loss in mass during the first 40 seconds of the experiment.
........................... g [1]
3
(c) The experiment is repeated using hydrochloric acid of concentration 2 mol / dm .
Draw a line on the grid for the experiment using hydrochloric acid of concentration
3
2 mol / dm . [2]
18
(d) In the experiment, when 2.00 g of calcium carbonate is used, the loss in mass of the reaction
mixture is 0.88 g.
Calculate the loss in mass when 0.50 g of calcium carbonate is used.
loss in mass = .................. g [1]
(e) The experiment is repeated using the same mass of different sized pieces of calcium carbonate.
The sizes of the pieces of calcium carbonate are:

● powder
● small pieces
● large pieces
Complete the table by writing the sizes of the pieces of calcium carbonate in the first column.
size of pieces of initial rate of loss
calcium carbonate in mass in g / s
0.005
0.030
0.100
[1]
[Total: 6]
21 Sulfur dioxide is a pollutant in the air.
(a) State one source of sulfur dioxide in the air.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Sulfur dioxide is oxidised to sulfur trioxide in the air.

Oxides of nitrogen act as catalysts for this reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
19
(c) Sulfur trioxide dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain.
Which one of the following pH values could be the pH of acid rain?

Draw a circle around the correct answer.
pH 4 pH 7 pH 9 pH 13 [1]
(d) State one adverse effect of acid rain on buildings.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]
22 A student does experiments to show that hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and ethanoic acid is a
weak acid. The student adds an excess of hydrochloric acid and an excess of ethanoic acid to
separate samples of lumps of calcium carbonate.
Only the identity of the acid is changed between the experiments. All other conditions are kept the
same.
(a) State two observations which would show that hydrochloric acid is a stronger acid than
ethanoic acid.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) The student uses the same size container and checks that the pressure is the same for each
experiment.
State three other conditions which must be kept the same to ensure fair testing.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 5]
23 Concentrated sulfuric acid is a catalyst for the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol.
What is meant by the term catalyst ?
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]
20
24 The rate of a reaction can be increased by increasing the temperature.
Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 4]
25 The first step in the preparation of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is to add powdered
copper(II) carbonate to dilute sulfuric acid.
When the reaction in is done using lumps of copper(II) carbonate instead of powder, the rate of
reaction decreases. All other conditions are kept the same.
Give a reason for this. Explain your answer in terms of particles.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]
26 Methanol is made industrially by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen. The gases react at a
temperature of 250 °C and a pressure of 75 atmospheres.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)
The forward reaction is exothermic.
(a) Suggest a source of hydrogen for this industrial process.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
21
(b) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.
effect on the rate effect on the equilibrium
of the reverse reaction yield of CH3OH(g)
adding a catalyst no change
increasing the temperature increases
decreasing the pressure
[4]
[Total: 5]
27 A student investigated the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid by measuring the
volume of hydrogen gas produced at one minute intervals.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
The graph shows the results using small pieces of zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.
100
80
60
volume of
hydrogen gas
/ cm3
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
time / minutes
(a) Deduce the volume of hydrogen gas produced in the first two minutes of the reaction.
3
........................... cm [1]
(b) Draw a letter S on the graph to show where the reaction is slowing down but has not stopped
completely. [1]
22
(c) Draw a line on the grid to show how the volume of hydrogen gas changes with time when the
reaction is repeated with a catalyst.
[1]
(d) State the effect on the rate of this reaction of decreasing the temperature at which the reaction
is done.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) State the effect on the rate of this reaction of using zinc powder instead of small pieces of zinc.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 5]
28 Ethanoic acid is manufactured from methanol and carbon monoxide.
CH3OH(g) + CO(g) ⇌ CH3COOH(g)
The process is done at 200 °C and 30 atmospheres pressure.
The forward reaction is exothermic.
Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.
effect on the rate of effect on the equilibrium
the forward reaction yield of CH3COOH(g)
adding a catalyst no change
increasing the temperature
decreasing the pressure decreases
[4]
[Total: 4]
29 What effects do these factors have on the rate of a chemical reaction?
(a) decreasing the concentration of a reactant
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) adding a catalyst
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 2]
23
30 The graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with
zinc powder.
25
20
15
rate of reaction
in cm3 gas / minute
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
temperature / °C
The experiments were repeated using small lumps of zinc instead of zinc powder.
All other conditions were kept the same.
On the grid, draw a graph to show how the rate of reaction changes with temperature when small
lumps of zinc are used instead of zinc powder. [2]
[Total: 2]
31 A student investigates the reaction of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
The student measures the mass of the reaction mixture at 10 second intervals using the apparatus
shown.
24
cotton wool
calcium carbonate dilute hydrochloric acid
250.00 g
The graph shows the results when 5.0g of calcium carbonate is added to an excess of dilute
hydrochloric acid.
250
249
mass / g
248
247
246
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
time / s
(a) Suggest why the reaction mixture decreases in mass as the reaction proceeds.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Calculate the loss of mass in grams when the reaction is complete.
loss in mass = ........................... g [1]

25
(c) The experiment is repeated using dilute hydrochloric acid of twice the concentration. All other
conditions are kept the same.
On the grid, draw a graph to show how the mass changes with time using dilute
hydrochloric acid of twice the concentration.
[2]
(d) The original experiment is repeated at three different temperatures.

The three temperatures are 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.
Complete the table by writing the temperatures in the first column.

temperature initial rate of reaction
in °C in g / s
0.16
0.64
0.32
[1]
[Total: 5]
32 A student investigates the rate of reaction of iron powder with dilute hydrochloric acid.
The student collects and measures the gas produced during the reaction.
The graph shows the results the student obtained using dilute hydrochloric acid of concentration
3
0.2 mol / dm and an excess of iron powder.
26
120
100
80
volume of
60
gas / cm3
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time / minute
(a) Use the graph to deduce:
(i) the time that the reaction was complete
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) the volume of gas produced when the reaction was complete.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The student repeated the experiment using a lower concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid.
All other conditions were kept the same.
On the grid, draw a graph to show how the volume of gas changes with time when a lower
concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid is used.
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 4]
27
33 A student investigates the rate of reaction of iron powder with dilute hydrochloric acid.
dilute
hydrochloric acid
iron powder
Complete the diagram to show the apparatus the student could use to collect and measure the gas
produced.
Label your diagram.
[3]
[Total: 3]
28
34 The graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with
zinc powder.
25
20
15
rate of reaction
in cm3 gas / minute
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
temperature / °C
Determine the rate of reaction at 40 °C.

3
rate of reaction = .....................................cm gas / minute [1]
[Total: 1]
35 A student investigated the progress of the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl, and an
excess of large pieces of marble, CaCO3, using the apparatus shown.
gas syringe
dilute
hydrochloric acid an excess of large
pieces of marble
A graph of the volume of gas produced against time is shown.

29
150
100
volume of gas
produced / cm3
50
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
time / s
(a) How does the shape of the graph show that the rate of reaction decreased as the reaction
progressed?
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Why did the rate of reaction decrease as the reaction progressed?
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) After how many seconds did the reaction finish?
........................... s [1]
[Total: 3]
30
gas syringe
dilute
pieces of marble
The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature. All other conditions were kept the same.
Describe and explain, in terms of collisions between particles, the effect of using a higher temperature
on the time taken for the reaction to finish.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [5]
[Total: 5]
37 Hydrogen gas reacts with iodine gas. The equation is shown.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)
The reaction is reversible and can reach equilibrium.
The graph shows how the concentration of hydrogen iodide, HI, changes after hydrogen gas and
iodine gas are mixed together in a sealed container.
31
concentration of
hydrogen iodide
time
(a) When is the rate of reaction fastest?
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The reaction was repeated at the same temperature and pressure but in the presence of a
catalyst.
Draw a graph on the same axes to show how the concentration of hydrogen iodide changes
with time in the presence of a catalyst.
[2]
[Total: 3]
32
gas syringe
dilute
pieces of marble
A graph of the volume of gas produced against time is shown.
150
100
volume of gas
produced / cm3
50
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
time / s
The experiment was repeated using the same mass of smaller pieces of marble. All other conditions
were kept the same.
Draw a graph on the grid to show the progress of the reaction using the smaller pieces of
marble. [2]
[Total: 2]
39 Hydrogen gas reacts with iodine gas. The equation is shown.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)
The reaction is reversible and can reach equilibrium.
A mixture of hydrogen gas and iodine gas is allowed to reach equilibrium.

33
(a) Increasing the pressure of a gas increases its concentration.
State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the rate of the forward reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of the reverse reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 5]
40 A student investigates the rate of reaction between lumps of calcium carbonate and dilute
hydrochloric acid using the apparatus shown.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
The calcium carbonate was in excess.
gas syringe
lumps of calcium carbonate dilute hydrochloric acid
Which measurements should the student make during the reaction to determine the rate of reaction?
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]

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1

Method 1: Measure the volume of carbon dioxide produced at 10 second intervals.

(a) (i) Suggest one advantage of Method 1 compared with Method 2.

The student used large pieces of calcium carbonate.

Answer these questions using information from the graph.

time = ..................... s [1]

(iii) The experiment is repeated using smaller pieces of calcium carbonate.

All other conditions stay the same.

• The temperature is increased.

All other conditions stay the same.

• The concentration of the hydrochloric acid is decreased.

All other conditions stay the same.

Explain why a catalyst is used in this reaction.

The graph shows the results.

Answer these questions using information from the graph.

(b) Explain why no more hydrogen is produced after 50 seconds.

(c) The experiment is repeated using a catalyst.

All other conditions stay the same.

• The concentration of hydrochloric acid is decreased.

All other conditions stay the same.

• Large pieces of zinc are used.

All other conditions stay the same.

In each experiment the student used:

The results are shown in the table.

concentration of acid time

• Larger pieces of iron are used.

All other conditions stay the same.

• The temperature is increased.

All other conditions stay the same.

5 Sulfur dioxide, SO2, is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

Name one of these ores.

The equation for this stage is shown.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

(i) Describe two features of an equilibrium.

(ii) Name the catalyst used in this stage.

(iii) Why is a catalyst used?

(v) In this stage, only a moderate temperature of 450 °C is used.

What does this suggest about the forward reaction?

(vi) Calculate the percentage by mass of sulfur in sulfur trioxide, SO3.

percentage = ............................ [2]

6 Propane reacts with chlorine in a photochemical reaction as shown.

C3H8 + Cl2 → C3H7Cl + HCl

(a) What type of reaction is this?

(b) What condition is needed for this photochemical reaction to occur?

7 Oxygen is produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Manganese(IV) oxide is the

What is meant by the term catalyst?

8 Oxygen is produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Manganese(IV) oxide is the

A graph of the results is shown.

(a) What happens to the rate of this reaction as time increases?

(a) Larger pieces of magnesium are used instead of magnesium powder.

All other conditions stay the same.

(b) The temperature of the reaction mixture is increased.

All other conditions stay the same.

Describe a practical method for investigating the rate of this reaction.

PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ PCl5(g)

(a) Describe two features of an equilibrium.

temperature is increased ................................................................................................

pressure is increased ......................................................................................................

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

The results are shown on the graph.

mass of calcium carbonate = ............................ g [1]

(i) Increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture.

(ii) Using larger pieces of calcium carbonate.